Evaluation of Mixture Performance Recycled Asphalt Pavement Materials as Base Layer with or without Rejuvenator into the Asphalt

The binder properties were determined in accordance with Chinese standard such as ductility test, which allowed to measure the distance in centimeters that a standard briquette of asphalt had been stretched before breaking. Then, penetration test was carried out in order to know some properties of the asphalt, which are the hardness and the softness. Finally, softening point test was carried out in order to determine the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the specification of the test. According to Chinese standard for performance tests, firstly, Marshall test was carried out in order to measure the theoretical density, air voids, voids filled with asphalt, stability, flow, and voids in mineral aggregate of asphalt specimens. Secondly, Freeze-thaw splitting test was carried out in order to determine Splitting strength ratio. Finally, dynamic stability (rutting) test was carried out to determine average dynamic stability. Beside the tests carried out, the gradation of the extracted aggregate in accordance with American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials was carried out to determine the dimensions of the particles weight distribution. Furthermore, both the percentage of recycled asphalt pavement materials and binder in mixture were determined to know how much of the new material during the mixture was needed. However, two specimens were used to evaluate the performance of recycled asphalt pavement materials. One specimen of recycled asphalt pavement materials was ten years old, and another one of recycled asphalt pavement materials was five years old. The results show that the conditions of the environment such as moisture, temperature, and age, decrease the ductility and penetration properties of binder when increase the softening point property of binder. Then the gradation of recycled asphalt pavement aggregate is of the required values to reuse in the mixture, while the flow ratio, the splitting strength ratio, and the dynamic stability ratio, are less than the required value test. With regard to the properties of mixture of recycled asphalt pavement material binder with rejuvenator, the results show that when the penetration and ductility versus percentage of rejuvenator increase, softening point versus percentage of rejuvenator decreases. Also, when the bitumen and rejuvenator percentage increase, the air voids decrease. Consequently, voids filled with asphalt and voids in the mineral aggregate increase. Moreover, the theoretical density and stability values decrease in a mixture containing four-point fifty percent to six percent of bitumen and rejuvenator, whereas the flow values increase. More interestingly, with four percent to four-point fifty percent mixture ratio of bitumen and rejuvenator, density, stability, and flow values increase. The splitting strength ratio values of mixtures and the dynamic stability test (rutting test) values of mixtures with forty percent of specimen one and specimen two respectively are greater than the required value of the standard test. In addition, the high percentage of rejuvenator increases the rut of pavement, in the same manner, the low percentage of rejuvenator induces low rut. In conclusion, the binder content from recycled materials without rejuvenator seems not be sufficient to be reused on the new pavement while the aged recycled material seems to be performed better than no aged recycled material with rejuvenator into bitumen. Then, the rejuvenator can influence the bitumen properties and performance of the pavement. Finally, the pavement made by only recycled pavement materials as a base layer appears to be more economical but cannot be more effective than the pavement made by mixture of new and recycled pavement materials as a base layer.

Performance of RAP in the System of Cold Inplace Recycling of Asphalt Pavement

The property of reclaimed asphalt pavement（RAP） mixture will be affected mainly by composition of old asphalt/soil and cement content in CIR system. We studied the relationship between A/S and cementitious materials. It showed that if there was no soil in RAP, the unconfined compressive strength was only from 0.18 MPa to 1.07 MPa even if adding cement was from 2% to 6%, and RAP samples collapsed during conserving in water. The optimum water content rose from 6.5% to 11% with the declining of A/S from S=0 to A/S=1/5. Five RAP samples all got the maximum compressive strength when A/S=5/5, and the maximum compressive strength of the samples adding 6% cement was 3.17 MPa. It showed that the capacity of RAP was not only affected by A/S, but also by the content of cement. The dynamic modulus of RAP will increase with the rise of loading frequency and decrease with the temperature rising. SEM test showed that C-S-H interlacing formed the netted structure, and it enwrapped the aggregate and improved the strength of RAP.

Heat transfer model for microwave hot in-place recycling of asphalt pavements

In order to solve for temperature fields in microwave heating for recycling asphalt mixtures, a two-dimensional heat transfer model for the asphalt mixtures within the heating range is built based on the theory of unsteady heat conduction. Four onedimensional heat transfer models are established for the asphalt mixtures outside the heating range, which are simplified into four half-infinite solids. The intensity of the radiation electric field is calculated through experiment by using heating water loads. It is suggested that the mathematical model of boundary conditions can be established in two ways, which are theoretical deduction and experimental reverse. The actual temperature field is achieved by fitting temperatures of different positions collected in the heating experiment. The simulant temperature field, which is solved with the Matlab PDE toolbox, is in good agreement with the actual temperature field. The results indicate that the proposed models have high precision and can be directly used to calculate the temperature distribution of asphalt pavements.

Mechanical Behavior and Failure Mechanism of Recycled Semi-flexible Pavement Material

The mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of recycled semi-flexible pavement material were investigated by different scales method. The macroscopic mechanical behavior of samples was studied by static and dynamic splitting tensile tests on mechanics testing system(MTS). The mechanical analysis in micro scale was carried out by material image analysis method and finite element analysis system. The strains of recycled semi-flexible pavement material on samples surface and in each phase materials were obtained. The test results reveal that the performance of recovered asphalt binder was the major determinant on the structural stability of recycled semi-flexible pavement material. The asphalt binder with high viscoelasticity could delay the initial cracking time and reduce the residual strain under cyclic loading conditions. The failure possibility order of each phase in recycled semi-flexible pavement material was asphalt binder, reclaimed aggregate, cement paste and virgin aggregate.

Evaluation of rutting and low-temperature cracking resistancesof warm-mix recycled asphalt bindersunder the secondary aging condition

The rutting and low-temperature resistances of warm-mix recycled asphalt binders under the secondary aging condition were measured by the dynamic shear rheometer test and bending beam rheometer test.Effects of different types of warm-mix asphalt(WMA)technologies and additives were evaluated.Aging and improvement mechanisms were investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test.It is found that recycled binders after the secondary aging are more resistant to rutting and less resistant to low-temperature cracking.The two warm-mix asphalt technologies have opposite effects.Using the Sasobit WMA significantly improves the rutting resistance and reduces the low temperature resistance for the recycled binders due to its morphological change at different temperatures.The rutting factor values of recycled asphalt binders with the Sasobit additive increase by 4.6 to 5.6 times.However,using the Evotherm WMA causes the deterioration of the rutting resistance due to the structural lubrication effect.The rutting factor values of recycled asphalt binders with the Evotherm additive show the reduction of 52%to 62%.It is recommended to add the styrene butadiene rubber latex or crumb rubber powder into the warm-mix recycled asphalt binders to simultaneously improve the rutting and low-temperature cracking resistances.

Numerical simulation analysis on multi-layer low-temperature heating method of asphalt pavement in hot in-place recycling

Asphalt mixture pavement reheating is one of the important steps in hot in-place recycling(HIR).To improve the heating speed of asphalt pavement in HIR,based on the numerical analysis model of asphalt mixture heating process,a new multi-layer low-temperature heating method(MLHM)was proposed.Considering input heat flux,the thermal capacity and thermal resistance of asphalt mixture,the heat transfer model was established based on energy conservation law.By heating the asphalt mixture in layers,it changes the situation that the heat energy can only be input from the upper surface of the asphalt mixture pavement.Through the simulation of the heating method of asphalt mixture in the existing technology,the result shows that the existing heating methods lead to serious aging or charring of the asphalt mixture.By MLHM,the upper and the bottom of the asphalt mixture are heated at the same time,and the heating temperature is lower than other heat methods,which not only reduces the heating thickness and increases the heating area of the asphalt mixture pavement,but also improves the heating speed,saves the energy resource and ensures the heating quality.Especially,by MLHM,the heating uniformity is better and speed is faster.

Control of Pavement-Surface Temperature-Rise Using Recycled Materials

High temperatures of the asphalt concrete pavements in summer contribute to the heat island phenomenon in the urban areas. The effective cool-pavement technologies are sought to mitigate the pavement environment. In this paper, developed heat-reflective pavements are constructed from open-graded asphalt concrete, in which voids in the upper part of the pavement are filled with a cement mortar, containing recycled materials as a fine aggregate. The recycled materials used in this study are： crushed oyster shells, roof tile debris, pottery debris, glass cullet, crushed escallops and coral sand. The temperature reduction of the pavement surfaces at an open site is measured in the summer. The results show that the maximum surface temperature of the pavements falls by approximately 8-10 ℃ compared to the asphalt concrete pavement. Furthermore, it is found that the temperature reduction is mainly due to the increased solar radiation reflectance of the pavement surface.

基于路用性能的热再生沥青混合料RAP掺量研究

为解决沥青路面热再生技术中RAP掺量受限,提高沥青混合料再生利用效益,对热再生沥青混合料的RAP掺量开展了研究。首先,从试验材料的性能测试着手,严格控制试验材料的质量,对7种不同RAP掺量下再生沥青混合料进行详细的配合比设计;然后通过高温车辙试验、浸水马歇尔试验、冻融劈裂试验、小梁低温弯曲试验和间接拉伸疲劳试验,综合测试不同RAP掺量下AC-20型再生沥青混合料的高温稳定性、水稳定性、低温抗裂性和疲劳耐久性等4类路用性能;最后,采用灰色关联度分析方法,确定了RAP掺量与路用性能评价指标之间的关联程度。结果表明:(1)随着RAP掺量的增加,再生沥青混合料的高温性能逐渐提高,水稳、低温和疲劳性能逐渐下降,并且其高温、低温和水稳性能的评价指标均在30%~40%的RAP掺量范围内加速变化,而疲劳性能的评价指标在40%~50%RAP掺量范围内加速变化;(2)灰色关联度分析显示RAP掺量与再生沥青混合料的动稳定度联系最为紧密,因此其高温性能对RAP掺量变化最为敏感;(3)根据再生沥青混合料路用性能评价指标与RAP掺量的灰色关联度分析结果,并结合路用性能随RAP掺量增加的变化规律以及沥青路面结构层功能,综合确定本批AC-20型再生沥青混合料中RAP合理掺量范围为35%~40%。

不同RAP掺量下热再生沥青混合料性能衰变规律

本文采用自主研发的全寿命分析仪对沥青混合料分别进行0、4、8、12个月的模拟老化,采用冻融劈裂试验、动态蠕变试验和半圆弯曲试验,研究不同RAP掺量下热再生沥青混合料长期老化后各项性能的衰变规律.结果表明:在12个月模拟老化后,RAP掺量为30%时沥青混合料的流变次数达到最大,RAP掺量的提高使得TSR衰减幅度变大且断裂能下降.50%RAP掺量时再生料TSR衰减幅度比新拌料大7.9%,流变次数和断裂能较新拌料分别减少38.6%和61.7%.长期老化作用下RAP掺量对沥青混合料疲劳寿命衰减的影响不明显,但会降低其应力敏感性.

Sustainable Asphalt Concrete Containing RAP and Coal Gangue Aggregate:Performance,Costs,and Environmental Impact

The shortage of natural aggregates is becoming a severe problem in the pavement industry globally.To address this issue,in this study,an effort was made to use reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP)and coal gangue(CG)as coarse and fine aggregate,respectively for producing the hot mix asphalt(HMA).As the replacement of natural aggregate,there were seven types of HMA containing 20%and 40%RAP coarse aggregate content,and 10%and 25%CG fine aggregate content were designed and prepared.In addition,Marshall Stability test,rutting resistance test,immersion Marshall test,freezing-thaw splitting test,moisture-induced sensitivity test,and low-temperature semicircle bending test were conducted.The results show that the properties of the asphalt mixture containing both RAP and CG meet the Chinese specification through it is slightly lower than the virgin asphalt mixture.Furthermore,the addition of 40%RAP coarse aggregate and 25%CG fine aggregate to asphalt mixes can significantly reduce manufacturing costs,energy consumption,and CO_(2)emissions by 29.4%,19.8%,and 21.9%,respectively,compared to the virgin asphalt mixture.The finding of this study contributes to current knowledge by investigating the feasibility of jointly using the RAP and CG in asphalt mixture,which could be interested by both industry and academic society.

Application and Research on Plant-Mixed Thermal Regeneration Technology of RAP Asphalt Mixtures

When the plant-mixed thermal regeneration technology is adopted for the waste asphalt pavement mixtures,its performance can basically reach the level of freshly-mixed asphalt concrete,which can be used for paving the middle and lower layers of road pavements of various grades.Through the research and application of plant-mixed thermal regeneration technology based on China's Kunming-Yuxi Expressway Pavement Overhaul Project,this paper summarizes relevant technical points and effectively advocates the promotion and application of this technology in highway maintenance.

The Characteristics of Asphalt Mixture in the System of Full Thickness Cold In-place Recycling

A new research method was proposed（A/S method） to study the components and properties of reclained asphalt mixture（RAP）. The RAP was divided into two main parts, one was marked with A that included all the reclaimed old asphalt materials（including some parts of particle materials covered by asphalt）, the other was marked with S which mainly included works soil in the road structure. The actual working conditions were simulated by this kind of new method, and the adaption between the RAP properties, A/S, and the content of cementitious materials were studied. The research indicated that the real working condition could be simulated effectively by means of A/S method. It was also showed that high content of cement could improve the overall performance of RAP significantly, but it would have a negative effect on the properties of RAP if the types and sizes of aggregate particles in RAP mixture were too single. The optimum water content and maximum dry density could not be regarded as the primary basis to evaluate the overall performance of RAP, when S=0 in the experiments, although the maximum density of samples was bigger than that with A/S=1/1, the samples were not strong enough and they were easy to collapse, which indicated that component design of RAP played a great role in improving the overall properties of RAP and the comprehensive tests should be considered to evaluate the stability of RAP. Low frequency load in high temperature environment had the negative effect on the overall stability of RAP, and factors such as the loading state of the materials, the hydration degree of cementitious materials, and the aggregate gradation in the mixture were the determining factors for improving the overall performance of RAP.

RAP掺量对温再生沥青混合料力学性能和路用性能的影响规律研究

温再生技术是一种有效的利用沥青混合料回收料(RAP)实现再生的新技术。为改善温再生沥青路面性能,有效提高RAP的循环利用率,通过力学性能和路用性能分析考察了RAP掺量对温再生沥青混合料性能的影响规律,探讨动稳定度与重复加载蠕变试验力学参数的相关性。研究结果表明:随着RAP掺量的增加,温再生沥青混合料的高温稳定性、抗剪切和抗弹性变形能力提高,但低温抗裂性能、水稳定性能有所下降。此外,流动数与动稳定度之间具有较好的线性相关性,可以借助流动数评价混合料的高温抗车辙能力;相同RAP掺量下,改性温再生沥青混合料的各项性能均优于普通温再生沥青混合料,当RAP掺量达70%时,混合料各项性能仍能满足规范要求,可为后期工程应用和质量控制提供依据。

Laboratory and field performance of recycled aggregate base in a seasonally cold region

The objective of this project was to characterize the freeze-thaw properties of recycled concrete(RCA)and asphalt(RAP)as unbound base and to assess how they behaved in the field for nearly 8 years.This paper includes an examination of existing information,laboratory studies of freeze-thaw behavior,and evaluation of data from Mn ROAD field-test sections in a seasonally cold region,i.e.,in Minnesota,USA.Test sections were constructed using recycled materials in the granular base layers at the Mn ROAD test facility.One test section included 100%RAP,another 100%RCA,a third one a 50/50blend of RCA/natural aggregate,and a fourth one only natural aggregate(Class 5)as a control.The stiffness(i.e.,elastic modulus)was monitored during construction and throughout the pavement life by the Minnesota Department of Transportation,along with the variation of temperatures and moisture regimes in the pavement to determine their effects on pavement performance.The resilient modulus of each material was determined by bench-scale testing in accordance with NCHRP 1-28a,as well as by field-scale tests incorporating a falling-weight deflectometer.Specimens were subjected to as many as 20 cycles of freeze-thaw in the laboratory,and the change in their resilient modulus was measured.In the field-test sections constructed with the same materials as the base course,temperature,moisture,and field modulus(from fallingweight deflectometer tests)were monitored seasonally for nearly 8 years.From the temperatures in the base course layer,the number of freeze-thaw cycles experienced in the field was determined for each test section.Inferences were made relative to modulus change versus freeze-thaw cycles.Conclusions were drawn for long-term field performances of the recycled base(RAB)in comparison to natural aggregate.

Cold In-Place Recycling as a Sustainable Pavement Practice

Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction methods with CIR （cold in-place recycling） are alternatives that can effectively reduce the high stresses and waste produced by conventional pavement strategies. An attempt was made to predict the performance, particularly low-temperature cracking resistance characteristics of CIR mixtures. These were prepared with the mix design procedure developed at the URI （University of Rhode Island） for the FHWA （Federal Highway Administration） to reduce wide variations in the application of CIR mixtures production. This standard was applied to RAP （reclaimed asphalt pavement） to produce CIR mixtures with CSS-Ih asphalt emulsion as the additive. By adjusting the number of gyrations of the SGC （Superpave gyratory compactor） for compaction, the field density of 130 pcf was represented accurately. To secure a base line, HMA （hot mix asphalt） samples were produced according to the Superpave volumetric mix design procedure. The specimens were tested using the IDT （indirect tensile） tester according to the procedure of AASHTO T 322 procedure at temperatures of-20, -10 and 0 ℃ （-4, 14, and 32°F, respectively）. The obtained results for the creep compliance and tensile strength were used as input data for the MEPDG （mechanistic empirical pavement design guide）. The analysis results indicated that no thermal or low-temperature cracking is expected over the entire analysis period of 20 years for both HMA and CIR mixtures. Thus, it appears that CIR is a sustainable rehabilitation technique which is also suitable for colder climates, and it is recommended to conduct further investigation of load-related distresses such as rutting and fatigue cracking.

100%RAP的废机油-乳化沥青冷再生沥青及混合料性能试验

基于100%RAP再生率,采用废机油预润再生老化沥青,并对其进行三大指标和红外光谱试验,同时对其混合料进行干湿劈裂试验、冻融试验及马歇尔稳定度试验,以评价其力学及水稳性能。试验结果表明:废机油可以在三大指标上使老化沥青接近新沥青,但掺量过高会导致软化点过低,使冷再生混合料性能降低;红外光谱表明废机油具有降低亚砜基和羰基极性官能团指数的作用;经过废机油预润再生后,RAP表面老化沥青初步激活,与乳化沥青更好的粘结,可提高混合料的强度及水稳性能;废机油掺量为10%的乳化沥青再生混合料性能较差,这与废机油过量有关。

100%RAP乳化沥青冷再生混合料基层应用研究

为了评估使用乳化沥青再生剂和100%RAP的新型路面基层的效果,在连霍高速改扩建工程河南段修建了一个试验路段,采用FWD对其结构性能进行了12个月的弯沉监测和施工完成后第540天的车辙测试;通过室内验证试验,研究了成型方式对再生沥青混合料体积参数的影响,此外,测试回弹模量和间接抗拉强度,分析了松散混合料存储时间(7、14、28 d)、养护时间(1、3、7、26、56 d)对力学性能的影响。结果表明:室内力学试验验证了再生混合料刚度随养护时间的延长而增加;存储时间越长,短期内的刚度和拉伸强度值越高,当养护较长时间后,试验行为未得到验证;采用乳化沥青冷再生混合料作为基层是一种RAP替代方案。

高RAP掺量SBS改性乳化沥青冷再生混合料的性能影响因素研究

为了改善高RAP掺量带来的冷再生混合料性能下降问题,研究了采用SBS改性乳化沥青作为再生沥青的冷再生混合料的设计及其性能。设计并制备了不同RAP掺量的冷再生混合料,并研究了水泥掺量、沥青用量、养护方式等因素对混合料力学强度、高温稳定性和抗水损害能力的影响规律。试验结果表明,在冷再生混合料设计中,RAP掺量越高,最佳含水量越高,最佳乳化沥青掺量越低。尽管RAP掺量的增加会导致混合料力学强度和高温性能的降低,但掺量在88%以内的冷再生混合料的各项性能均能满足再生规范要求,证明SBS改性乳化沥青有效改善了高RAP掺量下冷再生混合料性能不足的问题。水泥含量的增加会提高冷再生混合料的强度和耐久性,而沥青用量的增加使混合料的各项性能先提高后降低。

RAP掺量对热再生沥青混合料高温性能的影响

为研究不同旧料(RAP)掺量对热再生沥青混合料高温性能的影响,采用动态蠕变试验方法,分别对旧料掺量在20%~70%之间的普通沥青AC-20再生料和改性沥青AC-13再生料进行高温性能评价。结果表明,与新料相比,添加了RAP的两种再生混合料的高温抗车辙性能明显提高,且在RAP掺量为40%时,高温性能达到最佳并趋于稳定。而添加再生剂并不能改善再生料的高温抗车辙性能。在RAP掺量相同时,AC-13改性沥青再生混合料的高温性能较AC-20普通沥青再生混合料更优;但在RAP掺量为40%时,两者的性能相近。可将掺加40%旧料的AC-20普通沥青再生料用于中面层,改善其高温性能。

RAP精细分离效果评价及其再生沥青混合料性能研究

采用精细分离技术对沥青混合料回收料(RAP)进行处理,可减小RAP的变异性,提高再生沥青混合料的路用性能。通过对不同工艺处理的精细分离RAP试验,分析了精细分离RAP的矿料级配、沥青含量变化规律及变异性。采用精细分离RAP制备再生沥青混合料,研究分析了精细分离工艺对再生沥青混合料路用性能的影响。结果表明:未经过精细分离的RAP,矿料级配、沥青含量变异性较大;精细分离后的RAP,矿料级配、沥青含量的变异性明显减小,提升了RAP的稳定性;精细分离工艺有利于提升再生沥青混合料的路用性能,尤其是动稳定性和最大弯拉应变;精细分离有利于提高RAP在再生沥青混合料中的掺量,保证再生沥青混合料的质量,提升RAP在沥青路面中再生利用水平。