Layered Ag-graphene films synthesized by Gamma ray irradiation for stable lithium metal ano des in carb on ate-based electrolytes

Lithium metal batteries are considered as high energy density battery systems with very promising prospects and have bee n widely studied.However,The uncon trollable plating/strippi ng behavior,infinite volume change and den drites formation of lithium metal anode restrict the applicati on.The unc on trolled n ucleati on of lithium caused by the non uniform multi-physical field distributions,can lead to the undesirable lithium deposition.Herein,a graphene composite uniformly loaded with Ag nano-particles(Ag NPs)is prepared through a facile Gamma ray irradiation method and assembled into self-supported film with layered structure(Ag-rGO film).Whe n such film is used as a lithium metal an ode host,the uncontrolled deposition is converted into a highly nucleation-induced process.On one hand,the Ag NPs distributed between the in terlayers of graphe ne can preferentially induce lithium nu cleati on and en able uniform deposition morphology of lithium between interlayers.On the other hand,the stable layered graphene structure can accommodate volume change,stabilize the interface between anode and electrolyte and inhibit dendrites formation.Therefore,the layered Ag-rGO film as anode host can reach a high Coulombic efficiency over 93.3% for 200 cycle(786 h)at a current density of 1 mA cm^(-2) for 2 mAh cm^(-2) in carbonate-based electrolyte.This work proposes a facile Gamma ray irradiation method to prepare metal/3D-skeleton structure as lithium anode host and demonstrates the potential to regulate the lithium metal deposition behaviors via manipulating the distribution of lithiophilic metal(e.g.Ag)in 3D frameworks.This may offer a practicable thinking for the subsequent design of the lithium metal anode.

Synthesis of New Structures and Substances in Dense Gases H2, D2 and He under Irradiation by Braking 10 MeV y-rays in Cu0.98Be0.02 Pressure Chamber

High-pressure chambers filled with gaseous hydrogen （HHPC）, deuterium （DHPC） and helium （HeHPC） under different initial pressures from about I kbar up to 3 kbar were irradiated with braking γ-rays of threshold energy 10 MeV during varying periods of exposure at the electron beam currents 22-24μA. Upon opening of these chambers, a lot of new synthesized structures with unusual element compositions very different from the initial ones were found. The described phenomena agree well with a series of studies by authors carried out under the action of γ-rays on dense gases of hydrogen, deuterium and helium in the presence of chosen metals in the reaction chamber.

Irradiation Effect of γ Rays on Diamond-Like Carbon Films

Diamond like carbon films, prepared by RF glow discharge on glass substrates, were irradiated by γ rays. The as deposited and irradiated films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, electrical resistivity, and infrared transmittance. It is shown that the irradiation of the γ rays can lead to the breaking of SP 3 C H and SP 2 C H bonds, slight increasing of SP 3 C C bonds, and induced hydrogen recombination with H 2 molecules, subsequently diffusing to the surface of the films. When the γ rays irradiation dose reached 10×10 4 Gy, the numbers of SP 3 C H bonds was decreased by about 50%, the resistivity of irradiated DLC films was increased, and the diamond like character of the films became more obvious. The structure of DLC films was modified when irradiated by γ rays. The irradiation mechanisms are briefly discussed.

Effects on Agronomic Traits of M_1 by Pollen of Upland Cotton Irradiated by ^(60)Co-γ Ray

[Objective] The aim was to provide reference for research on radiation and breeding of cotton pollen through irradiating common ripe pollen grain of upland cotton by 60Co-γ Ray of varied doses. [Method] Ripe pollen grains of upland cotton were irradiated by 60Co-γ Ray with doses of 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy, respectively, to learn radiation effect and select appropriate dose. [Result] Most properties of M1 obviously showed variation when dose was over 10 Gy; vitality, growth, and fertility were greatly inhibited when dose was 15 Gy which was almost semi-lethal concentration, and variation species were richest at the same time, which provided materi- als for practical breeding. [Conclusion] 60Co-γ Ray of 15 Gy is more suitable for mutagenesis research on ripe pollen grains of upland cotton.

Impact of the displacement damage in channel and source/drain regions on the DC characteristics degradation in deep-submicron MOSFETs after heavy ion irradiation

This paper mainly reports the permanent impact of displacement damage induced by heavy-ion strikes on the deepsubmicron MOSFETs. Upon the heavy ion track through the device, it can lead to displacement damage, including the vacancies and the interstitials. As the featured size of device scales down, the damage can change the dopant distribution in the channel and source/drain regions through the generation of radiation-induced defects and thus have significant impacts on their electrical characteristics. The measured results show that the radiation-induced damage can cause DC characteristics degradations including the threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, saturation drain current, transconductanee, etc. The radiation-induced displacement damage may become the dominant issue while it was the secondary concern for the traditional devices after the heavy ion irradiation. The samples are also irradiated by Co- 60 gamma ray for comparison with the heavy ion irradiation results. Corresponding explanations and analysis are discussed.

Research on Irradiation Electric Field for Charged Particles Beam with High Energy

Irradiation protection of the nonlinear optical devices used in the spacecraft and next generation active laser system must be solved. The first problem was to find the irradiation damage mechanism of the nonlinear materials. In this paper the irradiation electronic field originating from high speed charged particle beams was discussed. The calculating model of the electronic field, based on the relativistic mechanics and electro-magnetic theory, was founded. The common characters of the irradiation electronic field were predicted and the fields of α ray and β ray were calculated by means of our model. The simulating results showed that the intensity of the electric field increased with the energy or the intensity of the beam. The results also showed that the field change trend of α ray and β ray was similar, but the field value was quite different. When the beam intensity I = 100 μA and the beam energy εm = 500 Mev, the electronic field values were about 3.5 × 107 v/m for α ray and 2.4 × 1011 v/m for β ray.

Gamma Irradiation Enhanced Leaf Bioactive Components and Bioassay Parameters in M₅Mulberry (<i>Morus</i>Sp.) Mutant

Gamma radiation is an effective tool for inducing genetic variation in plant characters. In the present experiment, M5 mulberry variety juvenile twigs were subjected to source Co60 gamma irradiation (1 kR - 10 kR) and mutants grown in triplicates in randomized block design to raise M1 and M2 generation. In M2 generation plants were subjected to phytochemical and bioassay tests. Silkworm rearing parameters and commercial characters of cocoons were recorded by feeding cross breed silkworms. Results show that M5 mutant leaves revealed significant variations in phytochemical constituents and moisture content. Bioassay tests recorded significant differences compared to control in M2 generation. Commercial characters like cocoon weight (1.41 g), shell weight (0.24 g), shell percentage (16.29 %), filament length (821.00 mts), renditta (8.2), denier (2.24) and effective rate of rearing (92.14 %) were increased. It is concluded that, gamma rays treatment enhances the mulberry plants leaf bioactive components, silkworm rearing and cocoon parameters and shows beneficial variants in M2 generation.

Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of γ-irradiated silver nanoparticles in aqueous gelatin

Colloidal silver nanoparticles （Ag-NPs） were obtained through γ-irradiation of aqueous solutions containing AgNO3 and gelatin as a silver source and stabilizer, respectively. The absorbed dose of γ-irradiation influences the particle diameter of the Ag-NPs, as evidenced from surface plasmon resonance （SPR） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） images. When the γ-irradiation dose was increased （from 2 to 50 kGy）, the mean particle size was decreased continuously as a result of γ-induced Ag-NPs fragmentation. The antibacterial properties of the Ag-NPs were tested against Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） （Gram-positive） and Pseudomonas aeruginosa （P.a） （Gram-negative） bacteria. This approach reveals that the γ-irradiation-mediated method is a promising simple route for synthesizing highly stable Ag-NPs in aqueous solutions with good antibacterial properties for different applications.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIATION DOSE AND CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS AND MICRONUCLEI IN RABBITS EXPOSED TO FRACTIONATED WHOLE-BODY ^(60)Co GAMMA RAYS

The frequencies of chromosome aberrationsand micronuclei showed an increase withdoses after irradiation of rabbitsexposed to fractionated or single whole-body 60Co gamma rays.At most dose points,

Absence of the Impact of the Flux of Cosmic Rays and the Cloud Cover on the Energy Balance of the Earth

The energy of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth,as well as the thermal radiation of the Earth’s surface,which is released to the space through the atmospheric transparency window,depends on variations of the area of the cloud cover.Svensmark et al.suggest that the increase in the area of the cloud cover in the lower atmosphere,presumably caused by an increase in the flux of galactic cosmic rays during the quasi-bicentennial minimum of solar activity,results only in an increase in the fraction of the solar radiation reflected back to the space and weakens the flux of the solar radiation that reached the Earth surface.It is suggested,without any corresponding calculations of the variations of the average annual energy balance of the EarthЕ,that the consequences will include only a deficit of the solar energy absorbed by the Earth and a cooling of the climate up to the onset of the Little Ice Age.These suggestions ignore simultaneous impact of the opposite aspects of the increase in the area of the cloud cover on the climate warming.The latter will result from a decrease in the power of thermal radiation of the Earth’s surface released to the space,and also in the power of the solar radiation reflected from the Earth’s surface,due to the increase in their absorption and reflection back to the surface.A substantial strengthening in the greenhouse effect and the narrowing of the atmospheric transparency window will also occur.Here,we estimate the impact of all aspects of possible long-term 2%growth of the cloud cover area in the lower atmosphere byЕ.We found that an increase in the cloud cover area in the lower atmosphere will result simultaneously both in the decrease and in the increase in the temperature,which will virtually compensate each other,while the energy balance of the Earth E before and after the increase in the cloud cover area by 2%will stay essentially the same:E1-E0≈0.

DOSE-SURVIVAL CURVE OF MURINE LARGE INTESTINE AFTER SINGLE-DOSE IRRADIATION WITH γ-RAYS

To understand the degree of injury and repair of mammalian tissues and cells based on dose-survival curve is of great importance for radiobiological research. There are quite a lot of papers on dose-survival curves of small intestine, but, only a few papers on large in-

A study on the best irradiation dose of X-ray for Hep-2 cells by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） was employed to study the human epidermis larynx carcinoma cell lines （Hep-2） which were irradiated by different doses of X-ray. The results show that （1） the irradiation of X-ray damages the structure of the CH3 groups of the thymine in DNA, which restrains the reproduction of Hep-2 cells effectively, （2） the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation changes the framework and the relative contents of some proteins, lipids and the nucleic acid molecules intercellular in the greatest degree, and （3） the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation is the best irradiation dose for lowering the degree of the cancerization of Hep-2 cells according to the criteria for the degree of the cancerization reported recently. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of these cells were detected by using flow cytometry （FCM） primarily. It shows that the apoptotic ratio of the Hep-2 cells depends on the irradiation dose to some extent, but is not linearly. And the apoptotic ratio of the 12 Gy dose group is the maximum （20.36%）, but the apoptotic ratios of the 2 to 8 Gy dose groups change little.

YCOB晶体中辐射引起的BO_2-F^+心

YCOB,a member of the new crystal family of ReCOB (ReCOB=ReCa 4O(BO 3) 3,Re=La 3+ ,Nd 3+ ,Sm 3+ ,Gd 3+ ,Er 3+ ,Y 3+ ),has received mo re and more attentions in recent few years,because of its excellent nonlinear op tical (N LO) properties and a great promise as a laser host material.Unfortunately,liking most of nonlinear optical crystals,the laser induced damages were also created in the new crystal family when irradiated by ultraviolet laser.In this report we present our preliminary results of the investigation on the radiation induced damage in YCOB crystals.

MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGE OF YSZ-SUPPORTED YBaCuO SUPPERCONDUCTING FILM BY PROTON BEAM BOMBARDMENTS

Microstructural change of YBaCuO film/YSZ substrate with and without proton irradiation has been studied by scanning electron microscope and X- ray diffraction techniques. Structural analysis has shown that conversion from tetragonal to orthorhombic phases, reduction of nonsuperconducting phase and preferential rearrangement of crystal grains are all favorable to the improvement of superconductivity in the YBaCuO film supported by YSZ substrate by proton beam bombardment.

Hot-carrier effects on irradiated deep submicron NMOSFET

We investigate how F exposure impacts the hot-carrier degradation in deep submicron NMOSFET with different technologies and device geometries for the first time. The results show that hot-carrier degradations on irradiated devices are greater than those without irradiation, especially for narrow channel device. The reason is attributed to charge traps in STI, which then induce different electric field and impact ionization rates during hotcarrier stress.

Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties of γ Rays Treated Bamboo Strip in Different Temperatures

The dynamic viscoelastic properties of bamboo were tested by dynamic mechanics analyzer (DMA),and the measurements were done in the temperature range of 40℃ to 300℃at frequencies of 3 Hz.The results showed that with the increase of irradiation dose,the decrease of storage modulus with increasing temperature became more dramatically.The decrease extent of storage modulus was the lowest for non-irradiated bamboo.Two mechanical relaxation processes were observed for all kinds of irradiated bamboo.The a relaxation process in lower temperature range was due to glass transition of hemicellulose and login,while the β relaxation process occurred in higher temperature range was based on glass transition of cellulose.The loss peak strength ofαrelaxation process went up as the irradiation dose increase,while the loss peak strength of β relaxation process became up first and then down,which was caused by the chemical reaction of the chief composition of bamboo.