Analysis on Technical Measures on Energy Saving and Consumption Reducing During Stevia Sugar Production

Based on the analysis of actual energy consumptions during stevia sugar production,practical measures were proposed to save energy（ gas,water and powder） consumption and reduce cost through waste heat recycle and utilization,process improvement,equipment operation efficiency,application of newly energysaving equipment,and some project applications were provided as case study for some techniques and methods adopted in the production.

RESOURCE RECOVERY AND MATERIALS FLOW IN THE CITY Zero Waste and Sustainable Consumption as Paradigm in Urban Development

Beyond energy efficiency,there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources,materials,food and water.After debating energy-efficiency for the last decade,the focus has shifted to include resource and material-efficiency.In this context,urban farming has emerged as a valid urban design strategy in Europe,where food is produced and consumed locally within city boundaries,turning disused sites into productive urban landscapes and community gardens.Agricultural activities allow for effective composting of organic waste,returning nutrients to the soil and improving biodiversity in the urban environment.Urban farming will help to feed the 9 billion by 2050(predicted population growth,UN-Habitat forecast 2009).This paper reports on best practice of urban design principles in regard to materials flow,material recovery,adaptive re-use of building elements and components(‘design for disassembly’;prefabrication of modular building components),and other relevant strategies to implement zero waste by avoiding waste creation,reducing harmful consumption and changing behaviour.The paper touches on two important issues in regard to the rapid depletion of the world’s natural resources:the construction sector and the education of architects and designers.The construction sector:Prefabricated multi-story timber buildings for inner-city living can set new benchmarks for minimizing construction wastage and for sustainable on-site assembly.Today,the construction and demolition(C&D)sector is one of the main producers of waste;it does not engage enough with waste minimization,waste avoidance and recycling.Education and research:It’s still unclear how best to introduce a holistic understanding of these challenges and to better teach practical and affordable solutions to architects,urban designers,industrial designers,and so on.One of the findings of this paper is that embedding‘zero-waste’requires strong industry leadership,new policies and effective education curricula,as well as raising awareness(education)and refocusing research agendas to bring about attitudinal change and the reduction of wasteful consumption.

Energy management and coordination control of microgrid in elevated station of urban rail transit

The rapid development of urban rail transit brings convenience to the public,but its huge energy consumption problem cannot be ignored.A microgrid composed of photovoltaic power generation unit,regenerative braking energy feedback unit and battery energy storage unit is proposed,which provides green power for the station.In order to suppress the fluctuation of photovoltaic power generation and the intermittence of regenerative braking feedback energy,the energy management mode of microgrid is designed according to the illumination situation,braking energy feedback situation,battery state of charge and so on.In addition,a coordination control method based on virtual synchronous generator(VSG)is proposed to realize smooth switching among modes.Finally,the proposed energy management and coordination control method for elevated station microgrid is verified by Matlab/Simulink.The results show that the elevated station microgrid can operate safely and reliably under various energy management modes and realize smooth switching among modes.

A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING AIR-CONDITIONED BUILDINGS IN KUWAIT

In Kuwait air-conditioning systems consume approximately 70%of the grid energy during the long summer months.In this paper,various practical approaches are investigated to enhance the energy efficiency and decrease the energy consumption of five existing air-conditioned(AC)buildings in Kuwait City.The process of energy management in air-conditioned buildings in Kuwait is overwhelming due to high energy consumption in the building sector.This study proposed an optimization technique for the proper energy management of installed AC systems to target energy-efficient buildings.In this study the aim is to explore the effect of different operating parameters,both theoretically and experimentally,and to contribute to the reduction of AC energy consumption.Consequently,the relationship between the thermal load in the air-conditioned buildings and the actual electrical energy consumption is determined,and remedial measures,along with different recom-mendations for energy saving,are presented.The actual thermal loads of each selected building were calculated and compared with the installed cooling capacity of the AC systems.From the results obtained it was concluded that,by implement-ing the suggested remedial measures,the predicted load in the selected buildings could be decreased significantly from the existing installed capacity of the cooling systems.Most of the remedial measures suggested for energy management lead to a reduction in power consumption and increased energy efficiency at different levels based on the specifications of the buildings considered and the AC systems installed,resulting in improved in economy,a reduced carbon footprint,and a cleaner environment.

动、静态RRC工艺效果对比

RRC(Reducing Resist Consumption)在工艺涂覆过程中,经常用作光刻胶溶剂,用来减少光刻胶的使用量,还可以降低光刻胶中包含的微观气泡数量,对后续的显影、刻蚀等工艺具有明显的优化作用。现阶段常用的RRC涂覆方式有两种:一种称为静态RRC,即衬底静止不动;一种称为动态RRC,即衬底以一定速度旋转。通过几组工艺实验,简单对比了静态RRC与动态RRC的工艺效果,以供大家在以后的工艺制程中进行选择和分析使用。