Study on Wave Field Characteristics and Imaging of Collapse Column in Three-Dimensional Detection with Love Channel Wave Reflected outside the Working Face

The safety accidents caused by collapse column water diversion occur frequently, which has great hidden danger to the safety production of coal mine. Limited by the space of underground, the detection of collapse column on the outside of working face has been a difficult problem. Based on this, numerical simulation and imaging research were carried out in this paper. The results indicate that when a seismic source near the roadway is excited, a part of seismic wave propagates along the roadway direction, namely direct P-wave, direct S-wave and direct Love channel wave. When the body waves and Love channel wave propagating to the outside of working face meet the interface of collapse column, the reflected Love channel wave and reflected body waves are generated. Reflection body waves and direct waves are mixed in time domain, which is difficult to identify in seismic records, while reflected Love channel wave whose amplitude is relatively strong. The reflected Love channel wave which has a large interval from other wave trains in the time domain is easily recognizable in seismic record, which makes it suitable for advanced detection of collapse column. The signal-to-noise ratio of X component is higher than that of Y component and Z component. According to the seismic records, polarization filtering was carried out to enhance the effective wave, which removed the interference waves, and the signal was migrated to get the position parameters of collapse column interface, which was basically consistent with the model position.

The influence of irregular seafloor topography on the seismic wave field and migration imaging

One of the problems experienced in marine geophysical exploration is that the layered features in the migration imaging profile are blurred and the seismic energy reflected is weaker in the middle or lower parts. In this study we model the seismic wavefield records in the undulating seafloor when there is both a slight change and significant change in seafloor topography to analyze its influence on the seismic reflection data and migration imaging profiles. We compare and analyze the wave field records collected at the same point on the original and modified velocity models, and the cross-bonding resulting migration imaging profiles. The results show that whether the seismic reflection data collection is performed along the direction of the survey line or against the direction of the survey line, slight changes in the seafloor topography have little effect on the wave field records and the migration profile, while significant changes in the seafloor topography have great effect on both the wave field records and migration profile.

Fracture identification based on remote detection acoustic reflection logging

Fracture identification is important for the evaluation of carbonate reservoirs. However, conventional logging equipment has small depth of investigation and cannot detect rock fractures more than three meters away from the borehole. Remote acoustic logging uses phase-controlled array-transmitting and long sound probes that increase the depth of investigation. The interpretation of logging data with respect to fractures is typically guided by practical experience rather than theory and is often ambiguous. We use remote acoustic reflection logging data and high-order finite-difference approximations in the forward modeling and prestack reverse-time migration to image fractures. First, we perform forward modeling of the fracture responses as a function of the fracture-borehole wall distance, aperture, and dip angle. Second, we extract the energy intensity within the imaging area to determine whether the fracture can be identified as the formation velocity is varied. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the fracture-borehole distance, fracture aperture, and dip angle on fracture identification.

Study on 3D simulation of wave fields in acoustic reflection image logging

The borehole acoustic reflection imaging logging is a newly developed acoustic logging method that has attracted many interests. These converted and reflected waves for imaging are usually mixed up with borehole guided waves and therefore difficult to be clearly identified. To improve the downhole tool design and develop more sophisticate data processing and interpretation algorithms,studies on precisely numerical modeling of the wave fields in the acoustic reflection imaging logging are neces-sary and critical. This paper developed a parallelized scheme of 3D finite difference (3DFD) with non-uniform staggered grid and PML absorbing boundary to simulate the acoustic wave fields in isotropic and anisotropic formations. Applications of this scheme to the typical cases of isotropic and anisot-ropic formations and comparison with the results from published analytical solutions have demon-strated the validation and efficiency of the scheme. Higher accuracy and lower computation cost (3.5 times faster than the conventional schemes) have been achieved with this scheme for modeling such a complex wave fields of 60 dB dynamic range with higher frequency (10 kHz). This simulating program provides a quantitative analytical means for studying acoustic reflection imaging tool and development of the data processing and interpretation methods.

Separation of diffracted waves via SVD filter

Diffracted seismic waves may be used to help identify and track geologically heterogeneous bodies or zones.However,the energy of diffracted waves is weaker than that of reflections.Therefore,the extraction of diffracted waves is the basis for the effective utilization of diffracted waves.Based on the difference in travel times between diffracted and reflected waves,we developed a method for separating the diffracted waves via singular value decomposition filters and presented an effective processing flowchart for diffracted wave separation and imaging.The research results show that the horizontally coherent difference between the reflected and diffracted waves can be further improved using normal move-out(NMO) correction.Then,a band-rank or high-rank approximation is used to suppress the reflected waves with better transverse coherence.Following,separation of reflected and diffracted waves is achieved after the filtered data are transformed into the original data domain by inverse NMO.Synthetic and field examples show that our proposed method has the advantages of fewer constraints,fast processing speed and complete extraction of diffracted waves.And the diffracted wave imaging results can effectively improve the identification accuracy of geological heterogeneous bodies or zones.

远探测声波测井处理解释方法发展与展望

远探测声波测井技术(亦称反射声波测井技术)能够从井中探测及评价井外数十米范围内的裂缝、洞穴和断层等地质异常反射体,大大拓展了测井技术的应用范围。在回顾该技术发展历程的同时,重点介绍了远探测声波测井处理解释核心方法、软件和现场应用效果。结合目前油田实际生产需求和现有技术面临的挑战,指出远探测声波测井处理解释方法有5个最重要的发展方向:继目前利用声波时差和密度通过反射系数褶积进行“测井约束下的地震反演”后,突破实现井下实测反射波和地面地震反射波正反演关系的直接建立,同时开展页岩储层裂缝成像、压裂效果评价、随钻地质导向研究及远探测声波测井仪器革新。

井中方位纵波远探测: 理论、实验与现场应用

能够测量井外数十米地质构造距离和方位的远探测声波测井正成为一种重要的地球物理应用技术.1:1地层条件下井外含反射界面的远探测测量和分析为此技术提供了物理验证.本文首先利用虚源和柱面波展开理论推导了充液井孔中单极反射纵波方位接收声场的解析形式,通过模拟证明了单井的声波辐射和接收与双井之间的辐射和接收的等效性,在此基础上提出利用两口模型井来实现方位纵波远探测实验,即在测量井中放置多方位反射纵波接收声系,在另一口副井中放置单极子声源向测量井定向辐射纵波以等效来自井外地质体的反射波,依托实验室的模型井群进行井中方位纵波远探测实验研究.实验测量结果表明井中接收反射纵波的幅度和到时对井外反射体(定向辐射波)具有较好的方位灵敏度,可由此来实现井外地质异常体的精准定位.在理论与实验指导下自主设计研制了方位纵波远探测仪器样机并开展了现场井测试成功获得高信噪比的方位反射信号,充分验证了方位纵波远探测技术的准确性和有效性.

部分反射直墙前二维物体的绕射和辐射问题

基于映像理论将部分反射直墙前物体的散射问题,等效于开敞水域中原物体的散射和关于直墙映像体散射的线性叠加进行求解。采用高阶边界元方法建立了部分反射直墙前二维任意形状物体波浪绕射和辐射问题的数值分析模型,通过与已发表的海底方箱和淹没圆柱结果的对比验证了数值模型的准确性。应用该模型研究了直墙反射系数幅值及相位、方箱与墙间距离等参数对水面方箱上波浪激振力、附加质量和辐射阻尼的影响。结果表明:直墙反射系数幅值越大,波浪激振力、附加质量和辐射阻尼的波动越大,附加质量在一些频率下出现负值;相位角的变化会改变波浪激振力、附加质量和辐射阻尼曲线的偏移,在低频区对升沉附加质量有显著影响;方箱距离直墙越远,方箱上的波浪激振力、附加质量和辐射阻尼随波数振荡的频率越快,峰值频率向低频侧移动。

致密储层水平井外裂缝与地层界面远探测声波测井响应特征研究

致密砂岩和页岩等非常规储层中常发育有密集小尺度和高角度裂缝.这些裂缝一方面起到增加储层渗透性的积极作用,另一方面在油气开采、水力压裂、注二氧化碳等过程中,它们又可能引起水平井孔套变和邻井压窜等风险.因此,考察这些裂缝的水平井远探测声波测井响应特征,以及进一步利用远探测方法识别这些裂缝具有重要研究意义.本文构建了致密储层水平井外存在裂缝的三维数值模型,并开展了正演模拟研究.结果表明,当裂缝与井孔夹角较小时,井孔内接收器主要接收裂缝反射波.当夹角大于某临界值后,接收波形主要为来自裂缝两个端点的散射波,它们分裂为两个波包.进一步提出广义SH散射波概念,即声源的偏振方向与裂缝走向平行的横波,它总是代表了所有方位上散射能量最强的方位.水平井外同时存在裂缝和强声阻抗地层界面是更为普遍的情况.相关模拟结果表明,裂缝散射波的主要能量集中在广义SH散射波上.随着地层界面和裂缝走向差异的增大,裂缝对应的广义SH散射波更容易识别.最后,通过一口水平井远探测实例验证了正演模拟结论的准确性.本文研究对识别和评价非常规储层水平井外小尺度裂缝具有重要理论意义.

基于弹性反射波正演表达的转换波逆时偏移与反偏移

针对线性化弹性反射波方程无法直接用于弹性转换波反偏移模拟的问题,本文提出基于高频近似的一次反射波模拟新方法.该方法基于地震波传播的散射理论,先对地下速度扰动的空间变化进行高频近似,再基于散射波传播方程推导得到线性化一次反射波传播方程.基于弹性反射地震数据表达,本文采用线性算子的伴随估计反射系数,实现反射波逆时偏移.根据该线性表达,联合背景速度和成像值来模拟一次反射横波传播,实现了弹性波角度域反偏移,并进一步导出成像值关于波速的梯度.数值实验表明,基于弹性反射地震数据表达的偏移成像方法,既克服了极性反转效应,又使成像结果包含了更为丰富的反射角信息;一次反射波模拟方法获得的弹性地震数据具有较高的精度和稳定性,得到的弹性波场的振幅和相位信息与理论解析解吻合较好,有效保证了成像域层析速度反演梯度的稳定求解.

XMAC-F1偶极横波反射成像测井资料质量控制及应用

交叉偶极子横波反射成像测井技术是XMAC-F1仪器的拓展应用,分析横波反射成像资料可以得到井壁外的地质信息,合格的偶极声波数据是获取准确横波反射成像处理成果的关键因素。为了确保声波数据的准确性和可靠性,该文结合XMAC-F1数据采集原理,阐述了仪器测速、测井时仪器的居中性、仪器测量的方位数据、仪器旋转量是偶极声波质量控制的重要影响因素,并分析了不同影响因素值对处理结果的影响。提出了偶极声波测井资料质量控制测前检查、测井数据监测、测速控制、仪器旋转控制、仪器方位质控等关键要点。数据质控方法实际应用取得明显效果,有效地解决了偶极声波原始数据质量问题,具有良好的应用前景。

坑道掘进空间反射波超前探测技术

提出坑道掘进空间的任意炮检对反射波观测系统布置、野外工作方法及其数据处理关键技术。对任意空间炮检对数据处理时,利用τ-p域滤波提取前方界面反射波组,进行射线扫描叠加偏移获得坑道掘进空间的二维地质条件成像结果;根据振幅和极性对异常界面提取,完成对巷道工作面前方地质条件的解释与预报。应用结果表明,反射波超前探测技术系统的空间布置合理,数据采集量大,对掘进坑道前方断层构造及其异常界面的位置探测预报比较准确。

反射式太赫兹返波振荡器成像系统及其应用

实现了基于返波管源的太赫兹波反射式成像系统.这是一种新型的无损探伤成像方式.从样品表面或者基底反射回来的太赫兹波被焦热电探测器收集,最后经过计算机处理成像.频率为0.7THz的成像系统被用来对一系列样品进行无损检测,如硬币、徽章、模型飞机以及预埋了人工缺陷的工业样品.结果表明,很多工业材料相对于太赫兹波都是透明的,尤其是一些在航空航天技术中具有广泛应用价值的吸收微波的材料.

超声反射法套管-地层环空间介质波阻抗反演方法与成像实例

针对套管井反射式超声波水泥固井质量检测问题,本文利用超声反射波频谱中套管共振透射窗内的复合反射系数,提出了定量反演套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗的方法.利用复合反射系数中多个频率点的相移反正切函数主值,给出了波阻抗的计算公式,并把套管-地层环空间介质中波的相移的整、实特性作为波阻抗反演收敛的判据.针对井下实际测井环境中超声换能器性能受温度和压力等的影响而发生变化,导致的声源波形(子波)和复合反射系数不确定的困难,提出了用井下原地(insitu)实测波形定量估计声源波形和复合反射系数的方法.通过对合成数据的处理,分别考察了已知介质的声学和几何参数存在的偏差对套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗反演结果的影响.本文对多组模型井检验数据进行了目的层介质的波阻抗反演与成像,成像结果与真实情况吻合,验证了反演方法的有效性.最后对现场实测资料进行了套管-地层环空间内介质的波阻抗定量反演与成像.

横波远探测测井换能器研究

为提高偶极子横波远探测反射波的信噪比和增加其探测距离,根据偶极子井孔模式波的激发特性及反射波传播特征分析,研制了基于三叠片的低频大功率偶极子的横波远探测换能器,以降低模式波的相对能量和增加反射波的相对能量。为了得到满足要求的低频大功率偶极换能器,采用有限元方法对现有三叠片进行了优化改进,得到一种符合设计要求的换能器结构,最后制作了样机并对其进行了测试。样机测试结果跟仿真吻合得很好,低频性能得到了极大改善:换能器在谐振频率1.2 k Hz附近具有极好的偶极子指向性,谐振频率处的响应比X-MAC同频率段大19 d B。该换能器的研发成功将为偶极子远探测测井仪器性能及成像质量的提高奠定了坚实的基础。

反射声波成像测井的物理模拟

反射声波成像测井的分辨率和测量范围介于常规地震勘探和常规测井之间,在当前油气勘探的诸多领域尤其是随钻测井、大斜度井和水平井评价等复杂油气藏勘探和定量解释中具有实际意义。为此,对反射声波成像测井进行了物理模拟,制作了缩小比例的铝质和混凝土模型井,并用于模拟井旁不同倾角的声阻抗不连续界面对声波的反射。在充液环境下对反射声波模型井进行了实验测量,从全波波形上可以清楚地看到沿井壁传播的折射波和来自井旁声阻抗不连续界面的反射纵波。应用偏移叠加技术对物理模拟波形进行了反演处理,从偏移剖面上反演出的反射界面的尺寸、位置和倾角等几何特性与实验参数基本一致。

回线源瞬变电磁成像的理论分析及数值计算

为进一步提高瞬变电磁法对地探测的解释精度 ,提出了回线源瞬变电磁成像原理及数值计算方法 .讨论了频率域中水平层状介质中瞬变电磁响应 ,得到一个以波阻抗为积分核的双重积分式 ;然后对水平层介质下电磁场的解进行上、下行波分离 ,得到含有以反射系数序列为未知的线性方程组 ,并给出了求取波阻抗和反射系数的数值解法 :对实测磁场值进行域的变换 ,以均匀半空间下的等效波阻抗代替积分核函数 ,经过线性数字滤波后 ,在频率域求出等效波阻抗 ;把频率域中的波阻抗转换到时间域 ,以此为参数 ,构建方程组 ,在时间域用线性规划法求出反射系数序列 .最终以反射系数为参数进行成像 .对理论模型的数值计算结果表明 ,用本文提出的成像方法可以增强瞬变电磁法识别地下电性分界面的能力 .

井间地震有限角度叠加方法研究与应用

在胜利油田垦71区块的井间地震资料采集中,所采用的压电晶体可控震源的能量辐射主要集中在水平方向,导致井间地震反射波中既有小于临界角的正常反射,也存在超过临界角的广角反射。为了消除这些广角反射对上行反射波成像结果的影响,本文利用VSP-CDP方法对上行反射波进行Z-T域到Z-X域的映射,在CDP道集内按照入射角度抽取形成CDP角度道集,再依据Snell定律计算临界角大小。最后参考实际资料的角度道集,最终确定叠加成像角度范围,此区最大临界角为70°。因此本文方法可克服广角反射对成像的影响。

用反射波旅行时对层状介质进行成像的新方法

根据地震波的射线理论，给出了利用反射波旅行时对层状介质进行成像的新方法。在局部范围内可将地层各界面视作为平面，求取界面、速度诸参数，整个创面的成像只需反复在局部范围内求解。数值试验表明：本方法具有较高精度和收敛速度快等特点，适用于横向变化小、界面起伏比较平缓的地质剖面成像。

被动源面波和体波成像在内蒙古浅覆盖区勘探应用

地震勘探具有勘探深度和分辨率的优势,在矿产勘探中多被采用.但主动源反射地震具有成本高、在矿区采集困难等难题,限制了其广泛应用.无需主动源激发、利用天然噪声的被动源地震应用于勘探,可成为其低成本替代选项.本文在内蒙古浅覆盖区矿区进行了被动源勘探试验,采用相关计算获得拟炮集记录,并基于频率域信噪比计算,在生成拟炮集前实现了面波和体波甄选,分离了面波和体波.应用面波反演的横波速剖面识别了覆盖层厚度.体波数据经反射波常规处理,获得了成像剖面.经与主动源反射剖面对比,主要结构的反射特征呈现了良好的一致性.本文试验验证了被动源勘探在内蒙浅覆盖区具有良好应用前景,为低成本的面积性勘探实施提供了新的选择.