中医证候及辨证施治复杂性研究的思路与方法

证候是中医认识疾病和临床诊疗的核心,辨证施治是中医治疗疾病的基本方法。由于证候具有整体性、非线性、动态性以及“不确定性”或“人为因素”等复杂性特征,使得基于整体论、系统论及控制论的“专家系统”成为中医证候复杂性研究的首要手段。并进一步运用还原论的思维方法进行“自上而下”的系统整合和集成,实现对中医证候复杂系统的控制。同时,利用动态模型探索复杂系统的关键特征,在整体观的指导下实现还原论、整体论和系统论的有机融合。基于上述思路,建立基于症候/证候分析、证素提取、证候辨识与分类以及标志物发现等中医证候的评价方法就成为中医证候复杂性研究的重要途径。此外,基于方证相应的中医用药特点,建立面向中医证候及中药复方疗效评价的新方法也是中医证候复杂性研究的重要内容。

Oxygen vacancy engineering for tuning the catalytic activity of LaCoO_(3) perovskite

Herein, we attempted to engineer oxygen vacancies on the surface of LaCoO_(3) perovskite through simple post-treatments(acid or reductive thermal treatments). Acid treatment induces oxygen vacancies through the selective etching of the La cations, whereas thermal treatment in a reducing atmosphere generates oxygen vacancies by directly removing lattice oxygen. The characterization results confirm that the number of surface oxygen vacancies, which are crucial in various catalytic oxidation reactions,considerably increases in the LaCoO_(3) catalysts treated with acid or reducing gas. Acid treatment enriches the oxygen vacancies while maintaining the structure of the LaCoO_(3) catalysts, which can not be achieved through reductive thermal treatment. Therefore, the acid treatment is considered a promising technique for oxygen vacancy engineering of perovskite catalysts for tuning their catalytic activities. Furthermore,the catalytic activities of the posttreated LaCoO_(3) catalysts for CO oxidation were evaluated and are noted to be considerably better than those of the pristine LaCoO_(3) catalyst due to their abundant oxygen vacancies. Consequently, we conclude that the oxygen vacancies of perovskite catalysts can be effectively engineered via two simple methods and play a significant role in CO oxidation.

Facile synthesis of porous nitrogen-doped holey graphene as an efficient metal-free catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction

Nitrogen-doped graphene is a promising candidate for the replacement of noble metal-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions （ORRs）. The addition of pores and holes into nitrogen-doped graphene enhances the ORR activity by introducing abundant exposed edges, accelerating mass transfer, and impeding aggregation of the graphene sheets. Herein, we present a straightforward but effective strategy for generating porous holey nitrogen-doped graphene （PHNG） via the pyrolysis of urea and magnesium acetate tetrahydrate. Due to the combined effects of the in situ generated gases and MgO nanoparticles, the synthesized PHNGs featured not only numerous out-of-plane pores among the crumpled graphene sheets, but also interpenetrated nanoscale （5-15 nm） holes in the assembled graphene. Moreover, the nitrogen doping configurations of PHNG were optimized by post-thermal treatments at different temperatures. It was found that the overall content of pyridinic and quaternary nitrogen positively correlates with the ORR activity; in particular, pyridinic nitrogen generates the most desirable characteristics for the ORR. This work reveals new routes for the synthesis of PHNG-based materials and elucidates the contributions of various nitrogen species to ORRs.

Current strategies for the treatment of inborn errors of metabolism

Inborn errors of metabolism（IEMs） are a large group of inherited disorders characterized by disruption of metabolic pathways due to deficient enzymes, cofactors, or transporters. The rapid advances in the understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of many IEMs, have led to significant progress in the development of many new treatments. The institution and continued expansion of newborn screening provide the opportunity for early treatment, leading to reduced morbidity and mortality. This review provides an overview of the diverse therapeutic approaches and recent advances in the treatment of IEMs that focus on the basic principles of reducing substrate accumulation, replacing or enhancing absent or reduced enzyme or cofactor, and supplementing product deficiency. In addition, the challenges and obstacles of current treatment modalities and future treatment perspectives are reviewed and discussed.

后证治药动学的医药创新——整体导向还原论研究

概述了20年来证治药动学的相关研究,即整体导向还原论研究。证治药动学能对方剂的吸收生物活性成分(吸收生物活性成分)定性、定量,生物方剂分析药理能阐明代表方剂疗效的主要吸收生物活性成分。随后研究工作的重心是以方剂吸收生物活性成分为枢纽的药学研究策略及其应用,包括方剂药动学与活性导向分离的研究、疗效相关最佳吸收生物活性成分比例作为方剂质量控制标准的研究及肝气郁结相关抑郁共病机理的研究。方剂吸收生物活性成分及其作用机理的深入研究,有利于开辟一条新药研发与发病机理研究的新途径,还可融合到"组分配伍"的科学研究中。