Structural effects of reedbed grazing and its cessation on reed-nesting songbird densities

Reedbeds are crucial breeding habitats for vulnerable songbird species.Irrespective of their protection status,these habitats may be threatened by organic matter accumulation,progressively leading to structural homoge-nization and habitat succession towards woodland.Managers prevent excessive litter build-up with various in-terventions opening-up the reedbeds,such as grazing,which may be detrimental or suitable for some reed bird species.We assessed the effects of extensive grazing by horses and its cessation in the medium and long terms on reedbed structure,and the consequences on reed-nesting songbird densities in Estagnol Nature Reserve,a pro-tected wetland near the French Mediterranean coast.We compared reedbed structural features between grazed,newly ungrazed and old-ungrazed plots.During nine years,we censused four songbird species in spring and collected water level data in the same survey plots.Grazing reduced reedbed extent,rejuvenated the vegetation with more short green stems on a thinner litter,and produced higher structural heterogeneity and discontinuity compared to long-lasting non grazing.Newly ungrazed plot showed intermediate effects.All surveyed songbird total densities were similar among plots while species numbers and densities differed.Grazed reedbed was more attractive to Moustached Warblers(Acrocephalus melanopogon)and Great Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus arundi-naceus),likely due to the large edges and the high vegetation structural heterogeneity.However,Moustached Warblers were more negatively affected by higher water level in grazed reedbed,presumably because flooding prevents litter foraging.The newly ungrazed reedbed was not preferred by any species.All warbler species were found under low density in the old-ungrazed reedbed,where Reed Buntings(Emberiza schoeniclus)were exclu-sively found.Food availability related to thick litter layer may explain this predilection.Common Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)were found everywhere in similar densities.We conclude that reedbed management by extensive horse grazing and also its long-term cessation may benefit several songbird species.Within a context of wetland degradation and disappearance,both management strategies are useful to establish and maintain suitable habitats for reed-nesting songbird communities.

Oriental Reed Warblers do not abandon Common Cuckoo chicks during prolonged nestling periods

The Oriental Reed Warbler(Acrocephalus orientalis)is one of the most commonly used hosts for the parasitic Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).However,as hosts that feed unrelated parasitic nestlings may suffer extra reproductive costs,they may be less willing to care for nestlings that have prolonged nestling periods.To test this hypothesis,the duration of feeding by Oriental Reed Warblers under natural conditions for their own nestlings was compared with the duration of feeding under natural conditions for Common Cuckoo nestlings and for artificially prolonged cuckoo nestlings.The results showed that Oriental Reed Warblers did not starve,drive away,or desert any of the nestlings in the experiment,and neither parent was left alone.Our experimental study indicates that both Oriental Reed Warbler parents were willing to care for nestlings with a prolonged nestling period(up to 30 days,twice the average duration time that the Oriental Reed Warblers fed their own chicks in natural conditions).However,further experiments and observations are required in other host bird species to examine whether both parents or one of the parents may exhibit the behavior of abandoning nestlings with a prolonged nestling period.

Performance of a Horizontal Flow Constructed Reed Bed Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: The Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.

A Lab-scale Study on the Routes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in Gravel-based Reed Bed Systems

The removal of ammonia and phosphorus from an artificial wastewater was studied in two lab-scale reed beds.During batch and continuous operations,it was found that ammonia was removed from the wastewater via a two-step process,sorption inside bed matrices followed by nitrification into nitrite and nitrate.Rapid decrease in the concentration of ammonia in the artificial wastewater was observed during the batch operation,whereas during the continuous operation,which lasted for 39 days,the percentage removal of ammonia decreased gradually with time before stabilizing at around 20%.The efficiency of phosphorus removal exhausted rapidly during the continuous operation,from 39% on the first day of operation to virtually zero after only 5 days.The results suggest that sorption(which may include ion exchange,adsorption,and biomass assimilation) serves as an initial step to remove ammonia and phosphorus from the wastewater,prior to any microbial transformations.

Ecosystem Service Value for the Common Reed Wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, Northeast China

The largest reed field in the world, with an area of 1000 km2 in 1953, is located in the Liaohe Delta, which lies in the five-point-in-a-line economic strategic zone of northeastern China. However, the area of reeds has declined dramatically in recent years to accommodate oil field infrastructure and societal developments. Although the direct and indirect services provided by such wetlands make valuable contributions to human welfare, wetlands are often given little weight in policy decisions, because ecosystem services are not fully “captured” in commercial markets or adequately quantified in terms comparable with the values of economic services and manufactured capital. In this study the value of 10 of 17 ecosystem services provided by the reed wetlands in the Liaohe Delta was estimated by using market pricing, shadow projects, and benefit transfer methods. The value of the 10 services provided by the 800 km2 of reed wetland totaled approximately US $2.68 billion. Remarkably, aquaculture and the production of pulp from reeds accounted for only 19% of the total value of the reed wetland services. About 32% of the value of the ecosystem services was attributed to non-consumptive recreation, an easily perceived service that may act as a powerful incentive for sustainable management of this wetland ecosystem. The results of this study should help not only to guide management decisions with respect to this particular wetland but also to serve as an example of the approach to be taken with respect to valuation of similarly endangered wetlands throughout China.

A novel natural surface-enhanced fluorescence system based on reed leaf as substrate for crystal violet trace detection

The preparation of surface-enhanced fluorescence(SEF) substrates is often influenced by experimental strategies and factors such as the morphology and size of the nanostructures. In this study, using the natural reed leaves(RLs) without any special pretreatment as the substrate, metal silver is modified by magnetron sputtering technology to prepare a stable and efficient SEF system. The abundant “hedgehog-like” protrusions on the RL substrate surface can generate high-density“hot spots”, thus enhancement factor(EF) is enhanced up to 3345 times. The stability and reproducibility are verified in many measurements. The contribution of the intervention of silver nanostructure to the radiation attenuation process of fluorescent molecules is analyzed with the aid of Jablonski diagrams. Three-dimensional(3D) finite difference time domain(FDTD) simulates the spatial electric field and “hot spots” distribution of the substrate. The “hedgehog-like” protrusion structure generates multiple “hot spots”, which produce an excellent local surface plasmon resonance(LSPR) effect and provide higher fluorescence signal. Finally, RL/Ag-35 substrate is used to detect crystal violet(CV), and the detection limit is as low as 10^(-13) M. This “hedgehog-like” SEF substrate provides a new strategy for the trace detection of CV, which has a good practical application value.

Effect of Multi-Hydroxyl Polymer-Treated MUF Resin on the Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Manufactured with Reed Straw

The poor bonding performance between aqueous adhesives represented by melamine-urea formaldehyde(MUF)resins and reed straw hinders their applications in the field of non-wood-based panels.Multi-hydroxyl polymers are highly reactive and are often used as crosslinkers.This study fabricated a resin with a strengthened crosslinked structure by combining a multi-hydroxyl polymer and MUF resin prepolymer.The reed particleboard was prepared by using this resin as an adhesive and reed stalk as the matrix.The results show that neighboring molecules combined to form C–O–C bonds that strengthened the cross-linked structure of the resin.In addition,the viscosity of the resin was increased,and a continuous adhesive layer on the surface of reed particles was formed,which slowed the penetration of reed particles.The adhesive layer significantly improved the mechanical properties of the reed particleboard.The maximum modulus of rupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE),and internal bonding strength(IB)of the reed particleboard were 33.53,4126,and 0.79 MPa,respectively.The IB of the board was 3.3 times higher than that of the reed particleboard prepared with a conventional MUF resin.Reed straw is a non-wood biomass material that has the advantage of sustainable development and may replace woodbased materials to produce particleboard.This resin-prepared reed particleboard is expected to be used in areas such as custom furniture and engineering materials.

Effect of amendments on growth and metal uptake of giant reed(Arundo donax L.) grown on soil contaminated by arsenic,cadmium and lead

The effects of five amendments such as acetic acid（AA）, citric acid （CA）, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid （EDTA）, sepiolite and phosphogypsum on growth and metal uptake of giant reed （Arundo donax L.） grown on soil contaminated by arsenic （As）, cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were studied. The results showed that the shoot biomass of giant reed was enhanced by 24.8% and 15.0%, while superoxide mutase and catalase activities slightly varied when adding 5.0 mmol/kg CA and 2.5 mol/kg EDTA to soil as compared to the control, respectively. The concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in shoots were remarkably increased by the addition of 2.5 mmol/kg AA and CA, 5.0 mmol/kg EDTA, and 4.0 g/kg sepiolite as compared to the control. The accumulations of As and Cd were also significantly enhanced in the above condition, while the shoot Pb accumulation was noticeably enhanced by amending with 4.0 g/kg sepiolite and 8.0 g/kg phosphogysum, respectively. The results suggested that AA, CA and sepiolite could be used as optimum soil amendments for giant reed remediation system.

Physiological Adaptation of Habitat by Ion Distribution in the Leaves of Four Ecotypes of Reed (Phragmites australis)

The ion levels in the epidermal bulliform cells of epidermis, mesophyll cells and cells of the vascular bundle sheath of four ecotypes of reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) were determined by means of X_ray microanalysis. The results indicated that higher K +, Na +, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Cl - were distributed in the vascular bundle sheath cells than in mesophyll cells and epidermal bulliform cells of the swamp ecotype. Higher Ca 2+ was found in the bulliform cells than in mesophyll cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, higher Mg 2+ in the mesophyll cells and higher K +, Na + and Cl - in the vascular bundle sheath cells of the dune ecotype. Higher Na + and Mg 2+ was determined in the mesophyll cells than in the bulliform cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, and higher K +, Ca 2+ and Cl - in the vascular bundle sheath cells of the light salt meadow ecotype. In the heavy salt meadow ecotype, higher Na + and Mg 2+ were accumulated in the bulliform cells than in mesophyll cells and vascular bundle sheath cells, but higher K +, Ca 2+ and Cl - in the mesophyll cells. Furthermore, the distributional conditions of the above five ions in leaf cells of the four ecotypes and their significance in the physiological adaptation of reed to habitat were discussed in detail.

基于混合多值离散粒子群优化的混合极性Reed-Muller最小化算法

针对布尔函数系统的混合极性Reed-Muller(Mixed-Polarity Reed-Muller,MPRM)最小化问题,该文提出了一种混合多值离散粒子群优化算法。为解决多样性损失,改善优化结果,兼顾算法的效率和精度,算法采用多群协同优化方法,并提出了概率变异更新、没有重复的更新以及群间重复最优变异3种更新和变异策略。实验结果表明,和模拟退火遗传算法相比,所构造算法能够在获得基本相同优化结果的同时,提高MPRM最小化的时间效率。

10Gb/s Reed-Solomon(255,239)解码器的设计

文章介绍10Gb/s Reed-Solomon(255,239)解码器的设计与实现。在优化解码器处理流程的基础上,通过采用4路数据复用解关键方程单元的方法,降低硬件实现的复杂度,减小芯片面积。除此之外,该解码器还具有对不可纠错码块进行判断和处理的功能。该解码器已采用Synopsys EDA工具和TSMC0.18μm CMOS工艺实现了综合。结果表明,此设计完全可以实现10Gb/s RS码的解码功能,并且实现的复杂度大大降低。

Reed-Muller逻辑电路的功耗估算技术

提出了一种Reed-Muller(RM)逻辑电路的功耗估算方法.将多输入AND/XOR门分解成由2输入AND/XOR门构成的树,采用信号的跳变密度和信号概率来计算内部节点信号的开关活动率,从而实现电路的功耗估算.实验结果表明:该方法得到的估算结果与电路实际功耗二者之间具有良好的线性关系.

基于Reed-Solomon算法的RAID机制的设计与实现

为了满足海量信息存储可靠性的要求,提出了把Reed-Solomon算法应用到RAID系统中的方法,并给出了在Linux环境下系统实现的方案RSRAID。通过对系统性能及可靠性进行测试,并与其他RAID机制进行对比,证明系统具有良好的I/O性能和更高的可靠性。

2.5Gb/s Reed-Solomon译码器的VLSI优化实现

研究了基于改进的欧氏算法的高速Reed-Solomon(255,239)译码器的VLSI优化实现。采用管线方式减少关键方程获取模块中的有限域乘法器数量,并对乘法器结构进行优化。同时提出了基于全局优化的公共项提取算法,并用该算法对伴随式计算模块进行优化。结果表明,与直接实现方法相比,关键方程模块的面积节省了约30%,用于伴随式计算的各单元电路面积也普遍减少20%以上。该Reed-Solomon译码器已用Synopsys综合工具综合并用TSMC0.25μm CMOS工艺实现,其端口处理速率可达2.5Gb/s。

有限域上Reed-Solomon码的一个注记(英文)

设Fq是特征为p的q元有限域.固定Fq的一个非空子集D={x1,…,xn}.熟知标准Reed-Solomon码Cq(Fq,k)的对偶码Cq(Fq,q-k)仍为Reed-Solomon码.对于广义Reed-Solomon码Cq(D,k),给出存在广义Reed-Solomon码Cq(B,n-k),使得Cq(D,k)与Cq(B,n-k)互为对偶码的一个充要条件.并由此构造出一类满足此条件的广义Reed-Solomon码.关键词:Reed-Solomon码;自对偶码;

成分对温压成形Reed/Cu/PE复合材料性能的影响

为进一步改善基于农林剩余物的木基复合粉末的温压成形综合性能,开发新型复合材料,以芦苇秆粉末(Reed)为基材、紫铜粉末(Cu)为强韧化因子、聚乙烯(PE)为紫铜粉末分散助剂,运用响应面试验法、三维立体数码显微镜、扫描电镜和电子万能材料实验机等方法和手段研究PE及Cu对温压成形Reed/Cu/PE复合材料性能的影响,对试件材料的性能与结构进行表征。结果表明:Reed/Cu/PE复合材料的最优温压成形工艺条件为,PE和Cu质量分数分别为10%和17%;制备的Reed/Cu/PE复合材料的静曲强度、表观硬度(HV)、吸水率和吸水厚度膨胀率分别达到了49.26、9.267 MPa、3.32%和4.35%。

一种新的用于探测Pure Reed-Muller逻辑的算法

提出一种新的判断任意给定函数是否可由Pure Reed-Muller(PRM)逻辑来实现的探测算法,这对减少电路面积和降低功耗具有重要意义.该算法与相关文献相比,能在函数判断的同时完成表达式的给定,并适用于5变量以上的函数,且不增加其运算的复杂度.通过理论论证,给出了相应的判断条件和表达式的给定规则;最后通过Benchmark标准电路的测试,验证了本算法的正确性.

基于Reed-Muller量子可逆逻辑电路的综合快速算法

结合可逆逻辑电路综合的多种算法,提出了一种新颖高效的算法,自动构造正极性R eed-M u ller展开式(RM),在生成量子可逆逻辑电路的解空间树上,采用总体层次遍历,局部深度搜索,借鉴模板优化技术,构造限界函数快速删除无解或非最优解的分枝,优先探测RM中的因子,以极高的效率生成最优电路.

一种改进的Reed译码算法

Reed算法是一种大数逻辑译码算法 ,它最初用于Reed Muller码 ,对很多大数逻辑可译码都是很有意义的。本文首先对Reed Muller码的编码原理及Reed译码算法进行分析 ,然后根据其编码原理 ,提出对Reed算法中校验和产生方法的一种改进方案 ,最后对改进算法的有效性进行了分析。

基于Reed-Solomon码的Data Matrix条码纠错研究

为了研究Data Matrix条码的纠错能力,首先介绍了Data Matrix条码的特点和Reed-Solomon码的基本概念;接着研究了Reed-Solomon码在Data Matrix二维条码中的应用,重点分析了Data Matrix二维条码中Reed-Solomon编、解码的基本原理与步骤,并用C语言实现它的编、解码算法;最后对Reed-Solomon码的纠错能力进行了测试。实验结果表明,Data Matrix二维条码采用Reed-Solomon码作为纠错码,可以有效地排除干扰并进行纠错。