Effect of post treatment temperature and humidity conditions onfixation performance of CCA-C treated red pine and southern pine

Rates of fixation in chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C) treated red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and southern pine (Pinus spp) sapwood specimens using retention of 1.5, 2.0, 6.4 kg·m?3 are compared at temperature (T) ranging from 70°C to 50°C and 5 different relative humidity (RH) conditions. The samples were investigated using the expressate method to follow chromium fixation. Red pine fixes faster than southern pine under all 11 post treatment schedules. The fixation rates for both species are not significantly different while the blocks were fixed under 6 fixation/drying schedules that differed only in the order of T/RH conditions applied. The rate of fixation of all samples in any fixation stage were reduced when the blocks were fixed under lower humidity conditions in spite of no change in chamber temperature. Some of this influence can be attributed to the effect of humidity on heat transfer into the wood and cooling of the wood surface.

Response of ground beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae)to forest gaps formed by a typhoon in a red pine forest at Gwangneung Forest,Republic of Korea

In Korea, damaging typhoons related to climate change have increased steadily since the 1990s. Red pine （Pinus densiflora） forests in Gwangneung Forest were greatly disturbed by typhoon Kompasu in 2010. A survey was carried out to clarify differences in ground beetle （Coleoptera： Carabidae） communities between forest gaps and undamaged forests. Ground beetles were sampled using pitfall traps from early May to late October 2011. Vegetation changes, litter layer, organic matter layer, and soil conditions were also measured. A total of 1035 ground beetles of 32 species were collected. Contrary to our expectation, species richness, abundance, and community structure of the ground beetles in forest gaps were similar to those in undamaged forests. Species richness and abundance of habitat type were also similar. However, species diversity and estimated species richness in forest gaps were significantly higher than in undamaged forests. These findings suggest that forest gaps formed by a typhoon did not lead to great change in ground beetle communities.

Impact of fixation/drying conditions on fixation rate, leachability and bioefficacy in CCA-C treated red pine and southern pine

Red pine (Pinus resinosia Ait) and southern pine (Pinus spp.) sapwood blocks were pressure treated with CCA-C at retention of 6.4, 2.0, 1.5 kg(m-3 followed by fixation using 11 post-treatment schedules ranging from 50-70 (C and 5 different relative humidity conditions. The effect of these post-treatment schedules on fixation rate, chemical leachability and decay resistant once were evaluated to better understand the effects of fixation/drying conditions on leachability and biodeterioration. Southern pine blocks fixes slightly slower than red pine. Fixation of CCA at high temperature high humidity, essential initially fixation at high humidity for fixation/drying schedules, resulted in lower leaching of chromium and arsenic elements than high temperature low humidity or initially fixation at the high temperature low humidity conditions. Copper leaching was indicated no significant difference under 11 fixation/drying conditions for both species. Weight losses for southern pine by Chaetomium globosum was lower than red pine by Gloeophyllom trabeum. There were some different capacities of decay resistance for both species under those post treatment conditions.

Radial variations in xylem sap flux in a temperate red pine plantation forest

Background:Scaling sap flux measurements to whole-tree water use or stand-level transpiration is often done using measurements conducted at a single point in the sapwood of the tree and has the potential to cause significant errors.Previous studies have shown that much of this uncertainty is related to(i)measurement of sapwood area and(ii)variations in sap flow at different depths within the tree sapwood.Results:This study measured sap flux density at three depth intervals in the sapwood of 88-year-old red pine(Pinus resinosa)trees to more accurately estimate water-use at the tree-and stand-level in a plantation forest near Lake Erie in Southern Ontario,Canada.Results showed that most of the water transport(65%)occurred in the outermost sapwood,while only 26%and 9%of water was transported in the middle and innermost depths of sapwood,respectively.Conclusions:These results suggest that failing to consider radial variations in sap flux density within trees can lead to an overestimation of transpiration by as much as 81%,which may cause large uncertainties in water budgets at the ecosystem and catchment scale.This study will help to improve our understanding of water use dynamics and reduce uncertainties in sap flow measurements in the temperate pine forest ecosystems in the Great Lakes region and help in protecting these forests in the face of climate change.

Effects of variable retention harvesting on canopy transpiration in a red pine plantation forest

Background:Variable Retention Harvesting(VRH)is a forest management practice applied to enhance forest growth,improve biodiversity,preserve ecosystem function and provide economic revenue from harvested timber.There are many different forms and compositions in which VRH is applied in forest ecosystems.In this study,the impacts of four different VRH treatments on transpiration were evaluated in an 83-year-old red pine(Pinus Pinus resinosa)plantation forest in the Great Lakes region in Canada.These VRH treatments included 55%aggregated crown retention(55A),55%dispersed crown retention(55D),33%aggregated crown retention(33A),33%dispersed crown retention(33D)and unharvested control(CN)plot.These VRH treatments were implemented in 1-ha plots in the winter of 2014,while sap flow measurements were conducted from 2018 to 2020.Results:Study results showed that tree-level transpiration was highest among trees in the 55D treatment,followed by 33D,55A,33A and CN plots.We found that photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)were major controls or drivers of transpiration in all VRH treatments.Our study suggests that dispersed or distributed retention of 55%basal area(55D)is the ideal forest management technique to enhance transpiration and forest growth.Conclusions:This study will help researchers,forest managers and decision-makers to improve their understanding of water cycling in forest ecosystem and adopt the best forest management regimes to enhance forest growth,health and resiliency to climate change.

Study on Soil and Pine-Seedling Zn and Mn and Predicting-Model Design

Soils were collected from 2-year (2-y) and 3-year(3-y) old red-pine seedling plots in two tree nurseries,Hayward in the north and Wilson in the southwestern part of Wisconsin State respectively,and equilibrated with 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2) for soil solution Zn and Mn (solu-Zn and Mn),and with 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2+0.005 M EDTA for soil absorbed Zn and Mn(ad-Zn and Mn).Buffering capacity of soil Zn and Mn (b-Zn and Mn) was obtained from the ratio of ad-Zn and Mn to the solu-Zn and Mn.The concerned traces in pine seedling needles(ndls),stems(sts) and roots (rts) were simultaneously measured.The results obtained show that: About 60% of solu-and ad- Zn ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 and from 1 to 2μg/ g soil respectively.About 70% of b-Zn was within 3-10.The highest content of solu-Zn compared with the lowest showed a discrepance of more than 10-fold.The two forms of soil Zn were commonly higher in Wilson than in Haywark Nursery. About 80% of solu-,ad- and b-Mn were within 3-10,5-5.8μg/ g soil and 1-2 respectively.Influence of low buffering capacity on solu-Zn and Mn was about 20 times stronger than that of the high.The E-value,a ratio of accumulated Zn and Mn in needles to those in the soil solution,is proved to be:E-Zn> E-Mn;E-sts> E-ndls or E-rts;and E-2y>E-3y.Curvilinear and/ or linear correlations between soil solu-,ad- and b-Zn and Mn and ndls-,sts-,rts-Zn and Mn were at very significant or significant levels.For predicting ndls-Zn and Mn,two realizable and simple models from two regression equations were established through the selection of related parameters and dependent variables.Binary regression analysis basically eliminated the influence of soil pH on the prediction of Zn and Mn in needles.Soil pH was thus thought to be excluded from the model.

Effects of red-yellow soil acidification on seed germination of Chinese pine

Acid treatments significantly change the physical and chemical properties of red yellow soil by lowering its pH value and leaching out aluminum(Al) ions that are harmful to the growth of plants. The structure of soil will be damaged, resulting in higher viscosity, higher water retention rate and lower air permeability of the soil. The germination rate of Chinese pine( Pinus tabulacformic Carr. ) seeds sowed in soil treated with sulphuric acid(H 2SO 4) decreased compared to that for untreated soil. The direct cause was the large amount of Al ions leached out because of low pH values(≥3.5). The added acid decreased the soil aggregation and increased the number of micro aggregates(under 250 μm in diameter). Such changes increased the soil's viscosity, which tied the pine needles to the soil after the seeds had germinated and prevented the seedlings from fully developing.

<i>Pinus taeda</i>cDNA Microarray as a Tool for Candidate Gene Identification for Local Red/Far-Red Light Adaptive Response in <i>Pinus sylvestris</i>

Light quality response is a vital environmental cue regulating plant development. Conifers, like angiosperms, respond to the changes in light quality including the level of red (R) and far-red (FR) light, which follows a latitudinal cline. R and FR wavelengths form a significant component of the entire plant life cycle, including the initial developmental stages such as seed germination, cotyledon expansion and hypocotyl elongation. With an aim to identify differentially expressed candidate genes, which would provide a clue regarding genes involved in the local adaptive response in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) with reference to red/far-red light;we performed a global expression analysis of Scots pine hypocotyls grown under two light treatments, continuous R (cR) and continuous FR (cFR) light;using Pinus taeda cDNA microarrays on bulked hypocotyl tissues from different individuals, which represented different genotypes. This experiment was performed with the seeds collected from northern part of Sweden (Ylinen, 68?N). Interestingly, gene expression pattern with reference to cryptochrome1, a blue light photoreceptor, was relatively high under cFR as compared to cR light treatment. Additionally, the microarray data analysis also revealed expression of 405 genes which was enhanced under cR light treatment;while the expression of 239 genes was enhanced under the cFR light treatment. Differentially expressed genes were re-annotated using Blast2GO tool. These results indicated that cR light acts as promoting factor whereas cFR antagonises the effect in most of the processes like C/N metabolism, photosynthesis and cell wall metabolism which is in accordance with former findings in Arabidopsis. We propose cryptochrome1 as a strong candidate gene to study the adaptive cline response under R and FR light in Scots pine as it shows a differential expression under the two light conditions.

刺玫籽油与2种可食用植物油的品质及体外抗氧化活性比较研究

目的:比较分析刺玫籽油的品质及抗氧化活性与可食用的红松仁油、花生油的差异性。方法:从理化性质、主要成分的含量及体外抗氧化活性分析刺玫籽油与花生油、红松仁油的差异性。结果:相比于花生油及红松仁油,刺玫籽油具有较低的过氧化值、高碘值,而酸值与皂化值无显著性差异。刺玫籽油的α-亚麻酸及亚油酸的含量显著高于花生油及红松仁油,油酸含量显著高于花生油而低于红松仁油;刺玫籽油含有多酚及生育酚的量均显著高于花生油及红松仁油,但黄酮含量无显著性差异。进一步的体外抗氧化活性分析结果发现,刺玫籽油清除ABTS自由基及DPPH自由基的能力均强于花生油及红松仁油,且对自由基的清除率具有显著性差异;刺玫籽油清除超氧自由基及羟基自由基的能力强于花生油,弱于红松仁油,但清除率无显著性差异;刺玫籽油的还原力均强于花生油及红松仁油,但无显著性差异。结论:相较于花生油及红松仁油,刺玫籽油更具有作为天然抗氧化剂的优势,可为刺玫籽油进一步开发利用奠定实验基础。

施氮对阔叶红松林土壤微生物多样性和群落结构的影响

在黑龙江省伊春市五营区丰林国家自然保护区和丽林实验林场的阔叶红松林地,选取长期固定研究样地,施加氮肥(为硝酸铵)设置4个施氮梯度,分别为对照(不施氮)、低氮(2.5 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))、中氮(5.0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1))、高氮(7.5 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)),每个处理3个重复,共12个20 m×20 m试验区,试验区之间保留10 m宽缓冲带。从2011年5月份开始,硝酸铵作为添加氮,在当地森林的每个生长季节(5—9月份)均匀添加5次。施加到每个地块的硝酸铵溶解在32 L纯水中,使用背负式喷雾器将硝酸铵溶液均匀地喷洒在每个地块的森林地面上,为了保持处理的一致性,对照样地处理用等量32 L纯水喷洒。2021年7月份,在12块样地内各随机设置5个采样点,用土钻在0~10 cm土层采集土样,测定土壤含水率、pH、有效氮质量分数、有效磷质量分数、有效钾质量分数、全碳质量分数、全氮质量分数、全磷质量分数、微生物量碳质量分数、微生物量氮质量分数、微生物磷质量分数、微生物群落结构、微生物群落组成、微生物群落多样性。采用单因素方差分析方法(LSD)、邓肯(Duncan)检验法、非度量多维标度(NMDS)分析法,分析不同施氮处理之间土壤碳氮磷等基本理化性质与土壤微生物量和群落结构的差异、土壤细菌和真菌物种组成,探索土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构和土壤酶活性的相关性。结果表明:施氮对土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、群落结构产生显著影响,其中施氮5.0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)处理的影响最显著,与对照(不施氮)相比,施氮5.0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)处理的土壤微生物量碳提高140.89%、微生物量氮提高34.48%、细菌提高65.21%、真菌提高111.97%、总磷脂脂肪酸提高71.02%;施氮5.0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)处理,真菌数量(N_F)与细菌数量(N_B)比值(N_F/N_B)显著提高,并且施氮5.0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)处理对土壤微生物丰富度、细菌种类多样性、真菌种类多样性提升效果最显著。相关性分析结果表明,微生物量碳、微生物量氮,与细菌、真菌、总磷脂脂肪酸均呈显著正相关,与土壤pH均呈显著负相关。综合试验结果,施氮5.0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1)处理对土壤微生物群落结构正向作用最强,显著增加了微生物多样性,提高了土壤碳质量分数、土壤氮质量分数。

赤松《楞伽经》英译本注释研究

赤松《楞伽经》英译本在英语世界颇受欢迎,这在很大程度上有赖于译本中丰富的注释。这些注释有助于体现《楞伽经》的丰厚内蕴,又突显出译本的准确性和全面性,为典籍翻译如何最大限度丰富读者的阅读体验开启了新的路径。通过对译本中的注释进行细读与分类,可以揭示其注释特征、注释类型以及注释的个中缘由,这对中国文化典籍的外译具有一定的借鉴作用。

不同基料配方对赤松茸生长的影响

为选择适合赤松茸林下生长的最佳栽培基料配方,本文采用了不同栽培料配方及用量共12个不同的处理,测定赤松茸的菌丝生长、出菇、子实体形态以及产量等指标。结果表明,T4栽培料配方(30%玉米秸秆、30%香菇废料、30%玉米粉、10%稻壳,含水量为65%)对赤松茸的生长和产量有明显的促进作用,该配方出菇个数最多,为106;菇形指数最高,为0.61;鲜产量最高,为7.24 kg/m~2,该试验为人工栽培赤松茸提供了一种可行的解决方案。

延边地区天然赤松林单木根系生物量的研究

该文对延边地区天然赤松林单木的根系分布特征以及生物量结构进行了调查．结果表明：赤松根系发达，可塑性强；不同级别根系在根系生物量中所占比例大小顺序为：粗根＞大根＞中根＞小根＞细根，其中粗根和大根占总根量的９０％以上，中、小、细根不足１０％；土壤养分状况对根系总量影响不显著，与中、小、细根的量表现出一定关系；赤松个体生物量中地上部占８０％，根系占２０％，各器官生物量所占比例顺序为：干＞根＞枝＞皮＞叶．

水分胁迫对脂松苗木针叶质膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

以2年生盆栽脂松苗木为材料,研究了不同土壤水分处理(含干旱和水渍胁迫)及解除胁迫后对脂松苗木针叶质膜透性和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱与水渍胁迫时间的延长,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)含量均有所上升;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐降低;过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐升高;解除胁迫后,各项指标均有不同程度的恢复,其中田间含水量为40%、80%、100%处理(即FC40%、FC80%、FC)恢复较快;干旱处理中FC20%和水渍处理中的水渍胁迫(FL)对苗木的生理影响在解除胁迫后14天尚未完全恢复且表现为水淹处理恢复能力较干旱处理差。综上,FC60%为最适土壤水分含量,综合表现最佳。

长白山区松口蘑分布及生态研究

本文调查了长白山区松口蘑的分布状况,发现了一些新的松口蘑产区,研究了植被土壤等生态特征,讨论了松口蘑的适应性和驯化潜能等前沿问题。

赤松和黑松花粉的营养成分测定及功能分析

测定分析采自胶东半岛的赤松和黑松花粉的营养成分,包括氨基酸、粗蛋白、总糖、还原糖、蔗糖、脂肪、维生素以及矿物质元素的种类和含量,并同其它花粉种类进行了对比分析,结果认为:赤松和黑松花粉为富含多种营养物质的花粉资源,具有协调营养平衡、增强免疫功能、延缓衰老等多种保健功能.

红松仁清蛋白ACE抑制肽的分离纯化与结构鉴定

为研究酶解红松仁清蛋白中具有血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制活性短肽的组分及其序列,采用超滤、Sephadex G-25、Sephadex G-15及反相高效液相色谱对松仁清蛋白酶解液进行分离纯化,对纯化后样品(组分D2)进行质谱结构鉴定。质谱结果进行从头测序,筛选得到ACE抑制肽Tyr-Leu-Leu-Lys(YLLK),分子质量为535.34 D。该肽经固相合成纯度为99.80%,其半数抑制浓度测定值为0.282 5 μmol/L。

水分胁迫对脂松幼苗叶绿素荧光特征的影响

以2年生盆栽脂松苗木为材料,研究了不同土壤含水量(干旱和水渍胁迫及解除胁迫后)对脂松幼苗的叶绿素荧光参数的影响,旨在为脂松的扩大栽培和管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)土壤水分胁迫对脂松苗木针叶初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)有显著影响(p<0.05);(2)干旱和淹水胁迫中脂松针叶光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均表现为随胁迫强度增大和时间的延长而降低,总体表现为FC60>FC80>FC>FC40>FC20>FL,解除胁迫后有不同程度的升高,且干旱处理比水淹处理恢复快。(3)60%土壤含水量叶绿素荧光参数水平最佳,据此认为中等轻度干旱立地较适宜脂松苗木生长。

松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测研究进展

[目的]综合评述了松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测的数据和方法研究进展,并就星-机-地多源遥感数据协同监测变色松树提出展望。[方法]通过分析松材线虫病染病松树的生理生态特征和冠层光谱,综述遥感数据的获取、基于遥感数据的变色松树解译方法,讨论当前松材线虫病变色松树遥感监测存在的主要问题,并指出未来可能的研究方向。[结果]不同的遥感监测平台对于变色松树的识别各具其优势,地面调查具有高可靠性优势、卫星遥感具有多时相优势、无人机遥感具有高空间分辨率和高灵活性优势。其中以无人机遥感和高分卫星遥感为主的遥感技术的发展,伴随着遥感图像解译算法和计算机软硬件的改进,为松材线虫病疫区变色松树的快速定位和计数提供了新的手段。但新手段在变色松树监测过程中还存在着监测手段单一,定位位置偏差大、识别精度和识别效率低等问题。[结论]未来随着卫星数量的增多和无人机影像获取成本的减少,从多源遥感影像上采用人工智能算法快速定位出单株变色松树和疫区变色松树的计数将成为新的模式。

土壤pH值对脂松苗木膜脂过氧化及内源保护系统的影响

Red Pine seedlings were grown in the potted soils with different acidity (pH=4.5,5.5,6.5,7.5,8.0) to investigate their physiological responses to soil pH,and futher to evaluate the soil pH feasibility. Dramatic physiological responses of Red Pine seedlings were detected under various soil pH treatments. Under soil pH 5.5,the seedling foliages grew best,with the lowest malondialdehyde content,ion leakage and soluble substance content,and the highest carotinoid content and antioxidant enzyme activities;With soil pH 7.5 and 8.0 treatments,the seedling needles developed poorest,with greater membrane lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant enzyme activities,and the greater cell membrane injury and soluble substance content. Results suggested that Red Pine seedlings was mostly adapt to soil with pH of 5.5,followed by soils with pH of 4.5 and 6.5,and could hardly adapted to soil with pH of 7.5 and higher.