Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Distribution and Storage of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Water-Stable Aggregates of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrient contents and improve soil aggregation. We investigated the effects of 28 yr of winter planted green manure on soil aggregate-size distribution and aggregateassociated carbon（C） and nitrogen（N）. The study was a randomized completed block design with three replicates. The treatments included rice-rice-fallow, rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass. The experiment was established in 1982 on a silty light clayey paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay（classified as Fe-Accumuli-Stagnic Anthrosols） with continuous early and late rice. In 2009, soil samples were collected（0-15 cm depth） from the field treatment plots and separated into water-stable aggregates of different sizes（i.e., 〉5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5 and 〈0.25 mm） by wet sieving. The long-term winter planted green manure significantly increased total C and N, and the formation of the 2-5-mm water-stable aggregate fraction. Compared with rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass, the rice-rice-fallow significantly reduced 2-5-mm water-stable aggregates, with a significant redistribution of aggregates into micro-aggregates. Long-term winter planted green manure obviously improved C/N ratio and macro-aggregate-associated C and N. The highest contribution to soil fertility was from macro-aggregates of 2-5 mm in most cases.

Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Physical Properties of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

Soil physical properties are important indicators of the potential for agricultural production.Our objective was to evaluate the effects of long-term inputs of green manures on physical properties of a reddish paddy soil（Fe-Typic Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols） under a double cropping system.The common cropping pattern before the study was early-late rice-fallow（winter）.The field treatments included rice-rice-fallow（R-R-WF）,rice-rice-rape（R-R-RP）,rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch（RR-MV）,and rice-rice-ryegrass（R-R-RG）.The rape,Chinese milk vetch and ryegrass were all incorporated as green manures 15 d before early rice transplanting during the following year.The soil bulk density in all green manure treatments was significantly reduced compared with the winter fallow treatment.Soil porosity with green manure applications was significantly higher than that under the winter fallow.The green manure treatments had higher 0.25-5 mm water stable aggregates and aggregates stabilities in the plow layer（0-15 cm depth） compared with the fallow treatment.The mean weight diameter（MWD） and normalized mean weight diameter（NMWD） of aggregates in the green manure treatment were larger than that with the winter fallow.Soil given green manure retained both a higher water holding capacity in the plow layer soil,and a larger volume of moisture at all matric potentials（-10,-33 and-100 kPa）.We conclude that the management of double-rice fields in southern central China should be encouraged to use green manures along with chemical fertilizers to increase SOC content,improve soil physical properties and soil fertility.

Long-Term Effect of Fertilizer and Rice Straw on Mineral Composition and Potassium Adsorption in a Reddish Paddy Soil

Increasing K＋ adsorption can be an effective alternative in building an available K pool in soils to optimize crop recovery and minimize losses into the environment. We hypothesized that long-term fertilization might change K＋ adsorption because of changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of a rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The aims of this study were （i） to determine clay minerals in paddy soil clay size fractions using X-ray diffraction methods and a numerical diagramdecomposition method; （ii） to measure K＋ adsorption isotherms before and after H202 oxidation of organic matter, and （iii） to investigate whether K＋ adsorption is correlated with changes in soil chemical and mineral properties. The 30-yr longterm fertilization treatments caused little change in soil organic C （SOC） but a large variation in soil mineral composition. The whole-clay fraction （〈5 Jam） corresponded more to the fertilization treatment than the fine-clay fraction （〈1 gin） in terms of percentage of illite peak area. The total percentage of vermiculite-chlorite peak area was significantly negatively correlated with the total percentage ofillite peak area in the 〈5 lam soil particles （R=-0.946, P〈0.0006）. Different fertilization treatments gave significantly different results in K＋ adsorption. The SOC oxidation test showed positive effects of SOC on K＋ adsorption at lower K＋ concentration （≤120 mg L-0 and negative effects at higher K＋ concentration （240 mg L-l）. The K＋ adsorption by soil clay minerals after SOC oxidization accounted for 60-158% of that by unoxidized soils, suggesting a more important role of soil minerals than SOC on K＋ adsorption. The K＋ adsorption potential was significantly correlated to the amount of poorly crystallized illite present （R--0.879, P=0.012）. The availability of adsorbed K＋ for plant growth needs further study.

Development of an Inactivated Iridovirus Vaccine Against Turbot Viral Reddish Body Syndrome

Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.) reddish body iridovirus(TRBIV) was propagated in turbot fin cells(TF cells) and inactivated as the TRBIV vaccine with its protection efficiency evaluated in this study.TF cells were cultured in 10% bovine calf serum(BCS)-containing MEM medium(pH7.0) at 22℃,in which TRBIV propagated to a titer as high as 105.6 TCID50 mL-1.The TRBIV was inactivated with 0.1% formalin and formulated with 0.5% aluminum hydroxide.The inactivated vaccine caused neither cytopathogenic effect(CPE) on TF cells nor pathogenic effect on turbots.After being administered with the vaccine twice via muscle injection,the turbot developed high-tittered TRBIV neutralizing antibodies in a dose-dependent manner.The vaccine protected the turbot from dying with an immunoprotection rate of 83.3% as was determined via subcutaneous vaccination in the laboratory and 90.5% via bath vaccination in turbot farms,respectively.The inactivated vaccine was very immunogenic,efficiently preventing tur-bot from death.It holds the potential of being applied in aquaculture.

Spatial Variations in Particle Size,Heavy Mineral Assemblage and Magnetic Concentration of Dark-reddish Sands on Cedar Beach,Western Lake Erie,Ontario,Canada

Environmental magnetic research on beaches and shoreline processes is limited.Therefore,we carried out environmental magnetic studies on the heavy mineral-enriched,dark-reddish sands on Cedar Beach of western Lake Erie(41.68°N,82.40°W).Magnetite has been identified as the dominant magnetic mineral of these sands.This study reveals a spatial variation in concentration of magnetite particles,distribution of

A new series of environment-friendly reddish inorganic pigments based on AFeO_(3)(A=Ln,Y) with high NIR solar reflectance

Environment-friendly pigments based on AFeO_(3)(A=La,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,Tb,Y or Yb)with high nearinfrared(NIR)reflectance were synthesised by a coprecipitation method at 1200℃.The Rietveld refinement analysis showed single-phase orthorhombic perovskite for all compositions.All pigments,which showed reddish hues,offered good colour stability after mixing these pigments in powder form with siloxane transparent paint and two different glazes.The powderepaint mixtures produced with GdFeO_(3),TbFeO_(3) and YFeO_(3) pigments have the highest NIR solar reflectance,reaching values of R=50%.The temperature shielding studies conducted using TbFeO_(3) pigmentepaint mixture for a roof coating yielded a reduction of 3.2℃ in comparison to a commercial pigment.Moreover,the glazes that were pigmented using GdFeO_(3),TbFeO_(3) and YFeO_(3) compositions also presented the most intense reddish colours.A study of the thermal and chemical stability of the pigment with the highest NIR solar reflectance showed good stability in both cases.The reddish pigments that were prepared can therefore be good candidates for use in different applications such as cool pigments or pigments for ceramic glazes at high temperatures.

稻秆生物炭添加对红壤性水稻土磷素生物有效性的影响

为明确稻秆生物炭添加对红壤性水稻土磷生物有效性组分的影响,基于水稻种植的盆栽试验,采用模拟生物活化的磷素分析方法(BBP法),分析了生物炭在不施加(CK)、施加一年(B1)和两年(B2)条件下,不同水稻生育期稻田土壤中可溶性磷(CaCl_(2)-P)、易被酶矿化的有机磷(Enzyme-P)、易被有机酸活化释放的磷(Citrate-P)和潜在无机磷(HCl-P)4个组分磷与全磷(TP)、有效磷(Bray-P)及磷素活化系数(PAC)的变化差异和影响因素。研究表明:与CK相比,B1处理的稻田土壤TP、Bray-P及BBP磷组分均无显著变化;B2处理稻田土壤TP、Bray-P、Citrate-P和HCl-P含量均显著增加,而CaCl_(2)-P、Enzyme-P含量无显著变化。随着水稻生育期的延长,各处理HCl-P/TP均显著上升;B2处理下CaCl_(2)-P/TP与Enzyme-P/TP均显著上升。相关分析表明:生物炭添加后稻田土壤Bray-P、TP与土壤pH显著正相关;CaCl_(2)-P与HCl-P、TP显著正相关,与土壤有效铁呈显著负相关;Citrate-P与TP、HCl-P极显著正相关,与Enzyme-P、pH显著正相关,与土壤有效铝极显著负相关。稻秆生物炭通过影响稻田土壤pH、有效铁和有效铝含量,间接地调控且显著增加了红壤性稻田土壤中TP、Bray-P、PAC及生物有效磷组分含量,稻秆生物炭的合理施用有利于农田生态环境保护和土壤磷素有效性的提升。

浅绛彩瓷绘在景德镇釉上彩瓷绘及其审美发展中的地位

景德镇浅绛彩瓷绘出现在一个极其特殊的历史时期。起初它由文人画家承担,从中国浅绛山水画中吸收了各种绘制要素,从而构成了景德镇釉上彩瓷绘技艺及其审美的新范畴。它包括瓷绘的新材料及其工艺、绘制技术、绘制题材、绘制内容与相应的表现形式,尤其包含了视觉审美的新变化等,为景德镇瓷绘技艺自粉彩衰落之后的再度复兴起到了承前启后的作用。奠定了新粉彩工艺及其艺术审美规范的新格调,在中国陶瓷绘画发展中具有极其重要的历史作用和现实意义。

长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤水稻土肥力和生产力持续性的影响

【目的】研究长期施用氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)化肥和稻草(RS)对中国亚热带地区红壤水稻土肥力变化的趋势和水稻生产力可持续性的影响。【方法】利用1981年建立在湖南省望城县黄金乡第四纪红土红壤发育的水稻土(分类为普通简育水耕人为土)上的定位试验田,对氮、磷和钾化肥及其与稻草长期配合施用的5个处理的土壤肥力和生产力可持续性进行了评价。【结果】氮、磷和钾化肥与稻草长期配合施用能维持和提高红壤水稻土的生产力和土壤肥力;水稻获得了持续高产,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、可矿化氮量均增加,速效磷和速效氮比试前土壤增加。长期施用氮、磷肥而不施钾肥的NP处理水稻产量、土壤氮、钾逐年降低,稻田系统生产力的可持续性和土壤肥力难以维持。稻草还田对水稻具有显著的增产作用,27年54季的稻草还田配合化肥处理的平均水稻产量比仅施化肥的NP和NPK处理分别增产12.2%和6.7%,稻草的增产作用还随着稻草还田时间的延长而逐年提高。【结论】稻草还田携入的钾与化学钾肥具有相同的营养功能,稻草可替代部分化学钾肥。

长期施用氮磷钾肥和石灰对红壤性水稻土酸性特征的影响

利用34年的长期定位施肥试验,研究不施肥（CK）、施氮磷钾肥（NPK）和氮磷钾化肥配施石灰（NPK＋Ca O）对红壤性水稻土不同形态酸、土壤盐基离子及水稻植株阳离子吸收量的影响,探讨土壤交换性H＋和Al3＋占交换性酸的比例、土壤盐基离子、植株带出阳离子数量与土壤酸度的关系。结果表明,长期NPK处理早、晚稻土壤p H较CK处理分别降低0.2和0.3个单位,交换性酸提高2.3倍和4.2倍,水解性酸提高35.4%和40.0%;NPK＋Ca O处理早、晚稻土壤p H较NPK处理分别提高0.5和0.7个单位,较CK处理分别提高0.3和0.4个单位,交换性酸、水解性酸均显著低于NPK和CK处理（p〈0.05）。土壤交换性H＋、Al3＋含量高低顺序均为NPK＋Ca O〈CK〈NPK。土壤交换性盐基离子以交换性Ca2＋所占比例最大（81.8%~89.3%）,NPK＋Ca O处理交换性Ca2＋较CK和NPK处理分别提高40.1%和62.9%。交换性Ca2＋、交换性盐基离子、盐基饱和度与土壤p H正相关,与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Mg2＋与交换性酸、水解性酸负相关,交换性Na＋与水解性酸负相关。植株移出带走的钙、镁、钾、钠离子量及其总量对土壤p H、交换性酸和水解性酸有一定影响,但其相关性均不显著。研究表明长期施用化肥条件下通过配施石灰可有效缓解稻田土壤的酸化,促进酸性稻田土壤的生态修复与改良。

长期施用化肥、猪粪和稻草对红壤性水稻土物理性质的影响

【目的】研究化肥与猪粪和稻草长期配合施用对红壤性水稻土物理性质的影响。【方法】利用1981年建立在湖南省望城县黄金乡第四纪红土发育红壤性水稻土(普通简育水耕人为土)上的肥力定位试验,对化学氮、磷和钾肥料及其与猪粪和稻草长期配合施用的7个处理的土壤物理性质进行了评价。【结果】猪粪、稻草与化肥长期配合施用均可显著降低土壤容重和土粒密度,提高孔隙度,猪粪和稻草的效果基本相似。与化肥处理相比,施用猪粪和稻草显著地促进了5—0.5mm水稳性团聚体的形成和提高土壤团聚体稳定性。猪粪和稻草与化肥配施处理耕层土壤持水量也显著高于化肥处理。【结论】猪粪和稻草与化肥长期配合施用能显著降低土壤容重和土粒密度,提高孔隙度、土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤持水量,是提升土壤物理质量和红壤性水稻土肥力的有效措施。

橙红色荧光粉Ca_3Y_2(Si_3O_9)_2∶Sm^(3+)的制备及发光性能的表征

采用高温固相法合成了Ca3Y2-2x(Si3O9)2∶2xSm3+系列荧光粉,并表征了材料的发光特性.X射线衍射图谱表明:得到的样品为纯相Ca3Y2(Si3O9)2晶体;样品的激发光谱主要来源于Sm3+的特征激发;分别采用紫外、近紫外和蓝光作为激发源,样品均发射橙红光.在402nm近紫外光激发下,Ca3Y2(Si3O9)2∶Sm3+发射光谱主要由3个峰组成,发射峰值分别位于565nm、604nm和651nm,归属于Sm3+的4G5/2→6HJ/2(J=5,7,9)跃迁,其中发射主峰位于604nm处.通过时间分辨光谱测得Sm3+的4G5/2能级的荧光寿命.随着Sm3+摩尔浓度的增加,样品发光强度先增强后减弱,当x=0.02时发光强度达到最大,浓度猝灭机理为电偶极-电偶极相互作用.

长期有机无机肥配施下红壤性稻田水稻产量及土壤有机碳变化特征

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了长期有机无机肥配施下双季稻增产潜力和土壤有机碳变化特征。31年的试验结果表明,1)施肥能促进水稻早晚稻稻谷和地上部产量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理促进作用最大,NPKM处理下稻谷年均产量比NPM、NKM、PKM、M和NPK分别高5.8%、10.9%、16.2%、15.9%和20.4%。2)施肥能促进水稻土有机碳含量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理提升效果最为明显,NPKM处理下所测年度土壤有机碳平均含量比NPM、NKM、PKM、M和NPK分别高出2.5%、3.5%、2.0%、0.6%和32.8%。3)随着试验的进行,单施有机肥对早、晚稻稻谷和地上部产量的促进效果逐步优于单施化肥氮、磷、钾处理(NPK),对土壤有机碳的提升效果也明显优于单施化肥氮、磷、钾。红壤性稻田双季稻生产实践中,有机无机肥配施模式值得推荐,但需均衡配施化肥氮、磷、钾。

长期冬种绿肥对双季稻种植下红壤性水稻土质量的影响及其评价

利用非线性评价模型对28a双季稻种植下连续冬种绿肥对土壤质量的影响进行量化,以农业部衡阳红壤环境重点野外科学观测基地长期冬种绿肥稻田为平台,分析了28a冬种不同绿肥的红壤性水稻土质量的变化情况,选择土壤容重(BD)、最大持水量(MWHC)、孔隙度(POR)、标准化平均重量直径(MNWD)、pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有效养分、土壤有机质(SOM)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、土壤酶和作物生产力等项目作为评价指标,并根据不同指标所具有的功能归纳为:抗物理退化,养分供应和贮藏,抗生物化学退化和保持作物生产力的能力,以这4项功能为基础划分土壤质量指数(SQI)。冬种绿肥处理条件下土壤抗物理退化、土壤养分供应和贮藏、抗生物化学退化和保持作物生产力的功能都明显强于冬闲处理。稻-稻-黑麦草(R-R-RG)处理土壤抗物理退化功能最强;稻-稻-紫云英(R-R-MV)处理土壤养分供应和贮藏功能最强;抗生物化学退化功能,R-R-MV处理和稻-稻-油菜(R-R-RP)处理最强;R-R-RP处理保持作物生产力功能最强。4个处理的SQI等级范围为0.552(稻-稻-冬闲(R-R-WF)处理)到0.632(R-R-MV处理),R-R-MV处理的SQI值和土壤功能等级最高,3个冬种绿肥处理都明显高于冬闲处理。长期冬种绿肥翻压能明显地改善红壤性水稻土质量。

长期施钾对红壤水稻土水稻产量及土壤钾素状况的影响

研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年（19812-007）施用钾肥对水稻产量和土壤钾素状况的影响。本试验选择了其中5个处理：CK（不施肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NP＋RS（施氮、磷肥和稻草）和NPK＋RS（施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草）。结果表明,施钾能明显提高水稻产量,施钾肥的NPK和NPK＋RS处理27年的早稻平均产量分别比NP和NP＋RS处理增加15.2%和10.9%;晚稻增产17.2%和9.1%;在27年54季水稻种植期间,不同施肥处理早、晚稻产量的变化趋势不同。CK、NP处理的早、晚稻产量随时间的推移呈负变化趋势,而NPK、NP＋RS和NPK＋RS处理的早、晚稻产量呈正变化趋势。施钾的NPK和NPK＋RS处理不同土层中土壤全钾、缓效钾和速效钾含量均高于NP和NP＋RS处理的相同土层;除NPK＋RS处理外,其它各处理表观钾平衡均为负值,其中CK和NP处理钾的负平衡值最大。长期施用钾肥能提高水稻产量和维持土壤钾素肥力。

长期施肥红壤性水稻土磷素演变特征及对磷盈亏的响应

研究双季稻种植制度下长期不同施肥红壤性水稻土磷素含量及磷素有效性演变特征及其对土壤磷盈亏(磷平衡)的响应,为南方双季稻区红壤性水稻土科学施磷提供依据。以35年长期肥料定位试验为平台,研究不同施肥处理土壤全磷、有效磷及磷活化系数(PAC)的演变规律,计算不同处理土壤-作物系统每年磷素盈亏量及累积磷素盈亏量,探讨土壤全磷、有效磷及PAC与累积磷盈亏量的响应关系。结果表明,不施磷肥的CK和NK处理土壤全磷、有效磷和PAC随试验年限呈持平或下降趋势;不施磷肥仅施猪粪的NK+PM处理土壤全磷呈缓慢上升趋势,有效磷和PAC呈下降趋势;施化学磷肥或化学磷肥配施稻草的NP、NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理土壤全磷在试验前10年上升速率较快,之后25年上升速率变缓或随时间变化不显著,土壤有效磷在试验前5年急剧升高,之后随时间变化速率减缓或基本持平。CK、NK和NK+PM处理35年土壤PAC平均值较试验初始值分别下降33.2%、29.7%和16.6%,NP、NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS土壤PAC较初始值分别提高66.2%、60.6%、65.6%和52.9%。不施磷肥导致红壤性水稻土磷素亏缺,不施化学磷肥仅施猪粪土壤磷素基本持平,施用化肥磷及化肥磷配施稻草土壤磷素盈余。土壤全磷、有效磷及PAC与土壤磷累积盈亏量均呈极显著正相关关系,土壤每盈余磷100 kg hm-2,全磷含量提高0.03 g kg-1,有效磷提高1.20 mg kg-1,土壤PAC上升0.09%。外源磷投入是影响土壤磷素及磷有效性的重要因素,在本试验条件下,长期不施磷或磷投入不足导致土壤磷亏缺,进而导致土壤磷及磷有效性降低,而化肥磷及有机无机磷配施促进了土壤磷盈余及土壤磷素肥力的提高。

磷素对水稻根表红棕色铁膜的影响及营养效应

【目的】磷饥饿能明显诱导水稻根表红棕色铁膜的形成。然而,磷素是如何诱导水稻根表红棕色铁膜形成并不清楚。【方法】论文在水培条件下,对24个不同来源的传统水稻品种培养21 d后,分别进行缺磷和0.1 mmol·L-1 Fe2+处理,测定其根长、根表面积、根系干重、地上部干重及根表铁含量,从而筛选出根表铁膜含量较高的水稻品种"天优998",并以此为材料,设置不同养分元素缺乏试验(缺氮、缺磷、缺钾及其交互等8个处理)、分根试验(两边根系同时进行正常磷处理;一边根系缺磷处理,另一边根系正常供磷处理;两边根系同时进行缺磷处理)和不同磷铁比试验(磷浓度为0.0125—0.4 mmol·L-1;铁浓度为0.1—3.2 mmol·L-1,按磷铁比为1﹕1;1﹕3;1﹕5;1﹕8处理设计了4个小试验),测定了水稻根表铁膜浓度、根表无机磷浓度、根内无机磷浓度、根系和地上部磷、铁含量,探讨了磷素对根表红棕色铁膜形成及其营养效应。【结果】不同水稻品种根表铁膜浓度存在明显差异,24个水稻品种幼苗根表铁膜浓度范围为3.67—9.78 mg·g-1,水稻根表铁膜含量与根长、根表面积、根系干重、地上部干重呈显著的正相关。不同养分元素缺乏试验表明,水稻根表铁膜由红棕色铁膜和非红棕色铁膜组成,仅缺磷处理都能诱导水稻根表红棕色铁膜的形成,而缺氮和缺钾处理却不能。分根试验处理表明,缺磷处理根系侧并不能诱导正常供磷处理侧根系根表形成红棕色铁膜,根表红棕色铁膜形成主要受根表外源无机磷的影响,与根内无机磷无关。不同磷铁比试验表明,根表红棕色铁膜形成与根表磷铁比有关,根表DCB-Fe浓度与根系溶液中铁浓度有关;只有当磷铁比≤1﹕3时,根表才会形成明显的红棕色铁膜,随着磷铁比的降低,根表红棕色铁膜颜色加深;随着根系溶液中铁浓度的增加,根表DCB-Fe浓度逐渐增加,最大值为36.50 mg·g-1。最后进一步对磷铁比处理形成的根表红棕色铁膜水稻根系和地上部磷、铁吸收量进行测定,研究结果发现,根表红棕色铁膜的加深有利于水稻根系和地上部磷、铁的吸收。【结论】内源磷信号并不能诱导根表红棕色铁膜的形成,仅外源磷缺乏才能诱导根表红棕色铁膜的形成,根表红棕色铁膜的形成与根系周围环境中磷铁比有关,而根表DCB-Fe的形成仅与溶液中铁浓度有关。形成的根表红棕色铁膜在根系周围充当营养库的功能,有利于植物对磷、铁的吸收利用。

盆栽条件下红黄泥微生物量氮和固定态铵的动态变化

目的研究盆栽条件下红黄泥微生物和晶格对有机、无机氮源的固定以及土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)和固定态铵的动态变化。方法采用15N示踪技术对有机无、机氮源交叉标记进行盆栽试验,设置单施尿素(15NU)、标记尿素与稻草配施(15NU-S)和标记稻草与尿素配施(15NS-U)3个处理。结果在水稻生育期内,SMBN和固定态铵占全氮比例分别为2.20%～4.00%和4.77%～8.37%;SMBN在孕穗期出现最低值,各处理固定态铵在分蘖期出现最低值。水稻成熟时,SMBN和固定态铵各处理间差异不显著。微生物和晶格固定的尿素氮分别为4.01～15.14和0.47～4.82 mg.kg-1,占施用尿素氮的1.76%～8.83%和0.28%～2.11%;固定的秸秆氮分别为0.97～2.85和0.09～0.50 mg.kg-1,占施用秸秆氮的1.69%～4.98%和0.15%～0.87%。有机无机肥配施促进了微生物对尿素氮的固定,降低了晶格的固定。单施尿素处理和有机无机肥配施处理SMBN的最大释放率为66.04%和69.15%,固定态铵最大释放率为87.75%和87.64%。结论盆栽水稻条件下,土壤微生物和矿物晶格对外源氮的固定和释放是一个动态的过程,有机无机肥配施对SMBN和固定态铵有明显影响。

施肥制度与养分循环对稻田土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响

以红壤性稻田土壤为对象,采用田间试验方法,研究了在不同化肥配施条件下,有机养分循环利用对土壤微生物量C(MB-C)、N(MB-N)、P(MB-P)的影响。结果表明:①稻田土壤能维持较高的土壤微生物生物量。②化肥N、P、K先后引入农田生态系统对土壤MB-C、MB-N、MB-P没有显著的影响;有机养分循环利用能显著提高土壤MB-C;在施化肥NP或NPK基础上实行有机养分循环利用能显著提高土壤MB-N和MB-P,而在不施化肥或只施化肥N的基础上,有机养分循环利用虽也能提高土壤MB-N和MB-P含量,但提高的幅度没有达到统计学显著水平。随着NPK肥配合程度的提高,有机养分循环利用土壤MB-C、MB-N、MB-P的提高幅度有上升的趋势。③土壤MB-C与有机C的年际投入量有极显著的正相关关系,另外土壤微生物生物量C、N、P分别与土壤有机C、土壤全N、速效P有显著的正相关关系。通过有机养分循环利用可大幅度提高微生物对N素和P素的固持量,提高土壤MB-C、MB-N、MB-P占土壤全量C、N、P的比例。

长期施肥对红壤稻田氮储量的影响

稻田背景氮高是我国氮肥利用率低的主要原因之一,减少氮肥施用量对提高氮肥的农学利用率和缓解环境压力具有重要的意义。研究采用长期定位试验(19902006年)土壤全氮、稻谷产量等数据,分析施肥模式对稻田耕层土壤氮储量、氮肥农学利用率的影响,探讨在降低常规施用氮量的33.3%而不明显减产措施的可行性。结果表明:长期有机物质循环利用能显著提高耕层土壤全氮含量,氮储量与试验前相比平均提高了18.8%,仅施用化肥对土壤全氮含量没有显著影响,减量施肥处理(JS)对耕层土壤氮的积累效应一直优于仅施化肥的处理(NP、NPK)。17a的JS处理并没有降低稻谷产量,与常量NPK储量相比年际产量相对误差仅为3.2%,而输入N的农学利用率提高了12%。在半量稻草还田的条件下减少氮肥的施用量到180kg·hm-2是可行的,红壤稻田产量可维持在10t·hm-2左右。