Recycling water glass from wet reclamation sewage of waste sodium silicate-bonded sand

Wet reclamation of waste sodium silicate-bonded sand produces much alkaline sewage and causes pollution. Recycling water glass from wet reclamation sewage of the waste sodium silicate-bonded sand can solve pollution issues and generate economic benefits. In this work, the wet reclamation sewage was filtered, and the filtrate was causticized with a quicklime powder to produce a lye. The effects of causticization temperature, causticization time, and the amount of quicklime powder on the causticization rate were studied. The lye was used to dissolve the silica in the filtration residue to prepare a sodium silicate solution. The effects of the mass of filtration residue, dissolution temperature, and dissolution time on sodium silicate modulus were studied. Finally, the recycled water glass was obtained by concentrating the sodium silicate solution, and the bonding strength of the recycled water glass was tested. The results showed that the causticization rate could be improved by increasing the amount of quicklime powder, causticization temperature, and causticization time, and the highest causticization rate was above 92%. Amorphous silica in the filtration residue dissolved in the lye. Increasing the amount of the filtration residue, dissolution temperature, and dissolution time could improve the sodium silicate modulus. The bonding strength of the recycled water glass was close to that of commercial water glass. The recycled water glass could be used as a substitute for the commercial water glass.

Modelling the water diversion of a sustainable cover system under humid climates

Extreme rainfall significantly threatens the safety of the landfill cover system,especially under humid climates.This study aims to provide design recommendations for a sustainable landfill cover system consisting of a low-permeability soil layer underlying a two-layer capillary barrier for humid climates.First,the numerical back-analysis was conducted for verification against a series of flume model tests.Then,a parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of inclination angle,particle size and layer thickness on the lateral diversion length(DL)of the three-layer cover system under the 100-year return period rainfall of humid climates.The results show that the water lateral DL of the cover system can be greatly enhanced by increasing the inclination angle from 3°to 18°.Moreover,the bottom layer of the cover system with a coarser d10 was more susceptible to the impact of the heavy rainfall,while this can be alleviated by increasing the thickness of the bottom layer.A dimensionless number,defined as the ratio of thickness and d_(10) of the bottom layer,is proposed for designing lateral diversion of the three-layer cover system under humid climates.To preserve the maximum DL,it is suggested that the proposed dimensionless number should be larger than 95 and 110 for the design of rainfall events with 50-year and 100-year return periods for humid climates,respectively.

Studies on Feasibility of Reverse Osmosis (Membrane) Technology for Treatment of Tannery Wastewater

Tanneries reusing wastewater by combination of conventional and advanced Reverse Osmosis (RO) treatment technologies were assessed for technical and economic viabilities. Conventional treatment methods such as neutralization, clari-flocculation and biological processes are followed to clean the effluents before feeding to RO membrane modules. The characteristics of untreated composite effluents such as pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total chromium were in the range of 4.00-4.60, 680-3600 mg/L, 1698-7546 mg/L, 980-1480 mg/L, 4200-14500 mg/L, and 26.4-190 mg/L, respectively. Inorganic ions like Ca2+, Na+, Cl– and SO42– were found more in the wastewaters. Conventional treatments significantly removed the organic pollutants however failed to remove dissolved inorganic salts. Membrane technology removed the salts as well as remaining organic pollutants and the product water is reused in the process. The studied tanneries (5 numbers) have achieved 93-98%, 92-99% and 91-96% removal of TDS, sodium and chloride, respectively. Seventy to eighty five percentage of wastewater was recovered and recycled in the industrial processes. The rejects are subject to either solar evaporation system or Multiple Effect Evaporation (MEE) technology. The resulting salts are collected in polythene bags and disposed into scientifically managed secured land fill (SLF) site. The cost of wastewater treatment for operation and maintenances of RO including the pre-treatments (conventional methods) is INR 100-110 m-3.

Modelling and development of recycled water conditioning of copper-molybdenum ores processing

Current use of enrichment and processing technologies of ores requires the introduction of closed circuits of water treatment. A decrease in technological properties is caused by accumulations of ion-molecular components in the circulating water. The objective of the simulation is to determine the maximum allowable concentrations of ions and molecules as well as the choice of conditions for deposition or adsorption.First of all, our examinations decrease the concentration of copper ions and fatty acids in the circulating water. By pre-mixing water with the highest concentration of these ions, a reduction of copper ion and fatty acid concentrations in the recycled water occurs. The results do not only ensure the achievement of the maximum permitted concentration(MPC) of copper and iron, significantly reducing the amount of oxidized copper, they also make it possible to use the united sewage as current water for the flotation process. Mixing and adding filtrate of tailings, discharges of urban wastewater treatment and effluent of ash pit of thermal power stations(TPS) to recycled water causes an increase in the capacity of the enrichment plant by 15–17%.

Physicomechanical Properties of Sustainable Wood Plastic Composites of Tropical Sawdust and Thermoplastic Waste for Possible Utilization in the Wood Industry

This work investigated and quantified the physicomechanical properties of flat-pressed wood plastic composites produced with recycled polyethylene terephthalate, recycled polyethylene and sawdust derived from selected tropical timbers, namely, Nauclea diderrichii, Brachystegia eurycoma, Erythrophleum suaveolens and Prosopis africana, for possible utilization in the wood industry. The compounding of the polymer blends of the precursor plastics, namely recycled PET (rPET) and recycled PE (rPE) with the sawdust (SD) from the selected timbers to produce the desired wood rPET/rPE composites was carried out via the flat press method. The characterization of the physicomechanical properties of the wood plastic composites (WPCs) produced, such as the density, hardness, flexural strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation %, thickness swelling and water absorption capacity was carried out using methods based mainly on the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. The results of the investigation on the resultant composites indicated that changes in the SD content affected the density of flat-pressed WPCs in line with literature. Generally, it was observed that as wood dust increased and PET content decreased, the density of composites decreased with some deviations as expected probably due to the anisotropic nature of the wood fillers. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there was a statistically significant variation in the wood composites of Nuclea diderichii based on the physicomechanical values as the p-value (0.020) obtained was less than the critical level of α = 0.05. It was also observed that the composite, Wood 1 Sample 5 (W1S5) which was composed of 40% rPE, 40% rPET and 20% SD (derived from Nuclea diderichii), had the highest percentage elongation (26.84%);the highest flexural strength (14.995 N/mm2) and possibly the least carbon footprint in the environment. These properties of W1S5 suggest that it could therefore be the best option for the production of building materials like ceiling boards or floor skirting in the wood plastic composite industry. The results of these investigations have therefore indicated that the fabrication of WPCs from sawdust and rPET/rPE was technically feasible and had prospects for large scale production in the wood industry.

Restoration and Reconstruction of the Industrialand Mineral Industry Ecosystem

Large amount of toxic contanminants are being released to the environment around the global from rapid urbanization andindustrialization. Among such contaminants are industiral wastes and ore tailing that result from worldwide mining acticities. Inmining operations and ecological restoration projects increase public perception of mining companies. The effects of minieralindustry and ore tailing to environment were studied and the restoration measurements, such as soil and waste materials ecologicaltreament, water purification and recycling, vegetation ecological design, are proposed as successfully designs to achieve anoptimum recovery of the waste lands.

Experimental Evaluating of the Physical, Mechanical and Durability Properties of Natural, Recycled and Both Combined Aggregates Based Concretes

This experimental study aims at the reuse of recycled aggregates (RA), resulting from the demolition of concrete, cement block and cement mortar, in the manufacture of common construction in Burkina Faso. The RA can readily replace natural aggregates in concrete. Then five formulations of natural and recycled aggregates based concrete for characteristic strength of 25 Mpa were prepared in addition to the natural aggregates base concrete named reference concrete (BN): two types of recycled aggregates concrete (BR), three types of recycles and natural combined aggregates base concrete (BC). The properties of natural and recycled aggregates were characterized and the physical, mechanical strength and durability properties were also evaluated for all concrete specimens. All the studied concrete formulation present a density between 2000 kg/m3 ≤ ρ ≥ 2600 kg/m3 and an average slump of 4.9 ± 0.1 cm. The obtained results indicate that the recycled aggregates are suitable for current concrete. Two out of the five combinations studied, such as the natural (BN) and combined aggregate (BC2) based concretes satisfy the mechanical characteristics (Rc28 > 25 MPa) at 28 days of age and an average absorption coefficient of 2.93% and 3.98%. The recycled aggregate based concrete (BR1, BR2) and combined aggregate based concrete (BC1), gave respective average compressive strength of 21.55 MPa, 20.50 MPa and 20.30 MPa, i.e. a difference of 13.80% to 18.80% under the characteristic strength (25 MPa) aimed at 28 days of age. Thus, the recycled aggregates are in conformity with the normative prescriptions and their use for standard concrete gives adequate physical, mechanical and durability properties for the production of the C20/25 concrete series in the common civil engineering applications.

Development of a new cleaner production process for cassava ethanol

A new cleaner production process for cassava ethanol has been developed, in which the thin stillage by-product was treated initially by anaerobic digestion, and the digestate further processed by hydrogen-form cation exchange resin before being recycled as process water to make mash for the next ethanol fermentation batch.Thus wastewater was eliminated and freshwater and energy consumption was significantly reduced. To evaluate the new process, ten consecutive batches of ethanol fermentation and anaerobic digestion at lab scale were carried out. Average ethanol production in the recycling batches was 11.43%(v/v) which was similar to the first batch, where deionized(DI) water was used as process water. The chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal rate reached 98% and the methane yield was 322 ml per gram of COD removed, suggesting an efficient and stable operation of the anaerobic digestion. In conclusion, the application of the new process can contribute to sustainable development of the cassava ethanol industry.

大掺量固废混凝土的制备及性能研究

将粉煤灰、矿粉、不同类型的钢渣粉按不同质量比(mF∶mK∶mG分别为60∶32∶8、60∶28∶12、60∶24∶16、50∶40∶10、50∶35∶15、50∶30∶20)制备了三元复合掺合料,确定了最佳钢渣粉类型和mF∶mK∶mG。在此基础上,通过调整砂率、水胶比、减水剂掺量等方式制备了大掺量固废混凝土(固废总量≥70%),研究了其工作性、力学及耐久性能。结果表明:综合考虑胶砂流动度、三元复合掺合料的活性指数、经济性和环境效益,推荐选用原状钢渣粉,并控制mF∶mK∶mG为60∶32∶8;制备的大掺量固废混凝土的工作性、力学及耐久性能均较好,满足相关设计要求,并推荐采用聚羧酸减水剂,不推荐采用以萘系减水剂与脂肪族减水剂复配而成的复合减水剂。

没食子酸强化Fenton体系对水中DEET降解的研究

针对Fenton反应过程中生成的Fe^(3+)的还原速率相对于Fe^(2+)和H_(2)O_(2)的反应速率较慢限制了其降解效率的问题,以N,N-二乙基-间甲苯酰胺(DEET)为目标污染物,比较了3种络合剂对Fenton反应的促进效应。结果表明,在DEET浓度为200μmol/L、H_(2)O_(2)/Fe^(2+)摩尔比为20∶1、初始Fe^(2+)浓度为50μmol/L、没食子酸(GA)/Fe^(2+)摩尔比为1∶1以及pH=7.0的条件下,DEET的去除效率在20 min内达到75.3%。与传统的Fenton体系相比,DEET的降解效率提高了63.8%。HO·是加速DEET降解和矿化的主要活性氧物质。GA促进了Fe^(3+)的还原和H_(2)O_(2)的分解,从而促进了额外自由基的生成,加速了Fe^(2+)/H_(2)O_(2)体系对DEET的降解。

全再生细骨料混凝土的制备及性能试验研究

为提高再生细骨料(regenerate fine aggregates,RFA)的回收使用率,本研究采用一种含砖RFA进行全再生细骨料混凝土(fully recycled fine aggregate concrete,FRFAC)的试验制备.设计吸水率试验拟合公式计算RFA的主要组成及含量;通过设计正交试验研究水料比、减水剂和RFA粒径级配对不同养护天数下FRFAC的强度与热工性能的影响.研究结果表明,该RFA中主要包含废砖、废混凝土和泥块,其含量分别为13.58%、52.98%和33.44%,泥块含量较多,所以在制备前需对RFA进行筛分处理,该RFA平均吸水率较大,所以需采用饱和面干法进行预处理;对FRFAC强度影响最大的是RFA粒径级配,其次是水料比和减水剂,强度随着养护天数呈缓慢上升趋势;FRFAC的导热系数低,通过抗压导热交互分析得到配比最优方案为A3B3C2,制备的FRFAC强度达到25.8 MPa,导热系数为0.4636 W/(m·K),可用于建筑工程中.

稻壳灰-废旧砖再生透水混凝土的配合比研究

为探究稻壳灰-废旧砖再生透水混凝土的配合比,采用4因素3水平正交试验,探究水灰比、目标孔隙率、废旧砖骨料取代率、稻壳灰掺量对透水混凝土的强度、透水性、抗冻性的影响。结果表明:水灰比为0.3、目标孔隙率为10%、废旧砖骨料取代率为40%、稻壳灰掺量为6%时,稻壳灰-废旧砖再生透水混凝土的性能更优,其抗压强度为11.28 MPa、劈裂抗拉强度为1.99 MPa、透水系数为0.56 cm/s、孔隙率为37.5%、50次冻融循环后抗压强度为3.74 MPa。

变废为宝:以有机玻璃废弃物为原料制备高黏合强度的水基黏合剂——大学化学综合实验设计

本文介绍了以有机玻璃废弃物为原料制备高黏合强度的水基黏合剂的实验方法、黏合剂组成分析及黏合性能研究等内容。本实验可以锻炼学生的合成技能,拓宽学生的化学视野,培养学生的创新思想。同时,教师还可以针对本实验涉及的能源和环境问题对学生进行思政教育,激发学生努力学习,用专业知识为国效力的决心和使命感。

Repeated batch fermentation with water recycling and cell separation for microbial lipid production

Large waste water disposal was the major problem in microbial lipid fermentation because of low yield of lipid. In this study, the repeated batch fermentation was investigated for reducing waste water generated in the lipid fermentation of an oleaginous yeast Trichosporon cutaneum CX1 strain. The waste fermentation broth was recycled in the next batch operation after the cells were separated using two different methods, centrifugation and flocculation. Two different sugar substrates, glucose and inulin, were applied to the proposed operation. The result showed that at least 70% of the waste water was reduced, while lipid production maintained satisfactory in the initial four cycles. Furthermore, it is suggested that T. cutaneum CX1 cells might produce certain naturally occurring inulin hydrolyzing enzyme（s） for obtaining fructose and glucose from inulin directly. Our method provided a practical option for reducing the waste water generated from microbial lipid fermentation.

废弃混凝土再生砂的吸附特性研究

为解决再生砂高吸附性导致的混凝土工作性能快速损失这一问题,以C20~C60六种废弃混凝土再生砂为对象,采用压汞法和低温液氮吸附法测试再生砂的孔结构特征,利用X射线衍射(XRD)测试再生砂的物相组成,探究再生砂对水、亚甲蓝以及减水剂的吸附规律。结果表明:再生砂吸水率随废弃混凝土料源强度等级增加而降低,与孔结构有一定的相关性;再生砂对亚甲蓝的吸附性随黏土矿物含量降低而降低,与孔结构相关性不明显;再生砂对聚羧酸系减水剂的吸附性受孔结构和黏土矿物共同作用,但主要取决于黏土矿物的含量。

绿色纤维素基水凝胶膜的制备及油水分离性能

以杨木粉(PF)中提取的纤维素木浆(PF-NA)为基底,通过冷冻盐析技术,利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)将LiCl颗粒包裹在纤维素骨架上制备了纤维素基(CLH)水凝胶膜。采用FTIR、SEM、XRD、XPS对CLH水凝胶膜进行了表征,对其机械、高温、耐酸碱和耐盐稳定性、自清洁和耐污性进行了测试。结果表明,CLH水凝胶膜具有三维层状结构,PVA的加入及冷冻盐析技术的利用提高了CLH水凝胶膜的力学性能。LiCl作为吸水单元分布在纤维素骨架周围,使CLH水凝胶膜具有超亲水性,水下油接触角为151°;在重力作用下,CLH水凝胶膜可以实现对油水混合物和水包油乳液的高效分离,在高温(60℃)、强酸(pH=3)和强碱(pH=13)条件下具有稳定的分离效率(≥99.8%);在循环分离12次水包机油乳液中,CLH水凝胶膜保持稳定的分离性能;CLH水凝胶膜对四氯乙烯油渍具有自清洁和耐污能力。

再生集料在道路基层材料中的试验研究与应用

利用公路路面铣刨出的废旧水稳再生集料替代天然集料制备再生水稳基层材料,并开展工程示范应用。结果表明:对于来自同一路段的废旧水稳再生集料,其烘干或不烘干处理对再生水稳混合料的最佳含水率影响较小,最佳含水率一般比再生级配集料吸水率高约4%~5%;对于不同路段的废旧水稳再生集料,其压碎值越高,再生水稳的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、抗压回弹模量越低;综合考虑再生水稳的性能,选择来自路段1的再生细集料与路段3的再生粗集料按比例混合制备再生水稳用于工程实践,再生水稳具有较好的力学性能与路用性能,满足工程设计要求,应用效果良好。

建筑垃圾再生微粉性能研究及应用

为了探索一条水泥厂、搅拌站和建筑垃圾处理厂协同处置利用建筑垃圾再生微粉的较为经济的措施,对废旧混凝土和废砖的粉磨时间对再生微粉细度和粒度分布的影响、再生微粉的需水量和活性的变化规律以及再生微粉生产水泥和混凝土时的性能进行研究。结果表明:再生混凝土相对再生砖,物料易磨性差异大,颗粒分布分峰明显,峰宽更大,且均匀性系数较低;随着再生微粉的粉磨时间和细度的不断增加,再生微粉的细度不断变细,再生微粉需水量增加,活性指数也不断提高,但粉磨能力逐渐下降,30 min粉磨时间性价比最高;适量的再生粉应用于水泥厂和搅拌站生产水泥或混凝土时,产品性能满足生产要求。

一种水体垃圾处理装置的设计

水体垃圾处理装置是根据鲸鱼进食过程进行仿生设计,针对较浅水域内的水体垃圾处理的机械结构设计。该设计包含动力部分、回收部分、分拣传送部分、存储部分四个系统。四个部分相互配合在水面上自动地进行垃圾清理,动力部分提供动力与改变航向,回收部分与分拣传送部分联动将垃圾与海水分离,海水滤去后垃圾自然下落,落入存储部分进行暂时存放。水体垃圾处理装置在一定程度上解放了人力,可满足水体垃圾清理过程中的自动化需求。

砖混建筑废弃物再生碎砖混凝土耐久性研究

砖混建筑废弃物经过破碎筛选可以制成再生碎砖粗骨料,将其与水泥、河砂细骨料等主要原料混合,可以制备再生碎砖混凝土试件。为探究再生碎砖混凝土的耐久性,通过抗氯离子渗透性、干湿循环、冻融循环试验,分析不同水灰比以及再生碎砖粗骨料、粉煤灰、硅粉含量下混凝土试件的抗压强度、氯离子迁移系数以及质量损失率和动弹性模量的变化,并分析了混凝土试件在不同冻融介质中的质量损失率和动弹性模量的变化情况。结果表明:当碎砖粗骨料、粉煤灰、硅粉掺量分别为15%、16%、7%,水灰比为0.4时,再生碎砖混凝土试件的抗压强度、动弹性模量指标最大,抗氯离子渗透能力最优,质量损失率最小,耐久性最好;再生碎砖混凝土试件在水介质中的耐久性最大,在4%氯化钠溶液的耐久性最小,在4%硫酸钠溶液的耐久性居中。