Developing a Clang Libtooling-Based Refactoring Tool for CUDA GPU Programming

Refactoring tools, whether fully automated or semi-automated, are essential components of the software development life cycle. As software libraries and frameworks evolve over time, it’s crucial for programs utilizing them to also evolve to remain compatible with modern advancements. Take, for example, NVIDIA CUDA’s platform for general-purpose GPU programming. Embracing the more contemporary unified memory architecture offers several benefits, such as simplifying program source code, reducing bugs stemming from manual memory management between host and device memory, and optimizing memory transfer through automated memory handling. This paper describes our development of a refactoring tool based on Clang’s Libtooling to facilitate this transition automatically, thereby relieving developers from the burden and risks associated with manually refactoring large code bases.

用Refactoring来改善设计

面向对象的技术提高了软件重用能力 ,人们经验的不断总结也不断地改善了设计方法。如何去改善我们原有的系统是一个比较复杂的课题 ,也是一个不可回避的问题。这篇论文论述了如何使用Refactoring技术来改善原有设计。

A Recommendation Approach Based on Bayesian Networks for Clone Refactor

Reusing code fragments by copying and pasting them with or without minor adaptation is a common activity in software development.As a result,software systems often contain sections of code that are very similar,called code clones.Code clones are beneficial in reducing software development costs and development risks.However,recent studies have indicated some negative impacts as a result.In order to effectively manage and utilize the clones,we design an approach for recommending refactoring clones based on a Bayesian network.Firstly,clone codes are detected from the source code.Secondly,the clones that need to be refactored are identified,and the static and evolutions features are extracted to build the feature database.Finally,the Bayesian network classifier is used for training and evaluating the classification results.Based on more than 640 refactor examples of five open source software developed in C,we observe a considerable enhancement.The results show that the accuracy of the approach is larger than 90%.We believe our approach will provide a more accurate and reasonable code refactoring and maintenance advice for software developers.

Source-to-Source Refactoring and Elimination of Global Variables in C Programs

A global variable in C/C++ is one that is declared outside a function, and whose scope extends the lifetime of the entire program. Global variables cause problems for program dependability, maintainability, extensibility, verification, and thread-safety. However, global variables can also make coding more convenient and improve program performance. We have found the use of global variables to remain unabated and extensive in real-world software. In this paper we present a source-to-source refactoring tool to automatically detect and localize global variables in a program. We implement a compiler based transformation to find the best location to redefine each global variable as a local. For each global, our algorithm initializes the corresponding new local variable, passes it as an argument to necessary functions, and updates the source lines that used the global to now instead use the corresponding local or argument. We also characterize the use of global variables in standard benchmark programs. We study the effect of our transformation on static program properties, such as change in the number of function arguments and program state visibility. Additionally, we quantify dynamic program features, including memory and runtime performance, before and after our localizing transformation.

Application of Refactoring and Design Pattern in Land Information System Development

土地信息系统的不停的变化问题能通过重新分解和设计模式被解决。为了在开发再使用软件的土地信息系统支持设计模式和重新分解的方法的实现，设计，适用重新分解在土地信息系统开发的模式被讨论的到抽象工厂和装饰者设计的方法。

Automated pattern-directed refactoring for complex conditional statements

Complex conditional statement is one of the bad code smells,which affects the quality of the code and design of software.In the proposed approach,two commonly-used design patterns for handling complex conditional statements are selected,and they are the factory method pattern and the strategy pattern.Two pattern-directed refactoring approaches based on the two design patterns are proposed.Each approach contains a refactoring opportunities identification algorithm and an automated refactoring algorithm.After parsing the abstract syntax tree generated from source code,the refactoring opportunities are identified effectively and automatically.Then,for candidate code,refactoring algorithms are executed automatically,which are used to simplify or remove complex conditional statements.By empirical analysis and quality assessment,the code after refactoring has better maintainability and extensibility,and the proposed approach for automated pattern-directed refactoring succeeds to reduce code size and complexity of classes.

Experimental study on surface integrity refactoring changes of Ti-17 under milling-ultrasonic rolling composite process

Ultrasonic rolling is an advanced non-cutting surface strengthening method that combines traditional rolling with ultrasonic vibration.In this research,the experiment of orthogonal end milling-ultrasonic rolling composite process has been carried out.The surface integrity refactoring changes and its mechanism of Ti-17 titanium alloy during the milling-ultrasonic rolling composite process has been studied and analyzed by the test and analysis of the surface geometric characteristics,residual stress,microhardness and microstructure before and after ultrasonic rolling.The residual stress and microhardness gradient distribution were characterized by cosine decay function and exponential decay function.All indicators of surface integrity were significantly improved after ultrasonic rolling.The study demonstrates that the reduction effect of the surface roughness by ultrasonic rolling process is inversely proportional to the initial surface roughness value.The ultrasonic rolling can only change the distribution form of the surface topography when the initial surface roughness is small.In addition,the improvement effect of ultrasonic rolling on surface compressive residual stress and microhardness decreased with the increase of initial milled surface roughness and surface compressive residual stress due to the factors such as energy absorption efficiency and mechanical properties changes of surface materials.A better ultrasonic rolled surface can be obtained by controlling the roughness and residual compressive stress of the initial milling surface to a small level.

基于生成对抗Transformer的电力负荷数据异常检测

电力负荷异常数据将给电力系统规划、负荷预测以及用能分析等带来较大的负面影响,因此亟须对负荷数据异常进行检测与识别。首先,针对电力负荷数据异常分类、原因及其特征开展分析。其次,改进传统Transformer编码器结构,采用多头注意力层代替掩码多头注意力层,同时移除前馈网络,以提高模型对负荷时序序列的全局注意力。基于生成对抗网络(generative adversarial networks,GAN)生成器与判别器的博弈结构,提出一种改进的GAN-Transformer模型,以更好地捕捉趋势性特征并加速模型收敛。然后,引入多阶段映射与训练方法,综合焦点分数打分机制,通过分阶段负荷序列重构帮助模型更好地提取负荷数据异常特征。最后,算例分析结果表明,GAN-Transformer模型在负荷数据异常检测精确率、召回率、F_(1)值以及训练时间方面均具有更优的性能,验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。文中研究工作为基于深度学习进一步实现电力负荷数据异常分类与数据修复提供了有益参考。

异构平台要素协同理论方法研究

要素协同是协同作战发展的必经之路,杀伤链的动态重构是其典型特征.本文针对平台协同难以满足复杂作战任务需求的问题,提出了异构平台要素协同的解决思路和理论方法.首先分析了要素协同关系复杂性、协同能力不确定性两个难点问题;其次基于反馈机制的可重构架构对复杂作战网络进行建模,提出了杀伤链算子的要素动态重构、协同序参量的效能定量评估方法;最后基于仿真场景实现杀伤链的动态构建与重构,可指导要素协同的算法设计与工程实践.

Bagging异构集成的代码异味检测与重构优先级划分

代码异味是不良的设计和代码实现的症状,可能阻碍代码理解、增加代码更改和出错的可能性。以前的研究专注于单一模型在代码异味上的检测,并且无法为开发人员提供重构建议。针对上述问题,提出一种基于Bagging异构集成模型的代码异味检测与重构优先级划分方法,该方法利用分类器间的异质性,通过F1集成策略来检测Complex Class、Long Method、Spaghetti Code等三种代码异味,并将模型输出的异味概率转化为可能性分布后,为开发人员提供重构意见。实验在6个开源系统的32个版本上验证、评估:(1)基分类器的稳定性以及与代码异味的关系;(2)Bagging异构集成模型检测上述代码异味的性能;(3)将异味概率转化为可能性分布并作为重构优先级的有效性。实验结果表明,最佳基分类器因代码异味类型而异。同时,Bagging异构集成模型相较于基分类器,F1提高0.06~40.51个百分点,AUC提高0.45~28.37个百分点。最后将Bagging异构集成模型的重构优先级与6名受访者的重构优先级进行Kappa一致性检验,两者具有高度一致性。

无托槽牙齿矫治器个性化设计与3D成型

目的 对牙齿矫治器开展有限元仿真分析以确定不同工况的矫正量,制定无托槽牙齿矫治器的设计方案,使熔融沉积工艺成型的矫治器具备个性化的矫治效果。方法 结合患者CT数据逆向重构牙齿模型,通过有限元方法确立牙齿在倾斜、扭转、平移3种工况下的矫治量。选择不同弹性模量的材料3D成型不同矫治类型无托槽牙齿矫治器,并测量正畸力。结果 针对不同工况可设计不同的矫治偏移量,从而使矫治器具备个性化治疗效果。无托槽牙齿矫治器的正畸力随着弹性模量和厚度的增加而增大。在给定工况下,当矫治器材料为热可塑性聚氨酯(TPU)时正畸力最小(90 mN);当矫治器材料为聚乳酸(PLA)时正畸力最大(61.66 N)。结论 设计应根据患者的牙齿情况,在整个矫治过程中每一步矫治所需要正畸力的大小,选择不同弹性模量和不同厚度的无托槽牙齿矫治器对患者畸形牙齿进行治疗,从而实现分阶段矫治效果。

镂空重构手法在服装设计中的创新应用

为了打破镂空工艺对材料、技术的使用界限,丰富其在服装设计中的创新应用,通过梳理服装中镂空构型的起源与发展,在镂空重构概念界定的基础上,结合已有案例归纳分析镂空重构的3类实现手法:连接点式镂空、重塑线式镂空以及剪切面式镂空。以连接点式镂空手法为例,进一步探究镂空重构手法在服装设计中的创新实践:一是镂空构型材料层面的创新,将环保理念融入服装设计,实现废弃物升级利用;二是造型表现技术层面的创新,结合立体塑形进行服装造型表现的拓展实践,并对镂空重构手法在服装设计领域的应用前景作了展望。

Script-Based GPU-Ready ELM Development for Continuous Code Integration

Designing and optimizing complex scientific code for new computing architectures is a challenging task. To address this issue in the E3SM land model (ELM) development, we developed a software tool called SPEL, which facilitates code generation, verification, and performance tuning using compiler directives within a Function Unit Test framework. In this paper, we present a SPEL extension that leverages the version control system (e.g., Git) to autonomous code generation and demonstrate its application to continuous code integration and development of the ELM software system. The study can benefit the scientific software development community.

基于模型演化的列控车载设备组合测试案例重构方法

车载设备作为列控系统的关键设备之一,其测试需求在不断迭代。测试案例重构通过更新原有组合测试集覆盖变更的测试需求,实现对测试案例的高效重用,对生成演化后的测试集具有重要意义。根据车载设备输入模型的变化情况,提出一种基于模型演化的测试集重构方法。首先,通过比较演化前后组合模型的差异性,辨识出失效和新增的测试需求,并结合测试参数、参数取值、约束可能出现的演化情况分析两类测试需求的具体构成;其次,基于演化后的组合模型,依次采取修改、扩充、新增3个步骤重构原有测试集,修改不满足变更测试需求的原有案例,扩充新增参数取值,新增案例覆盖剩余测试需求;之后,根据约束间的相容性,将互不干扰的多条约束置于1条测试案例集中处理以精简测试集;最终,得到完备覆盖所有演化后测试需求的组合测试集。以车载设备模式转换等3种场景为例,对本方法进行了验证,研究结果表明:相较于现有方法,本方法能更充分地重用原有案例,测试集总体重合度提高了7.82%,后续人工修改测试案例文档的工作量相应减少,时间成本可降低18.26%。

一种基于词法特征和数据挖掘的无意义变量名检测方法

标识符是代码的重要组成部分,也是人们理解代码语义的关键元素之一。变量名是最常见的标识符之一,其质量对于代码的可读性和可理解性有着重要的意义。然而,因为各种原因程序员经常使用一些毫无意义的变量名,如“a”和“var”等。这些无意义的变量名严重降低了代码的可理解性,需要进行检测并重构(重命名)。为此,提出了一种基于词法特征和数据挖掘的自动化方法,以检测代码中无意义的变量名。首先,对开源代码中的无意义变量名进行了实证分析,发现无意义变量名通常比较短且不包含任何有意义的单词,因此可以利用词法特征筛选出名称较短且不包含有意义单词的可疑变量名。如果可疑变量名包含缩写词,则使用缩写词扩展算法进行扩展,以获得完整的变量名。然后,基于数据挖掘算法判断可疑变量名是否为约定俗成的常用变量名。有些常用的变量名,如“i”和“e”,虽然字面上没有明确的语义,但是通过约定俗成的表示规范,程序员可以理解该变量的语义,因此不算是无意义的变量名,也不需要进行重构。如果可疑变量名称不是约定俗成的常用变量名,则断定该变量名为无意义的变量名,并提醒程序员进行重命名。在开源数据集上进行实验,结果表明,该方法具有较高的准确率,其平均查准率为85%,平均查全率为91.5%。

Refactoring Software Packages via Community Detection in Complex Software Networks

An intrinsic property of software in a real-world environment is its need to evolve, which is usually accompanied by the increase of software complexity and deterioration of software quality, making software maintenance a tough problem. Refactoring is regarded as an effective way to address this problem. Many refactoring approaches at the method and class level have been proposed. But the research on software refactoring at the package level is very little. This paper presents a novel approach to refactor the package structures of object oriented software. It uses software networks to represent classes and their dependencies. It proposes a constrained community detection algorithm to obtain the optimized community structures in software networks, which also correspond to the optimized package structures. And it finally provides a list of classes as refactoring candidates by comparing the optimized package structures with the real package structures. The empirical evaluation of the proposed approach has been performed in two open source Java projects, and the benefits of our approach are illustrated in comparison with the other three approaches.

A Feature Model Based Framework for Refactoring Software Product Line Architecture

Software product line （SPL） is an approach used to develop a range of software products with a high degree of similarity. In this approach, a feature model is usually used to keep track of similarities and differences. Over time, as modifications are made to the SPL, inconsistencies with the feature model could arise. The first approach to dealing with these inconsistencies is refactoring. Refactoring consists of small steps which, when accumulated, may lead to large-scale changes in the SPL, resulting in features being added to or eliminated from the SPL. In this paper, we propose a framework for refactoring SPLs, which helps keep SPLs consistent with the feature model. After some introductory remarks, we describe a formal model for representing the feature model. We express various refactoring patterns applicable to the feature model and the SPL formally, and then introduce an algorithm for finding them in the SPL. In the end, we use a real-world case study of an SPL to illustrate the applicability of the framework introduced in the paper.

基于贝叶斯框架的OFDM稀疏信道估计算法

为了提高正交频分复用OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)稀疏信道估计的性能,实现了一种基于3-L分层先验模型的变分贝叶斯VMP(Variational Message Passing)消息传递算法。该算法对待估计向量的辅助函数分组并且加入贝塞尔函数,通过消息传递原则更新估计值参数,最后估计出频率响应采样值。仿真显示相较于传统的CosaMP、EM算法,提出的变分贝叶斯VMP算法可以获取更好的重构性能。在中高信噪比下,所提出的算法比传统CosaMP、EM算法的误比特率提高了2-3db,均方误差提高了3-4db。

CAN总线在运载火箭控制系统中的应用分析

随着总线技术发展以及“航班化运输”对低成本、高可靠电气系统的需求日益增强,现场总线(Field Bus)逐渐受到航天领域的青睐。CAN总线作为应用最广泛的现场总线之一,已在导弹和火箭中有一定研究与应用,考虑到运载火箭与导弹的不同,针对CAN总线在运载火箭控制系统中的应用进行阐述。分析了研究必要性,并分别给出了适用于中大型、小型运载火箭的典型CAN拓扑,相应介绍了CAN中继技术以及CAN总线重构技术,随后结合某新一代运载火箭总线实际传输数据码流进行了CAN总线效率与负载率计算,并与同等条件下1553B总线进行了比较,其结果可为运载火箭电气系统设计人员提供更直接的参考。

师范生专业伦理教育的结构性缺失与策略重构

教师专业伦理教育是教师专业化发展的重要组成部分。师范生在培养过程中开展专业伦理教育,有助于提升师范生的专业伦理责任认知、培养职业从教信念、专业情怀和职业认同感。新时代针对师范生专业培养中伦理教育的结构性缺失,应立足本土,构建标准化的专业伦理课程体系、融合案例教学和模拟教学方式、形成伦理型教师共同体、加大实践指导和仪式教育等措施促进师范生的专业伦理教育,为师范生的专业伦理素养的养成提供知识基础。