Response of Ecosystem Service Value Based on Land Use Changes and Analysis of its Driving Factors in Typical Hilly Region with Red Soil

The contribution rate of ecosystem service value variation was used to analyze the effects of land use changes on the changes of ecosystem service value in Xingguo County during 1996-2005.Grey integrated correlation was employed to explore the contribution level of the indicators such as total population,urbanization level,proportion of primary industry and investment of social fixed assets on ecosystem service value,and the correlation analysis was also carried out.The results showed that the ecosystem service value in Xingguo County during 1996-2005 mainly was woodland,and the decrease of woodland area was the major reason for the sustained reduction of ecosystem service value.With the further increase of market demand and the incentives of local government,the garden area rapidly increased during 2001-2005,and the influence degree of garden towards the changes of ecosystem service value was only second to woodland,ranking No.2.Four socio-economic indicators had different correlation degree with ecosystem service value during the different research periods.Total population,urbanization level and proportion of primary industry had high correlation degree with ecosystem service value,whereas the influence degree of various socio-economic indicators on ecosystem service value was equal with each other day by day.Urbanization level,investment of social fixed assets and total population had significant negative correlation with ecosystem service value,while the proportion of primary industry had positive correlation with ecosystem service value.

Construction and Application of Soil Erosion Control and Circular Agriculture Mode in Hilly Red Soil of Southern China

[Objective] The paper was to construct soil erosion control and circular agriculture mode in hilly red soil of southern China, and analyze its application effort. [Method] The cause of soil erosion in hilly red soil of southern China and the reason for long-term treatment without remarkable effort were analyzed. On this basis, the key technology, economic benefit, ecological service function and carbon sequestration sink enhancement effect of various modes were further analyzed. [Result] The basic idea for comprehensive control of hilly soil erosion in southern China was as follows: the control of soil erosion was combined with modern agricultural production, in order to build "fruit(tea)-grass-livestock-methane" circular agriculture mode with comprehensive control of soil erosion; application effect analysis showed that the establishment of circular agriculture mode in southern hilly area to control soil erosion had remarkable effect, which could simultaneously meet the coordinated development of ecological, economic and social benefits. [Conclusion] This study established an effective mode suitable for soil erosion control and agricultural protection development in southern red soil mountain, which could drive the sustainable development of ecological restoration of mountainous area and rural agricultural economy.

Ecological Effects of Land Use Patterns in Red Soil HillyRegion

Plant biomass and biodiversity, element accumulation and return, water loss and soil erosion, and changesin soil properties were studied for up to 10 years after conversion of sparse tree-shrubby grass land into thefollowing four land use patterns: masson pine (Pznvs massonzana Lamb.) land, beautiful sweetgum (Ltq-uidambar fomosana Hance) land, vegetation reservation land, and artificial mowing land. The annualbiomass production of the masson pine land was 5060 kg ha￣-1 being 4.9, 2.1, and 6.0 times that of the beau-tiful sweetgum land, the vegetation reservation land, and the artificial mowing land, respectively. Comparedwith the background values, the number of plant species for the vegetation reservation land increased by 10species after 10 years of land utilization, while for the masson pine and the beautiful sweetgum decreased by4, and for the artificial mowing land by 9. For masson pine land, total amount of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg neededfor producing 1000 kg dry matter was only 3.5 kg, annual element return through litter was 22 kg ha￣-1, bothof which were much lower than those of the other patterns. Vegetation reservation was an effective measureto conserve soil and water and improve soil fertility in the red soil hilly region. Artificial mowing arousedserious degradation of vegetation and soil. Some measures and suggestions for management and exploitationof the red soil hilly region such as masson pine planting, closing hills for afforestation, and stereo-agricultureon one hill are proposed.

Soil Fertility Self-development Under Ecological Restoration in the Zhuxi Watershed in the Red Soil Hilly Region of China

Current methods that utilize simple data or models to judge whether soil fertility can selfdevelop are not sufficiently rigorous. A new framework has been set up using catastrophe theory, laboratory experiment, field work, and 3S(Geographic information system, Global positioning system, and Remote sensing) to explore soil fertility catastrophe under ecological restoration, discriminate whether soil fertility can self-develop, and propose adjustment of ecological restoration measures in the Zhuxi watershed of Changting County, Fujian Province, China, which is a typical representative of the red soil hilly region of China. The results show that: 1) the soil fertility is obviously improved through the four ecological restoration measures, which impels soil fertility catastrophe. Among 89 soil samples, catastrophic soil samples and stable soil samples account for 26(29.21%) and 63(70.79%) of the samples, respectively. The four ecological restoration measures are listed in the order lowquality forest improvement > arbor–bush–herb mixed plantation > orchard improvement > closing measures according to the proportions of catastrophic soil samples. A typical soil sample in Bashilihe that can self-develop is selected as the criterion to judge the upper lobe and lower lobe of soil fertility in the process surface of the Cusp catastrophe model. Twenty-six(29.21%) were in the middle lobe, 10(11.24%) were in the upper lobe, and 53(70.79%) were in the lower lobe. The catastrophic direction of 26 catastrophic soil samples is to the upper lobe according to soil and water loss change as well as fieldwork. There is a significant positive correlation of Δ with soil and water loss change, and the lower soil and water loss relates to higher catastrophic probability. 2) Soil fertility self-development could be regionalized as "Soil fertility can self-develop" whose area was 12.74 km2(28.33%) distributed mainly in the leftmost and rightmost parts, "Soil fertility tends to self-develop" whose area was 11.63 km2(25.89%) distributed mainly in the middle part, and "Soil fertility cannot self-develop" whose area was 20.58 km2(45.78%) distributed mainly between the above two types. 3) There is no need to take ecological restoration measures and excessive human interference should be avoided in the future in regions of "Soil fertility can self-develop" and "Soil fertility tends to self-develop," and ecological restoration measures should be taken in region of "Soil fertility cannot self-develop." 4) We suggest withdrawal and implementation of ecological restoration measures should be incorporated into the evaluation criteria of ecological restoration to avoid misuse of funds.

Eco-geological environment quality assessment based on multi-source data of the mining city in red soil hilly region, China

High-intensity and large-scale resource development seriously threatens the fragile ecological environment in the red soil hilly region in southern China. This paper analyzes the eco-geological environmental problems and factors affecting Ganzhou, a mining city in the red soil hilly region,based on field survey and literature. The ecogeological environment quality(EGEQ) assessment system, which covered 11 indicators in physical geography, mining development, geological hazards,as well as water and soil pollution, was established through multi-source data utilization such as remote sensing images, DEM(Digital Elevation Model), field survey and on-site monitoring data. The comprehensive weight of each indicator was calculated through the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and entropy method. The eco-geological environment assessment map was developed by calculating the EGEQ value through the linear weighted method. The assessment results show that the EGEQ was classified into I-V grades from excellent to worse, among which, EGEQ of I-II accounted for 29.88%, EGEQ of III accounted for 32.35% and EGEQ of IV-V accounted for 37.77%;the overall EGEQ of Ganzhou was moderate. The assessment system utilized in this research provides scientific and accurate results, which in turn enable the proposal of some tangible protection suggestions.

Regularity of Erosion and Soil Loss Tolerance in Hilly Red-Earth Region of China

The observations from 14-yr long-term investigation on the soil-water losses in the sloping red-earth (slope 8°- 15°) showed that soil-water losses were closely correlated with land slope and vegetative coverage. Runoff rate in sloping red-earth could be reduced doubly by exploitation, while the soil erosion was enhanced doubly during the first two years after exploitation. Subsequently, it tended to be stable. Soil erosion was highly positively correlated with land slope, i. e. soil erosion increased by 120 t km-2 yr-1 with a slope increase of 1°. On the contrary, soil erosion was highly negatively correlated with vegetative coverage, i. e. soil erosion was limited at 200 t km-2 yr-1 below as the vegetative coverage exceeded 60%. Furthermore, soil erosion was highly related with planting patterns, i. e. soil erosion in contour cropping pattern would be one sixth of that in straight cropping. Based on the view of soil nutrient balance and test data, it was first suggested that the soil loss tolerance in Q2 red clay derived red-earth should be lower than 300 t km-2 yr-1.

Soil and Water Resources and Land Sustainable Productivity in the Catchment Area with Intensive Management in Hilly Red Soil Regions,China

Taking an example of Majiayu Catchment Area (14.15 ha) in Taoyuan County of HunanProvince, the soil and water resources dynamics, fertility evolution characteristics andland productivity changing situation were studied. Fixed observation results from 1993to 2002 showed that pools covering about 15% of total area could store up 10% of surfacerunoff, keep 78.1% of eroded soil and 65.4% of lost nutrients. The yearly ratio ofinterception and evapotranspiration in land, storage in pools and drainage was 7:2:1,which ensured the resources and nutrients equilibrium and a benign recycle in thecatchment area system, and benefited the aquatic culture and helped to resist seasonaldrought. Moreover, the results showed that soil erosion modulus decreased significantly,equal to or lower than soil loss tolerance (≤500 tkm-2) in reddish yellow soil regions.Soil organic matter, total and available N content in sloping land, dryland and paddyfield increased steadily (>10%); water storage enhanced by more than 20% in sloping landand dryland in drought season; crop production increased by more than 20%; and productionof trees, fruits, tea and fish as well as land productivity increased yearly.

Effects of soil and water conservation and its interactions with soil properties on soil productivity

The effects of soil and water conservation （SWC） on soil properties are well documented. However, definitive and quantitative information of SWC and its interactions with soil properties on soil productivity is lacking for hilly red soil region of southern China. Experiments were conducted in the hilly red soil region of southern China for seven years in three rtmoffplots, each of which represented different SWC forest-grass measures. Principal component analysis and multiple regression techniques were used to relate the aboveground biomass （representing soil productivity） to soil properties. Based on the final regression equations, soil organic carbon content （Sot） is significantly correlated with soil productivity under the condition of forest-grass measures, whereas pH value and cation exchange capacity （Cee） are the main factors for soil productivity without SWC. Therefore, SWC plays an important role in sequestering Soc and improving soil productivity.

南方崩岗调查内容与方法探讨

崩岗是我国南方水土流失的一种特殊类型,广泛分布于南方红壤区,是该区域严重的生态问题之一。第一次崩岗调查距今已近20年,相关情况已发生巨大变化。崩岗现状不清直接影响了行政管理部门对崩岗防治相关工作的规划和决策,因此急需开展新一轮崩岗调查。新时代水土保持高质量发展为崩岗调查提供了机遇,差别化分类防治和分步实施对崩岗调查提出了更高要求,现代信息技术为崩岗调查提供了新方法,以服务崩岗风险评估和防治规划为导向,在充分利用第一次崩岗调查成果基础上,补充崩岗发育的小山体调查,将典型调查改为全面普查,系统探讨崩岗调查对象与范围、调查内容、调查程序与方法,以期为行政管理部门和技术单位启动新一轮崩岗调查工作提供参考。

A Study of the Qianyanzhou Mode in a Subtropical Red Soil Hilly Region of China

Qianyanzhou is located in the heart of Jitai Basin in Guanxi town,the county seat of Taihe county in Jiangxi province.Qianyanzhou has a subtropical humid climate and exemplifies the geographic and geomorphologic characteristics of red soil hilly regions in southern China.In the early 1980s,to control soil and water loss and problems with grain yields,Qianyanzhou's researchers proposed an innovative,comprehensive stereoscopic ag- riculture development mode known as the 'Qianyanzhou mode'.This mode included a forest-livestock-food ecosystem,a forest-fruit-economy ecosystem,and a land-water compound stereoscopic system,all located within a watershed.In the Qianyanzhou mode,soil and water loss were completely controlled,thereby promoting environmental conservation and economic development.The state and the society as a whole supported this mode thanks to its far-reaching social impact.In the 21st century,given new societal concerns and continuing economic development,Qianyanzhou mode has been restructured as two ecosystems of forest-fowl and planting-raising circular economies at landscape level,based on an increase in vegetation coverage from 4.3% to more than 80%.These improved modes can significantly enhance the ecosystem,reduce poverty,and to promote the construction of local ecological civilization.This study introduces the Qianyanzhou mode and summarizes its characteristics in different phases.We hope that the information in this study supports improvements to and promotion of the Qianyanzhou mode.We believe the Qianyanzhou mode can play an important role in efforts to modify the agriculture industrial structure,alleviate poverty,and construct ecological civilization.

基于BIOME-BGC模型的红壤丘陵区湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林GPP和NPP

应用生物地球化学模型BIOME-BGC模型估算了1993～2004年红壤丘陵区湿地松林总第一性生产力(GPP)、净第一性生产力(NPP),并分析GPP、NPP年际变化对气候的响应以及未来气候变化情景下GPP、NPP的响应。结果表明,湿地松林1993～2004年GPP、NPP的总量变化波动于1777～2160g Cm-2a-1之间和453～828gCm-2a-1之间,平均值分别为1941g Cm-2a-1和695gCm-2a-1。在研究时段内,GPP、NPP有缓慢增长趋势,GPP、NPP总量平均值从1990年代初期(1993～1996年)的1826、687gCm-2a-1上升到21世纪初期(2001～2004年)的2026、693gCm-2a-1。这主要是由于研究时段内GPP、NPP对降水缓慢增长的正响应造成的。未来气候变化情景分析表明,CO2浓度倍增不利于湿地松林GPP、NPP的增长,但均不超过1.5%。在CO2浓度不增加条件下,GPP正向响应了降水单独变化和温度升高1.5℃且降水增加情景,正向响应NPP的情景条件是降水的单独变化;当CO2浓度倍增和气候改变时,预测的GPP正向响应了降水的变化,同时正向响应了温度升高1.5℃且降水变化;正向响应NPP的情景条件是降水的变化。

南方典型红壤区不同枯死率芒萁的水土流失阻控效应

[目的]探究芒萁植丛不同枯死率(100%,50%和0%)下坡面的产流产沙规律,揭示不同生长状态下芒萁的水土流失阻控效果。[方法]采用人工模拟降雨试验,对不同芒萁枯死率下坡面产流产沙过程随雨强的变化特性进行了定量分析。[结果](1)不同降雨强度和芒萁枯死率下径流速率随降雨历时呈前期缓慢或快速增长,后期趋于稳定。较小雨强下,侵蚀速率除裸坡外随降雨历时呈前期缓慢增加、后期趋于稳定状态;较大雨强下,侵蚀速率随降雨历时变化呈前期快速增加,中后期逐渐下降趋于稳定。(2)除2 mm/min雨强下的累积产流量外,其余处理条件下累积产流产沙量差异明显,且产沙量随芒萁枯死率的增加而增加。(3)两种雨强不同处理下坡面累积产流量和累积产沙量关系符合幂函数模型(R2>0.99)。[结论]两种雨强芒萁植丛不同枯死率下径流速率和侵蚀速率随降雨历时变化前期迅速增加、后期逐渐波动稳定,各处理下累积径流量与累积产沙量的函数关系拟合回归效果良好,证实了枯死芒萁亦可在中国南方红壤侵蚀区起到良好的水土流失阻控效果。

南方红壤区茶果园杂草管理与水土保持技术研究进展

南方红壤区的茶果园因其独特的地理和气候条件而成为重要的农业资源,但同时也面临着杂草问题和水土流失的挑战。本文综合分析了国内外关于茶果园杂草管理和水土保持的研究进展,提出了一系列针对性的管理策略。在杂草管理方面,建议采用综合杂草管理技术,结合化学、物理和生物控制方法,以提高茶果园的生产效率并减少环境影响。在水土保持方面,强调了梯田建设、植被覆盖和土壤改良技术的重要性,这些措施能有效减少水土流失并提升土壤保水保肥能力。文章还指出,未来研究应关注生态友好的杂草管理技术的开发,探索成本效益更高的水土保持技术,并建立完善的长期监测和评估体系。通过跨学科合作,本文旨在为南方红壤区茶果园的可持续发展提供科学指导和实践支持。

The quality attribute of watershed ecosystem is more important than the landscape attribute in controlling erosion of red soil in southern China

Landscape and quality attributes are major ecosystem characteristics closely associated with soil conservation service(SCS).However,the intrinsic mechanisms by which these two attributes influence SCS are still unclear.Therefore,this study quantitatively analyzed the landscape pattern,ecological quality,and SCS in the Lianshui River watershed(a typical soil and water loss area of red soil in southern China)and its sub-watersheds in 2019.The boosted regression tree model was used to explore the influence of 15 factors(i.e.,landscape and quality attributes)on SCS at the sub-watershed scale.According to the results,compared with the landscape attribute,the quality attribute of the watershed ecosystem could better explain the spatial heterogeneity of SCS across 66 sub-watersheds.The overall degree of influence of five quality factors on SCS reached 57.81%,with the highest being the normalized differential build-up and bare soil index(NDBSI),at 25.11%.Among 10 landscape factors,aggregation had the greatest influence on SCS,at 28.64%.The relationships between key influencing factors and SCS were nonmonotonic and non-linear,with threshold effects.For example,NDBSI values of 0.18e0.41 had a positive influence on SCS,while NDBSI values of 0.41e0.65 had a negative influence on SCS.The findings broaden our understanding of the response of SCS to changes in landscape and quality attributes at the sub-watershed scale,and could offer comprehensive support for soil erosion management in the watershed ecosystem.

南方红壤区水土流失与社会经济的耦合关系

水土流失与社会经济系统的相互作用关系复杂且具有明显的时空变异性。以南方红壤区为核心,从区域尺度阐述了经济发展、人口规模、农业投入及农业产出等社会经济因素与水土流失及其治理的相互作用。在此基础上,从微观尺度剖析了水土流失治理工程驱动下农户生计方式的改变,以及农户社会网络对水土流失治理工程实施的影响。最后提出今后研究的重点:明确宏观发展规划及区域产业结构调整等对水土流失的影响机制,优化资源配置以提高水土流失治理成效;解析城镇化、农业集约化等新发展模式下农户生产方式、社会网络与水土流失治理工程的相互影响,推动水土流失治理工程的可持续运维。

宁南黄土区典型人工林下土壤粒径分布分形特征与养分关系研究

以宁夏彭阳中庄小流域3种典型人工林(山杏林、柠条林、沙棘林)为供试样地,以农地为对照,采用野外标准化方法采集0~100cm土壤样品,利用Mastersizer3000型激光粒度仪测定土壤粒径组成,并测定了土壤养分相关参数,研究了3种不同人工林地土壤粒径分布和分形特征及其与养分的关系,以期为宁南黄土区林地土壤健康评价和合理化经营提供参考依据。结果表明:1)3种人工林地0~100cm土层土壤颗粒以粉砂粒为主,其中柠条林和山杏林土壤粘粒含量、土壤分形维数均高于农地和沙棘林。土壤分形维数与土壤各级粒径的差异较大,与粘粒、粉粒呈极显著正相关,与砂粒呈极显著负相关,分形维数越大,所含细颗粒越多;2)3种人工林地在0~100cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量差异显著(P<0.05),总体表现为农地>柠条林>山杏林>沙棘林;土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾含量随土层深度的增加总体呈下降趋势,均具有明显的表聚性,全氮、全磷、全钾含量随土层深度的变化呈波动性且无明显变化规律;3)土壤分形维数与粘粒、粉粒、全磷、全钾含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与砂粒呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。

南方红壤区水土流失治理存在的问题与对策

由于南方红壤区水土流失问题已经严重影响区域的生态环境以及群众的日常生活,因此为解决该现象,以红壤区海南省的水土流失治理为例,概述南方红壤区水土流失的特点,分析研究其产生的因素,对症下药,提出针对性的水土流失治理措施,并进行相应的实践,验证保护性开发治理措施的效果。

南方红壤侵蚀区芒萁对聚乙二醇6000模拟干旱胁迫的响应

利用聚乙二醇(PEG)6000模拟干旱胁迫,探讨了芒萁对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示,干旱胁迫显著提高了芒萁的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脯氨酸(Pro)、相对电导率(REC)和丙二醛(MDA)水平。过氧化物酶(POD)活性在10%PEG 6000浓度下显著提高,但在较高浓度时下降。随着PEG 6000浓度的增加,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先降低后升高。通过相关分析和主成分分析发现,在30%PEG 6000浓度时芒萁表现出较强的抗旱性。综上,较高的SOD和CAT活性以及较高的Pro浓度共同提高了芒萁的抗旱性,是协助芒萁抵御季节性土壤干旱的主要因子,而极端干旱仍会破坏芒萁的抗旱生理活动。

南方典型红壤丘陵区泡桐幼苗根系的空间分布特征

【目的】分析南方红壤丘陵区白花泡桐[Paulownia fortunei(Seem.)Hemsl.]幼苗根系的空间分布及变异特征,为泡桐栽培及红壤丘陵区植被恢复提供参考依据。【方法】野外调查典型红壤丘陵区对重金属元素具有较强富集作用及可防治水土流失的白花泡桐幼苗不同直径(d<0.5 mm、0.5 mm≤d<2.0 mm、2.0 mm≤d<3.0 mm、3.0 mm≤d<5.0 mm和d≥5.0 mm)根系的空间分布规律,分析泡桐幼苗对土壤的适应能力。【结果】在垂直方向上,随着土层深度的增加,泡桐幼苗的根长、根表面积和比根表面积呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,根体积、根干重和根组织密度逐渐减少,比根长逐渐增加;<3.0 mm各径级根系的根体积、根表面积和<5.0 mm各径级根系的根长随着土层深度的增加均呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,其他径级根系的根体积、根表面积和根长逐渐减少。0≤土层深度(h)<10.0 cm土层根表面积和根体积的变异性均显著强于其他土层(P<0.05,下同),根干重的变异性显著强于20.0 cm≤h<50.0 cm各土层;40.0 cm≤h<50.0 cm土层中2.0 mm≤d<5.0 mm各径级根系的根长、根体积和根表面积变异性均显著强于其他土层。在不同水平位置上,<2.0 mm各径级根系的根长、根体积和根表面积在距树干最远的剖面均最大,≥2.0 mm各径级根系的根长、根体积和根表面积在树干所在的剖面均最大。各剖面间根长、根体积、根表面积、根干重、比根长、根组织密度和比根表面积的变异性均无显著差异(P>0.05);各径级根系根长、根体积和根表面积变异性均在距树干最远的剖面最强。【结论】白花泡桐幼苗根系主要集中分布在0~20.0 cm土层,具有明显的表聚现象,在栽培泡桐时,应重点关注0~20.0 cm土层土壤的理化性质,以保证泡桐根系对土壤水肥的高效吸收利用。

红壤丘陵区不同盖度生物结皮对水分入渗的影响

为探究不同盖度生物结皮对入渗特征的影响,在红壤丘陵区咸宁选取第四纪黏土发育土壤(S型)和泥质页岩发育土壤(N型)上的生物结皮,设计6个盖度水平(裸地,1%~20%,20%~40%,40%~60%,60%~80%,80%~100%),使用微型圆盘入渗仪(mini disk)测定土壤入渗过程,探究入渗过程的影响因素,同时采用3种常见的入渗模型对入渗过程进行拟合,并评价模型适用性。结果表明:(1)相对于裸地,生物结皮发育提高土壤有机质和黏粒含量,增加结皮厚度和生物量,降低砂粒含量。(2)第四纪黏土发育土壤水分入渗特征随生物结皮盖度的增加而逐渐降低,初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率、平均入渗速率、非饱和导水率的变化范围分别为0.25~1.55,0.13~0.91,0.17~1.11,2.04~8.48 mm/min。泥质页岩发育土壤除40%~60%盖度砾石含量较高,土壤水分入渗也随盖度的增加而逐渐减小,80%~100%盖度的初始、平均和稳定入渗率较裸地分别降低91.14%,87.64%和91.30%,生物结皮的存在阻碍土壤水分入渗。冗余分析表明,对于第四纪黏土发育土壤,生物量(54.30%)对其入渗特征的解释度最高,泥质页岩发育土壤则为盖度(39.30%)和砾石含量(34.00%)。(3)Horton模型、Kostiakov模型、Philip模型3种主流入渗模型中Horton模型拟合效果最优。研究结果可为揭示湿润区生物结皮水分运移规律提供科学参考。