Reform Paths of Rural Land Property Rights System in the Context of Agricultural Modernization

The reform of rural land property rights system can promote large-scale and intensive agricultural production,improve the quality of laborers,improve agricultural production efficiency,increase farmers'income,and effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.In the context of the reform of the"separation of three powers",the rural land property rights system still has problems in terms of ownership,use rights,disposal rights,and income rights,which affect the healthy development of agricultural modernization.In this situation,it is necessary to further clarify the subject of rural land ownership,thoroughly improve the right to use rural land,vigorously improve the right to dispose of rural land,effectively protect the right to benefit from rural land,and deeply promote the reform of the rural land property rights system in order to effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.

The Impact of Changes of Property Rights on Farmland Use:An Empirical Study of China during Transition

In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet- ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur- ther reforms.

The reform of mode idea of ＂separation of powers＂ for China＇s rural land property system

By briefly reviewing the history of farmland property right in China, it puts forwards the conception of separation of three powers, which is to divide it into ownership, fight of contract, right of use, of farmland property right. In addition, it specifies the practical operational methods to realize the reform that make peasants become the only owner of land in the category of public ownership. It expects to promote the communication and concentration of farmland, so that we can realize the industrialization of agriculture to promote the agricultural productivity level.

Survey on the Peasants' Will of Forest Land Transfer in the Reform of Collective Forest Right System——On the Case of 180 Peasant Households in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province

Taking sample survey in the eighteen villages of Yunhe, Longquan and Qingyuan County of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province, the results show that the forest land transfer of sample peasants is mainly transfer-out, the private treaty of forest land transfer is the main pattern of most peasant households, forest right trading market hasn't got wide approval in peasants, peasants' dependence on land is reducing, and so on. Through analysis, the reasons of influent transfer of forest land include peasant's subjective will, less type of transfer objects, dull information communication, big difference of expected price and imperfect development of intermediary organization. In order to promote a healthy development of forest land transfer, the paper puts forward proposals of strengthening policy publicity, improving system, identifying property right, pushing variety of transfer types, developing forest land market, cultivating subject of market and so on.

Property Rights, Institutions and Forest Resources Management in Developing Countries

The objective of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework stimulating the sustainable management of natural resources in Central Africa. Based on the forest resources, we show how good identification and allocation of property rights strengthen the joint management of forest resources. Cameroon is selected as an example, since the country represents one of the most forest-intense areas in Africa. In doing so, we first evaluate the performance of institutions in fostering sustainable forest management. Second we show how good elaboration and allocation of property rights may contribute to improving efficiency in forest management. Using the New Institutional Economic (NIE) theory we provide an outline of the potential relationships between forest management and property rights allocated to stakeholders involved in forest exploitation. Finally we provide two forms of institutional structures that could improve forest management efficiency: public-private partnership and multi-stakeholder management approaches. Public-private partnerships are joint project management processes operated by both private businesses and public entities in order to combine public prescriptive mechanisms with private operational roles. Multi-stakeholder management approach is also a co-management initiative combining public entities, private actors and local population to increase the involvement of local dwellers living in forest areas in the decision process.

Reform in the Property Right System to Enhance Competitiveness—On the China Yangtze Group Corp.

The China Yangtze Group Corp. was founded in 1980. Now it has developed into a large state-owned consortium, with its business scope covering electrical appliances, automobiles, light industry and other industrial sectors. It has gross assets of RMB 1.737 billion, and net assets of RMB359 million. The Yangtze Group has been developing, with reliance on bank loans in recent years, incurring heavy debts; and its leading product-refrigerator,

On the Restricting Factors & System Arrangements of Chinese Land Tenure Marketization

As a general rule of Economics of Development,economic growth and development require rational institution guarantee.Land Tenure.As a main institution factor in agricultural development,closely relates to the reform of Chinese agriculture.Based on the relevant theories of Economics of Institution and Economics of Development,and combined with the marketization process of Chinese Land Tenure of Property Rights,the article studied the effects of institutional factors and put forward some choices in the development of agriculture,which is of both significant and practical importance.

Evolution of Transitional Institutions for Urban Land Redevelopment in China——Case in Guangzhou

Building effective institutions for markets is a great challenge to China's transitional economy. China's experience in establishing urban land markets is characterized by trial and error and the gradual evolution of transitional institutions. Based on archive data and interviews in a neighborhood(Jinhuajie) of Guangzhou,this research reveals that China's land redevelopment in the past two decades has followed an approach of partial and gradual reform,which was structured by the gradual evolution of transitional institutions to speed up local land redevelopment within the existing property rights system. Transitional institutions,including highly compensated residents' land use rights,in-kind land lease payment,flexible control on development rights of developers and short-term actual ownership of work units,are generated by the local government sequentially to dispel existing land use rights of different land users and make further development be able to follow market mechanisms.

地方改革试点的实践样态与行动逻辑--基于“激励-问责”协同性框架的多案例分析

改革试点是一种重要的治国理政机制。中国的改革试点不仅是一种纵向的分级制政策实验,在横向上地方改革试点还表现出明显的地方性差异。改革试点对应的是宽泛的政策指导与政策的灵活性,政策执行的条件将直接影响地方改革效能。在地方改革试点中,激励结构与问责力度是影响政策执行的两个关键要素。基于全国农村产权制度改革的多案例研究结果表明,地方政府的激励结构、问责强度和资源禀赋构成了地方改革试点的使动条件,地方主政者的行动态度、行动空间和行动能力构成了地方改革试点的能动条件,两者协同促使地方政府采取争先创新、稳妥有序、应付避责与象征执行的行动策略。因此,在地方改革试点中,要营造更具包容性的政策环境,建立相对均衡的制度结构,激发地方改革创新的积极性和能动性,以提升地方治理效能。

农村集体产权制度改革综合评价及障碍因子分析

基于改革政策目标,从产权能力完善、集体经济发展和农民权益保障三个方面,运用熵权TOPSIS法和障碍度模型,对中国30个省(区、市)2014—2021年的农村集体产权制度改革进行综合评价和障碍因子分析。研究发现:中国农村集体产权制度改革水平总体呈平稳上升趋势,区域间呈现“东高西低”的特征,各地区改革水平的差距呈逐步缩小态势;各省(区、市)农村集体产权制度改革的主要障碍因子是农业机械化水平、家庭农场发展水平、农村市场化程度、集体经营收入水平、集体经济组织管理能力和农村居民财产性收入占比,基本属于集体经济发展维度,表明农村集体经济发展水平与改革规划目标仍有差距,还需进一步提升集体产权改革的经济效能。

创业选择中的正式制度作用差异解析--基于合约履行和产权保护的比较分析

完善的正式制度是激活地区创业活力的重要保障。然而,现有研究往往聚焦于整体制度或单一制度展开分析,忽视了不同制度对创业选择的作用机制差异及其潜在复杂效应,这既造成了现有诸多争论的产生,也极大限制了对创业选择中制度影响力的理解。基于制度解绑观点,文章将合约履行制度和产权保护制度视为国家正式制度的两个关键维度,采用分层线性模型对2010-2015年54个国家的355769个劳动力个体样本的检验结果表明,尽管两种制度的改善均有助于提高个体机会型创业可能性,但内在机制的差异却将导致不同制度在特定情境下表现出明显的效应差异。一方面,合约履行制度将在经济发展水平较低地区、对低人力资本个体的机会型创业决策产生更明显促进作用;另一方面,产权保护制度则将在经济发展水平较高地区、对高人力资本个体的机会型创业决策产生更明显促进作用。特别是,作用机制的差异也将导致两种制度对创业决策的共同作用产生潜在抵消效应。上述结论在采用多种稳健性检验后仍保持一致。文章研究结论揭示了对多元制度进行划分是有价值和必要的,有助于推动领域讨论从整体、单一制度的简单分析向多元制度复杂分析的视角转变,并为地方政府根据具体实践促进创业提供一定启示。

深化集体林权制度改革的再思考

对中国三次集体林权制度改革进行概述,分析林业发展环境的变化,提出深化林业改革的主要任务和策略。研究表明:当前中国森林主要作用、林权利用方式、林产品原料来源发生了变化;新一轮集体林改主导者和目标发生了变化,林改成果的评价内容也发生了变化,新一轮林改是从调动农民经营林业的积极性延展到动员全社会参与林业发展,让全社会支持林业发展延展到让林业更好地满足全社会需要;新一轮林改需要持续创新林业协同发展体制、改革森林采伐管理制度、构建林权流转监管和服务平台、创新生态服务价值实现机制、健全生态经济兼顾的林业政策体系。

连锁董事如何影响上市公司审计费用?——基于中国A股上市公司的经验证据

以中国A股上市公司为样本,基于繁忙假说、共谋假说检验了连锁董事对上市公司审计费用的影响及作用机理。研究发现,连锁董事会增加上市公司审计费用,且连锁董事的广度与深度均能显著增加上市公司审计费用。影响机制检验表明,连锁董事提高了上市公司的财务风险,进而导致上市公司审计费用的增加。进一步研究发现,在内部连锁董事、非国有企业、机构投资者持股比例较高以及上市公司存在内部控制重大缺陷的情境中,连锁董事对上市公司审计费用的正向影响更强。相关结论进一步丰富了连锁董事任职和审计费用领域的理论研究,也可以为会计师事务所优化审计定价决策和上市公司完善公司治理制度提供参考。

董事会失败容忍对环保投资效率的影响研究

双碳目标的提出,再次强调了环境治理的急迫性。想要实现双碳目标,除了加大环保投入之外,更要重视环保投资效率。本文基于失败容忍这一理论视角,以2011~2022年沪深上市公司为样本,使用面板数据分析模型实证检验了董事会失败容忍和环保投资效率之间的关系。研究结果表明:董事会失败容忍对环保投资效率具有正向作用,即提高董事会失败容忍程度能通过激励管理层达到提高环保投资效率的效果;内部控制会显著增强董事会失败容忍对环保投资效率的正向作用,机构投资者关注会削弱董事会失败容忍对环保投资效率的正向作用;异质性分析表明:内部控制的正向调节作用在国有企业和非重污染企业更显著,机构投资者关注的负向调节作用在私营企业和重污染企业更显著。本文的研究结论对提高环保投资效率,推进环境治理具有重大意义。

论农村土地制度改革的整体性

农村土地制度改革的整体性体现为两方面,即实现地权平等和地权体系具有适应实践发展需要的有效性、开放性与包容性。家庭承包地“三权分置”政策的法律化和承包期延长,土地征收规则的更新、集体经营性建设用地入市和建设用地指标化交易,以及农村宅基地“三权分置”政策的实施,是农村土地制度改革整体性推进的主要体现。土地利用规划及其实施,以及政府在地权交易中的法律地位,是分析地权交易规则科学性的两个基本因素。为进一步整体性地推进农村土地制度改革,实现其既定政策目标,需要建立科学的农村集体产权制度,深化土地收益分配机制,以市场需求为导向完善土地利用规划机制和土地指标交易机制。

农村养老机构公建民营改制:何以可能又何以可为?

人口老龄化和城乡人口倒置的加深使得农村养老问题日益突出,在家庭养老照护功能减弱的情况下,对农村养老机构实行公建民营改制是完善农村社会化养老体系的重要举措。然而,农村养老机构公建民营改制虽拓宽了多元主体参与的渠道,但实际也遭遇了政策初衷扭曲、实践效果不佳等诸多瓶颈。研究发现,对改制主体权责关系的讨论是解决改制瓶颈的关键。通过福利多元主义中“多元福利主体”和社会治理中“多元主体治理”这两个概念,构建“多元主体识别多元主体参与多元主体协同”的分析框架,探讨农村养老机构公建民营改制的可能前提和可为进路。中部某省A县的改制实践表明,对多元主体的权责厘清是实施改制的前提条件,而多元主体本身各持逻辑则是导致改制困境的根源,具体表现为政策内卷导致的县民政局越位管理、科层逻辑导致的乡镇政府工作缺位、过度依赖导致的市场主体目标偏离和生活理性导致的机构院长经验欠缺等。为此,要确保县民政局把握导向不越位、重塑乡镇政府监督和沟通责任、明确市场配置作用和产品定位以及完善院长角色定位和能力提升,实现多元主体的协同发展,以期达成农村养老机构公建民营改制的初衷和目标,完善农村机构养老建设体系,为农村社会化养老的多样态高质量发展提供助力。

深化集体林权制度改革阶段内蒙古林农林业生产经营的动力机制

集体林权制度改革关系国家生态安全和亿万农民福祉。在当前深化集体林权制度改革阶段,通过分析林农林业生产经营的动力因素,得出林农生产经营的动力机制,提出提升林农生产经营动力的对策建议,以期进一步激发林农生产经营的活力,从而促进森林资源持续增长和林农收入持续增加。

企业的量子态与人本企业制度安排

企业及其员工具有类量子特性。面对量子态企业,管理需要量子化革命。人本化的企业制度安排是实现量子管理的有效途径,可从产权与治理制度、组织制度和管理制度三个层面入手实现企业管理量子化。二元产权制度、“八爪鱼式”组织架构模式和自驱动的管理制度体系是人本制度安排的思想内核。人本制度安排有助于企业更好地应对外部不确定性,充分发挥人的创造力,提升人创造价值的主动性,充分释放人的内在潜能,最终实现共有经济价值最大化和成就人、发展人的价值管理目标。

Does Property Rights Reform Improve the Efficiency of China's State-owned Banks?

China ＂s state-owned banks have undergone radical changes over the past two decades, including partial privatization and listing in both the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. This paper evaluates the effects of these changes by analyzing the efficiency of Chinese banks over the period 1998-2012 using two frontier techniques and comparative analysis. The findings suggest that the performance and technical efficiency of the Big Four banks improved considerably after property rights reform, but this improvement is not sufficient to keep the banks at the production frontier. Tobit regressions confirm that static ownership effects are negative but that the property rights reform has had significant and positive effects on the technical efficiency of state-owned commercial banks. GDP growth and the financial crisis have had positive effects on the efficiency of Chinese banks, which is more significant for joint stock commercial banks than state-owned commercial banks. The results indicate the value of ownership reforms of state-owned asset management companies and insurance companies and the establishment of a countercyclical capital buffer.

医疗机构科技成果转化中的伦理挑战与应对措施

医疗机构既是创新成果的研发端,也是应用端,这使得医学科技成果转化有别于高校院所科技成果转化,也面临着伦理治理的新问题与新挑战。与此同时,促进医学科技成果转化工作本身的伦理性也需要得到关注与维护。提高人民健康水平,改善人民生活质量,是过程监管的最终伦理目标。伦理评价的目标、体制和行为需要各有其侧重点,以避免重复评价,提升评价效率,保障评价工作本身的伦理性。讨论了医疗机构成果转化过程监管的伦理挑战的具体分类及其常见形式,建议围绕伦理价值观,完善法律制度体系,理顺医疗机构公益性与转化盈利性之间的关系,探寻医疗机构转化优势的新定位。