An Electron Model Based on the Fine Structure Constant

In previous publications, the author has proposed a model of the electron’s internal structure, wherein a positively-charged negative mass outer shell and a negatively-charged positive mass central core are proposed to resolve the electron’s charge and mass inconsistencies. That model is modified in this document by assuming the electron’s radius is exactly equal to the classical electron radius. The attributes of the internal components of the electron’s structure have been recalculated accordingly. The shape of the electron is also predicted, and found to be slightly aspherical on the order of an oblate ellipsoid. This shape is attributed to centrifugal force and compliant outer shell material. It is interesting to note that all of the electron’s attributes, both external and internal, with the exception of mass and angular moment, are functions of the fine structure constant a, and can be calculated from just three additional constants: electron mass, Planck’s constant, and speed of light. In particular, the ratios of the outer shell charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 3/2a. The ratios of the central core charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 1-(3/2a). Attributes of the electron are compared with those of the muon. Charge and spin angular momentum are the same, while mass, magnetic moment, and radius appear to be related by the fine structure constant. The mass of the electron outer shell is nearly equal to the mass of the muon. The muon internal structure can be modeled exactly the same as for the electron, with exactly the same attribute relationships.

On the Fine Structure and the Other Coupling Constants at the Planck Scale

It is shown that the fine structure constant at Planck times tends to one as well as those of the weak and strong interactions. This results by constraining them at the Planck force. That seems to provide interesting new results which confirm that at the beginning of space time (Planck scale) all fundamental forces converge to the same unit value.

A Conceptual Model of Our Universe Derived from the Fine Structure Constant (α)

The Fine Structure Constant (α) is a dimensionless value that guides much of quantum physics but with no scientific insight into why this specific number. The number defines the coupling constant for the strength of the electromagnetic force and is precisely tuned to make our universe functional. This study introduces a novel approach to understanding a conceptual model for how this critical number is part of a larger design rather than a random accident of nature. The Fine Structure Constant (FSC) model employs a Python program to calculate n-dimensional property sets for prime number universes where α equals the whole number values 137 and 139, representing twin prime universes without a fractional constant. Each property is defined by theoretical prime number sets that represent focal points of matter and wave energy in their respective universes. This work aims to determine if these prime number sets can reproduce the observed α value, giving it a definable structure. The result of the FSC model produces a α value equal to 137.036, an almost exact match. Furthermore, the model indicates that other twin prime pairs also have a role in our functional universe, providing a hierarchy for atomic orbital energy levels and alignment with the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers. In addition, it construes stable matter as property sets with the highest ratio of twin prime elements. These results provide a new perspective on a mathematical structure that shapes our universe and, if valid, has the structural complexity to guide future research.

Determination of the Structural Constant of the Atom

The equations for energy, momentum, frequency, wavelength and also Schr?dinger equation of the electromagnetic wave in the atom are derived using the model of atom by analogy with the transmission line. The action constant A0 = (μ0/ε0)1/2s02e2 is a key term in the above mentioned equations. Besides the other well-known quantities, the only one unknown quantity in the last expression is a structural constant s0. Therefore, this article is dedicated to the calculation of the structural constant of the atoms on the basis of the above mentioned model. The structural constant of the atoms s0 = 8.277 56 shows up as a link between macroscopic and atomic world. After calculating this constant we get the theory of atoms based on Maxwell’s and Lorentz equations only. This theory does not require Planck constant h, which once was introduced empirically. Replacement for h is the action constant A0, which is here theoretically derived, while the replacement for fine structure constant α is 1/(2s02). In this way, the structural constant s0 replaces both constants, h and α. This paper also defines the stationary states of atoms and shows that the maximal atomic number is equal to 2s02 = 137.036, i.e., as integer should be Zmax=137. The presented model of the atoms covers three of the four fundamental interactions, namely the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions.

A Fine-Structure Constant Can Be Explained Using the Electrochemical Method

We proposed an empirical equation for a fine-structure constant: . Then, . where mp and me are the rest mass of a proton and the rest mass of an electron, respectively. In this report, using the electrochemical method, we proposed an equivalent circuit. Then, we proposed a refined version of our own old empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. Regarding the factors of 9/2 and π, we used 3.132011447 and 4.488519503, respectively. The calculated values of Tc and G are 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10-11 (m3⋅kg-1⋅s-2).

The Tension Cosmology, Largest Cosmic Structures and Explosions of Supernovae from SST

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.

Planck’s <i>h</i>and Structural Constant s₀

Application of Maxwell’s equations and the theory of relativity on the processes in atoms with real oscillator leads to the structural constant of atoms s0 = 8.278692517. Measurements show that the ratio of energy of the photon and its frequency is not constant which means that Planck’s h is not constant. The theory which is consistent with these measurements, has been found. This theory covers processes in electron configuration and also at the core of atoms. Based on the structural constant s0 the maximum possible atomic number Z is determined. In order to encompass all atoms and all nuclides a new measurement unit has been proposed. That is the measurement unit for the order of substance. The introduction of structural constant s0 makes 11 fundamental constants redundant, including Planck’s h. The structural constant of atoms s0 stands up as the most stable constant in a very wide range of measurement, so it may replace variable Planck’s h well. Continuity of the bremsstrahlung is explained.

Structural and Magnetic Properties of Co2MnSi Thin Film with a Low Damping Constant

Co2MnSi thin films are made by magnetron sputtering onto MgO （001） substrates. The crystalline quality is improved by increasing depositing temperature and/or annealing temperature. The sample deposited at 550℃ and subsequently annealed at 550℃ （sample I） exhibits a pseudo-epitaxial growth with partially ordered L21 phase. Sample I shows a four-fold magnetic anisotropy, in addition to a relatively weak uniaxial anisotropy. The Gilbert damping factor of sample I is smaller than 0.001, much smaller than reported ones. The possible reasons responsible for the small Gilbert damping factor are discussed, including weak spin-orbit coupling, small density of states at Fermi level, and so on.

Molecular Structural Characterization and Quantitative Prediction of Reduced Ion Mobility Constants for Diversified Organic Compounds

Based on two-dimensional topological structures, a novel molecular electronegativity interaction vector with hybridization （MEHIV） was developed to describe atomic hybridization state in different molecular environments. Five quantitative models by MEHIV characterization and multiple linear regression modeling were successfully established to predict reduced ion mobility constants （Ko） of alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes and ketones and carboxylic esters. The correlation coefficients Roy by leave-one-out cross-validation are 0.792, 0.787, 0,949, 0.972 and 0.981, respectively, and the standard deviations SDcv are 0.067, 0.086, 0.064, 0.043 and 0.042, respectively. These results suggested that MEHIV is an excellent topological index descriptor with many advantages such as straightforward physicochemical meaning, high characterization competence, convenient expansibility and easy manipulation.

Effects of pressure on structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of α,β,and γ uranium

The first-principles methods have been employed to calculate the structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of the α, β, and γ phases of uranium under pressure up to 100 GPa. The electronic structure has been viewed in forms of density of states and band structure. The mechanical stability of metal U in the α, β, and γ phases have been examined.The independent elastic constants, polycrystalline elastic moduli, as well as Poisson＇s ratio have been obtained. Upon compression, the elastic constants, elastic moduli, elastic wave velocities, and Debye temperature of α phase are enhanced pronouncedly. The value of B/G illustrates that α and γ phases are brittle in ground state.

Structure modification and constant remelting speed control of a 120-t three-phase electroslag furnace

The traditional large electroslag remelting furnaces have many shortages,such as high short-network impedance and inductance,long maintenance time for electrode replacement,low stiffness of driveline,and low control accuracy of remelting speed.The present research was aimed to solve these problems through structure modification and constant remelting speed control for a 120-t electroslag remelting(ESR) furnace.Based on the technique of three-phase double electrodes in series,the short-network system and the structure of the 120-t ESR furnace were improved;and a continuous feeding system for the self-consumption electrode was proposed.A selfdesigned fully hydraulic driveline system with three degrees of freedom was successfully applied to the 120-t ESR furnace.An electrode auto-replacement system and the S-style speed-control curve of electrode-feeding system were designed on the basis of the soft measurement/sensing model on the remaining electrode length so as to obtain a high accuracy control system for constant remelting speed.The experiment products showed good surface quality and cross-sectional results,indicating good system control,and verifying the effectiveness of the structure modification of the furnace.

Nonlinear Modeling and Identification of Structural Joint by Response Control Vibration Test

Components of mechanical product are assembled by structural joints,such as bolting,riveting,welding,etc.Structural joints introduce nonlinearity to some engineering structures,and the nonlinearity need to be modeled precisely.To meet serious quality requirements,it is necessary to detect and identify nonlinearity of mechanical products for structural optimization.Modal test to acquire a dynamic response has been applied for decades,which provides reliable results for finite element(FE)model updating.Here response control vibration test for identification of nonlinearity is presented.A nonlinear system can be regarded as linearity for particular steady state response,and classical linear analysis tool is applicable to extract modal data for particular response.First,its applicability is illustrated by some numerical simulations.Subsequently,it is implemented on experimental setup with structural joints by shaking table.The stiffness and damping function dependent of relative displacement are fitted to describe its inherent nonlinearity.The spring and damping forces are identified by harmonic balance method(HBM)to predict output response.Based on the identified results,the procedure is recommended that it allows a reliable measurement of nonlinearity with a certain accuracy.

A New Theory on the Origin and Nature of the Fine Structure Constant

The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydrodynamics, a comprehensible interpretation of the fine structure constant is developed. The vacuum considered to have superfluid characteristics and elementary particles such as the electron and Hydrogen molecule are irrotational vortices of this superfluid. In such a vortex, the angular rotation ω is maintained, and the larger the radius, the slower the rotational speed. The fine structure value is derived from the ratio of the rotational speed of the boundaries of the vortex to the speed of the vortex eye in its center. Since the angular rotation is constant, the same value was derived from the ratio between the radius of the constant vortex core and the radius of the hall vortex. Therefore, the constancy of alpha is an expression of the constancy relation in the vortex structure.

A Complex Higher-Dimensional Lie Algebra with Real and Imaginary Structure Constants as Well as Its Decomposition

A new Lie algebra G of the Lie algebra sl（2） is constructed with complex entries whose structure constants are real and imaginary numbers. A loop algebra G corresponding to the Lie algebra G is constructed, for which it is devoted to generating a soliton hierarchy of evolution equations under the framework of generalized zero curvature equation which is derived from the compatibility of the isospectral problems expressed by Hirota operators. Finally, we decompose the Lie algebra G to obtain the subalgebras G1 and G2. Using the G2 and its one type of loop algebra G2, a Liouville integrable soliton hierarchy is obtained, furthermore, we obtain its bi-Hamiltonian structure by employing the quadratic-form identity.

Prediction and Derivation of the Higgs Boson from the Neutron and Properties of Hydrogen Demonstrating Relationships with Planck’s Time, the Down Quark, and the Fine Structure Constant

A high accuracy Higgs boson, H0, is an important physical constant. The Higgs boson is associated with the property of mass related to broken symmetry in the Standard Model. The H0 mass cannot be derived by the Standard Model. The goal of this work is to derive and predict the mass of H0 from the subatomic data of the frequency equivalents of the neutron, electron, Bohr radius, and the ionization energy of hydrogen. H0’s close relationships to the fine structure constant, α, the down quark, and Planck time, tP are demonstrated. The methods of the harmonic neutron hypothesis introduced in 2009 were utilized. It assumes that the fundamental constants as frequency equivalents represent a classic unified harmonic system where each physical constant is associated with a classic harmonic integer fraction. It has been demonstrated that the sum exponent of a harmonic integer fraction, and a small derived linear δ value of the annhilation frequency of the neutron, vn, 2.2718591 × 1023 Hz, (vns) as a dimensionless coupling constant represent many physical constants as frequency equivalents. This is a natural unit system. The harmonic integer fraction series is 1/±n, and 1 ± 1/n for n equals 1 to ∞. The H0 is empirically and logically is associated with harmonic fractions, 1/11 and 1 + 1/11. α-1 is associated with 11. α-1 is a free space scaling constant for the electromagnetic force so it is logical that 11 should also have a pair, but for a free space mass constant. Also there should be a harmonic faction pair for the down quark, 1 - 1/11, just as there is pairing of the up quark, 1 - 1/10, and top quark, 1 + 1/10. The harmonic neutron hypothesis has published a method deriving a high accuracy Planck time, tP from the same limited subatomic data. The δ line for H0 should be closely associated with tP since they both are related to mass. The preferred derived value related to tP2 is 125.596808 GeV/c2. A less attractive derived value is 125.120961 GeV/c2 from the weak force factors only. The experimental CMS and Atlas value ranges are 125.03+0.26+0.13-0.27-0.15 and 125.36±0.37±0.18 GeV/c2. Empirically the H0 δ line is closely related to the same factors of the tP δ line, but with inverse sign of the slope. The H0 completes the paring of a free space constant for mass, the down quark, and an inverse sign δ line factors with tP. It is possible to accurately derive the mass of H0 from subatomic physical data. The model demonstrates that H0 is closely associated with α, the down quark, and tP. This prediction can be scrutinized in the future to see if it is accurate. The model has already published accurate predictions of the masses of the quarks.

TOPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF RENORM ALIZATION CONSTANTS I N QUANTUM FIELD THEORY AT SHORT DISTANCE KUNMING COLLABRATION OF MULTIHADRON DYNAMIOS

The anomalous dimensions of the quantum fields are the Hausdorff dimensiongrad. The present candidate of the renormalization constant is the generalized Cantor discontinuum. The Hausdorff dimensiongrad of the Minkowski space time is based upon the point set with σ-length on light cone.

Calculation of <i>G</i>Gravity Constant from the Mass and Electron Charge, and Fine Structure Constant

This study proposes, from the theoretical point of view, the calculation of the gravitational constant G, made starting from the charge and the electron mass, taking the constant of the Fine Structure into examination. In the empty space, couples of virtual positron electrons dematerialize, giving virtual photon origin. They, at their time, will become electrons, positrons and so on. These transformations are made keeping the board of their “amount of movement” and when they meet the matter, these couples come, reissued depending on the field and on the matter mass. The matter is the change of the trend of their gyromagnetic movement relationship which puts under pressure. In presence of two masses, this gyromagnetic movement relationship is already partially oriented towards the other mass. From here a force is established between these two masses that give as calculated constant equal to 6.678532. This value of G, obtained leaving from the charge and the electron mass, is very near the experimental values estimated in these last decades regard the value of the gravitational constant of G.

An Interesting Mathematical Relation between the Proton Mass, the Proton Radius, the Fine Structure Constant, the Compton Wavelength and the Hagedorn Temperature

In this short note we present a possible connection between the proton radius and the proton mass using the fine structure constant. The Hagedorn temperature is related to the energy levels assumed to be required to free the quarks from the proton, where hadronic matter is unstable. We also speculate that there could be a connection between the Hagedorn temperature and the Planck temperature through the fine structure constant. Regarding whether or not there is something to this (or if it is purely a coincidence), we will leave to others and future research to explore. However, we think these possible relationships are worth further investigation.

Evaluation of the Fine Structure Constant

An equation is given for analytically defining the value of the fine structure constant, whose derivation follows two main steps, relative to the generation of electric charges and to the polarizability of vacuum due to virtual dipoles. The obtained value matches the experimental one by a factor lower than the relative standard uncertainty produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Fundamental Harmonic Power Laws Relating the Frequency Equivalents of the Electron, Bohr Radius, Rydberg Constant with the Fine Structure, Planck’s Constant, 2 and π

We evaluate three of the quantum constants of hydrogen, the electron, e-, the Bohr radius, a0, and the Rydberg constants, , as natural unit frequency equivalents, v. This is equivalent to Planck’s constant, h, the speed of light, c, and the electron charge, e, all scaled to 1 similar in concept to the Hartree atomic, and Planck units. These frequency ratios are analyzed as fundamental coupling constants. We recognize that the ratio of the product of 8π2, the ve- times the vR divided by va0 squared equals 1. This is a power law defining Planck’s constant in a dimensionless domain as 1. We also find that all of the possible dimensionless and dimensioned ratios correspond to other constants or classic relationships, and are systematically inter-related by multiple power laws to the fine structure constant, α;and the geometric factors 2, and π. One is related to an angular momentum scaled by Planck’s constant, and another is the kinetic energy law. There are harmonic sinusoidal relationships based on 2π circle geometry. In the dimensionless domain, α is equivalent to the free space constant of permeability, and its reciprocal to permittivity. If any two quanta are known, all of the others can be derived within power laws. This demonstrates that 8π2 represents the logical geometric conversion factor that links the Euclid geometric factors/three dimensional space, and the quantum domain. We conclude that the relative scale and organization of many of the fundamental constants even beyond hydrogen are related to a unified power law system defined by only three physical quanta of ve-, vR, and va0.