Simulation Calculation and Distribution Characteristics of Terrain Reflected Radiation in Fujian Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the distribution characteristics of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province.[Method] Based on solar radiation data,digital elevation model (DEM) and surface meteorological observation data in Fujian Province,plus surface albedo obtained by using remote sensing inversion method,the distribution of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province from 1988 to 2007 was simulated,and then its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics was studied.[Result] The simulation results of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province was credible.Terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province was the highest in July (about 160 MJ/m2) and lowest in January (about 60 MJ/m2),and it was obviously higher from May to August compared with other months,while the order of terrain reflected radiation in four seasons was summer>spring>autumn>winter,and complex terrain affected the distribution of terrain reflected radiation greatly,especially in autumn and winter when sun elevation angle was small.In addition,terrain reflected radiation in most areas of Fujian Province was below 100 MJ/m2,and it was high in Ningde,Sanming and Nanping City in northern Fujian,while the maximum value (630 MJ/m2) could be found in Dong’an Island in Xiapu County in Ningde City and had good utilization value.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of solar energy resources under complex terrain in China.

Prediction model of the radiation from ground surface to the occupant in outdoor space

The outdoor ground radiation including the emitted radiation and reflected radiation plays an important role in the outdoor thermal environment. In this paper, based on the hypothesis of that the occupant body can be equivalent to a human cylinder and the outdoor ground surface is diffusive for radiation, a mathematical model is advanced to describe the radiation from the ground surface to the occupant. Through theoretical analysis of the mathematical model, general formulas for calculating the radiation arriving at the occupant from an annular ground surface and infinite ground surface are obtained. It shows that, the radiation from ground surface to the occupant depends on the surface temperature, reflectivity and emissivity, the arrange within the radius of 8.0m encircling the occupant can be defined as the dominant radiating area which radiates 90% radiation to the occupant. The radiative potentials of different pavement surface such grass, asphalt concrete surface, granite slab surface, terracotta bricks, colored concrete interlocking blocks are also compared with the datum measured by Tan Slew-Ann and Fwa Tien-Fang in Singapore, it shows that, in the summer sunny day, grass surface radiates more radiation in the morning but less in the afternoon than other pavement materials. Finally, discussions of reducing the radiation of outdoor ground surface are presented and main conclusions are drawn for improving the outdoor thermal environment.

Water Quality Monitoring of the Bezerra River （Cascavel, Brazil） Using SR-TXRF Technique

The present study aims to monitor and assess the water quality of the Bezerra River located in the Western Brazilian Parana state. For the monitoring of river waters, six samplings were established per month during one year. As indicators of the water quality, physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and COD （chemical oxygen demand） were chosen, as well as trace and majority element concentrations. It is noteworthy that the mean annual values of conductivity, turbidity and COD have progressively increased along the river with maximum values after the Cascavel western sewage treatment plant. Only 13 elements were found in the six collection points, but the metallic elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn have shown concentrations above the maximum limits recommended by Brazilian environmental legislation, suggesting the presence of highly polluting anthropogenic sources. Correlation analyses were used to determine the spatio-variability of water quality variables. The six collection sites were grouped into two clusters, with the element composition in the first cluster （sites 1, 2 and 6） being due to strong anthropogenic activities. The study of the Bezerra River water quality could help to develop municipal environmental policies and help with the management of water conservation in the Bezerra River basin.