Modelling of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell with different designs of indirect internal reformer

The cell performance and temperature gradient of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell with indirect internal reformer （IIR-SOFC） fuelled by natural gas, containing a typical catalytic packed-bed reformer, a catalytic coated wall reformer, a catalytic annular reformer, and a novel catalytic annular-coated wall reformer were investigated with an aim to determine the most efficient internal reformer system. Among the four reformer designs, IIR-SOFC containing an annular-coated wall reformer exhibited the highest performance in terms of cell power density （0.67 W.cm 2） and electrical efficiency （68%） with an acceptable temperature gradient and a moderate pressure drop across the reformer （3.53 × 10 5 kPa）. IIR-SOFC with an annular-coated wall reformer was then studied over a range of operating conditions： inlet fuel temperature, operating pressure, steam to carbon （S ： C） ratio, gas flow pattern （co-flow and counter-flow pattern）, and natural gas compositions. The simulation results showed that the temperature gradient across the reformer could not be decreased using a lower fuel inlet temperature （1223 K-1173 K） and both the power density and electrical efficiency of the cell also decreased by lowering fuel inlet temperature. Operating in higher pressure mode （1-10 bar） improved the temperature gradient and cell performance. Increasing the S ： C ratio from 2 ： 1 to 4：1 could decrease the temperature drop across the reformer but also decrease the cell performance. The average temperature gradient was higher and smoother in IIR-SOFC under a co-flow pattern than that under a counter-flow pattern, leading to lower overpotential and higher cell performance. Natural gas compositions significantly affected the cell performance and temperature gradient. Natural gas containing lower methane content provided smoother temperature gradient in the system but showed lower power density and electrical efficiency.

Effect of Partial Substitution of Ni by Cu in LaNiO_3 Perovskite Catalyst for Dry Methane Reforming

A series of ternary perovskite type oxides LaNi1-xCuxO3(x = 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,and 1.0) were synthesized via the sol-gel method in propionic acid.Partial substitution of Ni by Cu showed higher activities and selectivities towards syngas products.LaNi0.8Cu0.2O3 was the most active toward the CH4 and CO2 conversions,and was selective for syngas products.Temperature-programmed reduction results showed that the addition of Cu facilitates the reduction of Ni3+ to Ni0,which is the main reason for the higher performance of this catalyst.

Coke-Resistant Ni-based Catayst for Partial Oxidation and CO_2-Reforming of Methane to Syngas

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Combination of Partial Oxidation and CO_2 Reforming of Methane over Monolithic Ni/CeO-(2-)ZrO_(2)/γ-Al_(2)O_(3) Catalyst

A new monolithic Ni/ CeO2-ZrO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for combined partial oxidation and CO2 reforming of methane was prepared. The result shows that the addition of O2 to the feed can improve the activity of the catalyst and adjust the H2/CO ratio of the productive gases.

Solutions to Teaching Reform Challenges of Elective Courses under the Background of New Liberal Arts:Taking International Trade in Services Course as an Example

Variations in the allocation of university resources,teachers’course selection preferences and teaching commitment levels,as well as students’course preferences and assessment requirements,create subjective differences.These differences,compounded by the demands of the new liberal arts reform,place significant challenges and pressure on elective course instructors.To meet these demands,elective course teachers should enhance their teaching methods and explore new instructional models.The International Trade in Services course,for instance,has implemented six areas of curriculum reform,enriching the practice of elective course improvement.

Low-temperature utilization of CO_2 and CH_4 by combining partial oxidation with reforming of methane over Ru-based catalysts

Combination of partial oxidation of methane （POM） with carbon dioxide reforming of methane （CRM） has been studied over Ru-based catalysts at 550℃.POM,CRM and combined reaction were performed over 8wt%Ru/γ-Al2O 3 and the results show that both POM and CRM contribute to the combined reaction,between which POM plays a more important role.Moreover,the addition of Ce to Ru-based catalyst results in an improvement in the activity and CO selectivity under the adopted reaction conditions.The Ce-doped catalyst was characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,SEM,XRD,TPR,XPS and in situ DRIFTS.The mechanism has been studied by in situ DRIFTS together with the temperature distribution of catalyst bed.The mechanism of the combined reaction is more complicated and it is the combination of POM and CRM mechanisms in nature.The present paper provides a new catalytic system to activate CH4 and CO2 at a rather low temperature.

Ni nanoparticles supported on carbon as efficient catalysts for steam reforming of toluene(model tar)

This paper investigated the influences of surface properties of carbon support and nickel precursors(nickel nitrate, nickel chloride and nickel acetate) on Ni nanoparticle sizes and catalytic performances for steam reforming of toluene. Treatment with nitric acid helped to increase the amount of functional groups on the surface and hydrophilic nature of carbon support, leading to a homogeneous distribution of Ni nanoparticles. The thermal decomposition products of nickel precursor also played an important role, Ni nanoparticles supported on carbon treated with acid using nickel nitrate as the precursor exhibited the smallest mean diameter of 4.5 nm. With the loading amount increased from 6 wt% to 18 wt%, the mean particle size of Ni nanoparticles varied from4.5 nm to 9.1 nm. The as-prepared catalyst showed a high catalytic activity and a good stability for toluene steam reforming: 98.1% conversion of toluene was obtained with the Ni content of 12 wt% and the S/C ratio of3, and the conversion only decreased to 92.0% after 700 min. Because of the high activity, good stability, and low cost, the as-prepared catalyst opens up new opportunities for tar removing.

Simulation Studies of the Hydrogen Production from Methanol Partial Oxidation Steam Reforming by a Tubular Packed-bed Catalytic Reactor

Hydrogen production by partial oxidation steam reforming of methanol over a Cu/ZnO/Al2 O3 catalyst has been paid more and more attention. The chemical equilibria involved in the methanol partial oxidation steam reforming reaction network such as methanol partial oxidation, methanol steam reforming, decomposition of methanol and water-gas shift reaction have been examined over the ranges of temperature 473-1073 K under normal pressure. Based on the detailed kinetics of these reactions over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, and from the basic concept of the effectiveness factor, the intraparticle diffusion limitations were taken into account. The effectiveness factors for each reaction along the bed length were calculated. Then important results were offered for the simulation of this reaction process.

Effect of initial nickel particle size on stability of nickel catalysts for aqueous phase reforming

The deactivation behavior by crystallite growth of nickel nanoparticles on various supports（carbon nanofibers, zirconia, Si C, α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3） was investigated in the aqueous phase reforming of ethylene glycol. Supported Ni catalysts of ~10 wt% were prepared by impregnation of carbon nanofibers（CNF）,Zr O2, SiC, γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3. The extent of the Ni nanoparticle growth on various support materials follows the order CNF ~ ZrO2〉 SiC 〉 γ-Al2O3〉〉 α-Al2O3 which sequence, however, was determined by the initial Ni particle size. Based on the observed nickel leaching and the specific growth characteristics; the particle size distribution and the effect of loading on the growth rate, Ostwald ripening is suggested to be the main mechanism contributing to nickel particle growth. Remarkably, initially smaller Ni particles（~12 nm） supported on α-Al2O3 were found to outgrow Ni particles with initially larger size（~20 nm）. It is put forward that the higher susceptibility with respect to oxidation of the smaller Ni nanoparticles and differences in initial particle size distribution are responsible for this behavior.

Reform of Rural Planting Structure in China since the Reform and Opening-up and Its Main Problems

Based on the oral interview of six different types of rural families in Houdian Village,Longkou City,Shandong Province,combined with the adjustment of rural reform policies,this paper analyzed reasons for the reform of rural planting structure in China since the reform and opening-up and elaborated the general outline of the reform of the planting structure.From the changes in farmers' attitudes,it explored the achievements and shortcomings of rural reform in the past 40 years.It discussed problems such as shortage of labor resources and vacancy of family education of teenagers in the current sustainable development of rural areas.Finally,it came up with some recommendations for the development of rural areas.

Hydrogen production from partial oxidation of dimethyl ether by plasma-catalyst reforming

Hydrogen was produced from partial oxidation reforming of DME （dimethyl ether） by spark discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure. A plasma-catalyst reformer was designed. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate its performance of hydrogen-rich gas production. The effects of reaction temperature, catalyst and flow rate on gas concentrations （volume fraction）, hydrogen yield, DME conversion ratio, specific energy consumption and thermal efficiency were investigated, respectively. The experimental results show that hydrogen concentration and the flow rate of produced H2 are improved when temperature increases from 300 ℃ to 700 ℃. Hydrogen yield, hydrogen concentration and the flow rate of produced H2 are substantially improved in the use of Fe-based catalyst at high temperature. Moreover, hydrogen yield and thermal efficiency are improved and change slightly when flow rate increases. When catalyst is 12 g, and flow rate increases from 35 mL/min to 210 mL/min, hydrogen yield decreases from 66.4% to 57.7%, and thermal efficiency decreases from 35.6% to 30.9%. It is anticipated that the results would serve as a good guideline to the application of hydrogen generation from hydrocarbon fuels by plasma reforming onboard.

Experimental assessment of a plasma-catalyst hybrid reformer for hydrogen production via partial oxidation of dimethyl ether

In this work,hydrogen is produced from partial oxidation reforming of dimethyl ether （DME） by a plasma-catalyst hybrid reformer under atmospheric pressure.The plasma-catalyst hybrid reformer which includes both plasma and catalyst reactors is designed.A spark discharge is used as a non-equilibrium plasma source,and it is used to ionize the mixture of DME and air.The performances of the reformer are characterized experimentally in terms of gas concentrations,hydrogen yield,DME conversion ratio,and specific energy consumption.The effects of discharge frequency,reaction temperature,air-to-DME ratio and space velocity are investigated.The experimental results show that the plasma-catalyst hybrid reformer enhances hydrogen yield when reaction temperature drops below 620 ℃.At 450 ℃,hydrogen yield of hybrid reforming is almost three times that of catalyst reforming.When space velocity is 510 h-1,hydrogen yield is 67.7%,and specific energy consumption is 12.2 k J/L-H2.

Practical Significance of Rural Survey of the Communist Party of China after Reform and Opening up

Conducting rural social investigation is the excellent tradition of the Communist Party of China.Since the reform and opening up,the Communist Party of China has undertaken several times of rural investigation,fully grasped the first-hand data of rural development situation of China,and formulated scientific policies and measures.These promote tremendous changes in rural development.Rural investigation of the Communist Party of China covers a wide range of topics,including politics,economy,education,science and technology,health care,sanitation,and population.Undertaking detailed investigation in rural areas is of great significance for development of rural society,scientific administration of the Communist Party of China,and the construction of the socialist society with Chinese characteristics.

Enhanced near-zero-CO2-emission chemicals-oriented oil production from coal with inherent CO2 recycling: Part I—PRB coal fast pyrolysis coupled with CO2/CH4 reforming

In this study,the Powder River Basin(PRB)coal fast pyrolysis was conducted at 700°C in the atmosphere of syngas produced by CH4-CO2 reforming in two different patterns,including the double reactors pattern(the first reactor is for syngas production and the second is for coal pyrolysis)and double layers pattern(catalyst was at upper layer and coal was at lower layer).Besides,pure gases atmosphere including N2,H2,CO,H2-CO were also tested to investigate the mechanism of the coal pyrolysis under different atmospheres.The pyrolysis products including gas,liquid and char were characterized,the result showed that,compared with the inert atmosphere,the tar yield is improved with the reducing atmospheres,as well as the tar quality.The hydrogen partial pressure is the key point for that improvement.In the atmosphere of H2,the tar yield was increased by 31.3%and the contained BTX(benzene,toluene and xylene)and naphthalene were increased by 27.1%and 133.4%.The double reactors pattern also performed outstandingly,with 25.4%increment of tar yield and 25.0%and 79.4%for the BTX and naphthalene.The double layers pattern is not effective enough due to the low temperature(700°C)in which the Ni-based catalyst was not fully activated.

Political Reform in Brazil and Contradictions in the Legal Understanding of Party Loyalty

The Superior Electoral Court anticipated the political reform with the creation of party loyalty, reproduced in infra constitutional legislation by Law n°. 13.165/2015. The change in the electoral system allows imagine the foundation of a State Parties in Brazilian democracy. Although most constitutions incorporate the virtual mandate idea, or representative, according thought of Burke and Sieyes, the democratic legitimacy requires control mechanisms and accountability of representatives to the population, including legal. It takes up to the imperative mandate, not in Rousseauian molds, but tied to party guidelines, founding party mandates. The ownership of the mandate by the political party moves towards the strengthening of key players who are partisan associations in the electoral process. On the other hand, it is not obvious that political parties meet the necessary conditions for the establishment of an imperative mandate tied to party deliberations, since patent oligarchic and bureaucratic character of much of them, whose process of deliberation and choice of leaders and political positions do not require internal democracy. This reflection induces the political and party system to wonder if the role they playing in democracy helps to combat political inequality or strength it, by analyzing the dynamics of party migration in Brazil.

Participatory Planning of Social and Spatial Organization in Agrarian Reform Policy in Brazil： An Assessment of the Implementation Challenges

The social endeavors for Agrarian Reform in Brazil have a history of at least sixty years. Throughout this time, distinct political regimes, increased land concentration, disordered urbanization and the development of a dynamic agribusiness sector inserted in global economy led to both the aggravation of social conflicts over land in Northern and Southern Brazil as well as new inquiries on the features necessary for an efficient Agrarian Reform Plan in the authors＇ country. Focused on the agrarian reform projects in the Brazilian Amazon, this work discusses on the political and methodological perspectives drawn in II PNRA （second National Plan of Agrarian Reform）. The authors frame their account mostly along the theoretical scaffolding provided by the Bloomington School of Institutional Analysis. The authors analyze the multiple challenges facing the organization and the maintenance of the institutional structure designed to facilitate participatory planning and governance of collective resources in periurban settlements. The authors portrait these settlements as highly complex socio-ecological systems wherein socioeconomic asymmetries, cultural diversity and poor social capital and education promote political and ideological disputes that jeopardize safeguarding global commons.

Research on the path of building a good Party conduct since the reform and opening up

The construction of the good Party conduct is a great project for the Chinese Communist Party to realize its great dream and realistic pursuit. Since the reform and opening up, the four generations of the leading collectives have emphasized the focus of the construction of the Party conduct from the unique perspectives, promoted the standardization of the ＂institutional construction＂, promoted the construction of the ＂two major issues＂ to be scientific, and promoted the construction of＂anti-corruption and building a clean government＂ in detail. Since entering the new era ofXi Jinping, the new central leadership collective, on the basis of inheriting both the existing ideas and the existing achievements, puts forward the new problems of ＂four winds＂, explores the new paths, depicts the new blueprint including the ideal beliefs, the leadership power and the long effect mechanisms, and transforms them into the practical actions, to promote the construction of the new development of the Socialist Party conduct with Chinese characteristics.

Changes in social welfare party leadership since the reform and opening up

The planned economy period after the founding of New China, there are a number of defects caused by the social welfare system of the country arranged the comprehensive safeguards, cannot meet the needs of the members of the community welfare. Since the reform and opening up, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, China＇s social welfare undertakings made progress in the reform, old-age benefits, disability benefits, women＇s welfare, child welfare and so on can be further developed. In aging relatively serious today, social pension needs of rapid growth, the urgent need to support the people＇s participation and social forces, to promote the socialization of social welfare, accelerate the development of social welfare, the early establishment of an appropriate type social welfare undertakings Pratt ＆ Whitney.

Upcycling municipal solid waste to sustainable hydrogen via two-stage gasification-reforming

As global municipal solid waste(MSW)quantities continue to escalate,serious socio-environmental challenges arise,necessitating innovative solutions.Waste-to-hydrogen(WTH)via two-stage gasification-reforming(TSGR)presents an emergent technology for MSW upcycling,offering to ease waste management burdens and bolster the burgeoning hydrogen economy.Despite early initiatives to advance TSGR technology,a cohesive and critical analysis of cutting-edge knowledge and strategies to enhance hydrogen production remains lacking.This review aggregates literature on MSW upcycling to hydrogen via TSGR,with a focus on optimizing process control and catalytic efficiency.It underscores technological avenues to augment hydrogen output,curtail catalyst costs,and refine system performance.Particularly,the review illuminates the potential for integrating chemical and calcium looping into TSGR processes,identifying opportunities,and pinpointing challenges.The review concludes with a summary of the current state of techno-economic analysis for this technology,presenting outstanding challenges and future research directions,with the ultimate goal of transitioning WTH from theoretical to practical application.

Difficulties Facing the Arctic Council Reform and Domainal Governance

The Arctic Council celebrated its 20th birthday in 2016. During the last two decades, the Council has played a crucial role in Arctic governance. However, with the change of world situation and the increasing of global attention, defects inherent in the Council appeared one by one. Against this backdrop, more voices raise call for the reform of the Council. In response, the Council has recently implemented measures such as creating the Council Secretariat, attempting to transform itself from a “forum” into an “organization”. However, there are still immense hurdles to a comprehensive reform of the Council, due to its indefinite goal, lack of momentum and structural deficiencies. In recent years, a tendency of domainal governance emerged in the scene of Arctic governance, which gives the international community a new perspective to the devising of a strategy for building regional order. When it comes to the effectiveness of Arctic governance, a network formed by domainal governance is not necessarily worse than a comprehensive governance mechanism. In this connection, the Council may be treated as a part of the domainal governance network in the Arctic, so that the Council may join with other domainal governance mechanisms in the efforts to push Arctic governance to move in a better direction.