General anesthesia and Obstetric Anesthesia is the gold standard for a cesarean section but there are some cases where general anesthesia is unavoidable. The use of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery has decreas...General anesthesia and Obstetric Anesthesia is the gold standard for a cesarean section but there are some cases where general anesthesia is unavoidable. The use of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery has decreased in recent years due to the widespread use of neuraxial techniques. The choice of anesthesia techniques for cesarean delivery depends on several factors, including the patient’s psychology and the attending physician’s experience. It is chosen because of its safety profile and its benefits to the mother and fetus. It may be indicated due to emergency, maternal refusal of regional techniques, or regional contraindications. Major complications include failed intubation, gastric content aspiration, and increased bleeding risk. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a newly launched team on obstetric anesthesia practice.展开更多
Using 80 short video examples about refusal language strategies on Douyin short videos as a corpus,this study explores the commonality and individuality,as well as the contradictory relationship between Chinese and Br...Using 80 short video examples about refusal language strategies on Douyin short videos as a corpus,this study explores the commonality and individuality,as well as the contradictory relationship between Chinese and British countries in the use of refusal language strategies by combining manual and graphical data analyses.It is found that Chinese people use more indirect ways of using refusal speech acts,and British and American countries use more direct ways of using refusal speech acts.In addition to this,both Chinese and British countries use non-verbal behavior to reject speech as a way of protecting the positive face of the addressee and reducing the threatening behavior to the face of the other party.This study also found that the ambivalent relationship between the emergence of refusal language strategies in both China and Britain is related to their personal psychological state,social values,and personal face.The results of this study have some values for sociology as well as pragmatics,which is conducive to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships.展开更多
Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have ha...Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have had revolutions against the disciplinary apparatus and legal devices of power (schools, hospitals, prisons) and we have had examples of revolutions against the economic foundations of social inequality, but there has never been a genuine revolution against pastoral power as a power relating to the conduct of individuals (but also entire social groups) and their disposition to “voluntary submission” to the will of external authorities. In my paper, I would like to reflect on this thesis, and taking it quite seriously, to look for examples of such revolutions. One of them is a women’s strike in Poland during the power of the conservative government of “Law and Justice”. Mainly referring to the texts of Silvia Federici and Paul Preciado, I will want to reflect on contemporary practices of reclaiming the body in contemporary capitalism. I will defend the thesis that regaining control over sexuality and reproduction means changing the material conditions of life and modern reproductive technologies.展开更多
Pandemic outbreaks disrupt agricultural trade.The possible strengthening of import barriers to products from countries at the epicenter of a pandemic by their trade partners could aggravate this situation.This paper e...Pandemic outbreaks disrupt agricultural trade.The possible strengthening of import barriers to products from countries at the epicenter of a pandemic by their trade partners could aggravate this situation.This paper examines the responses of the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA),import refusals,and subsequent trade impacts on the agricultural exports from the developing countries that were the epicenters of four pandemics in the past two decades.Using monthly data for the period 2002-2020,we find increased import refusals and amplified trade-impeding impacts on agricultural exports during pandemic outbreaks.Increased import refusals and the amplification of the trade-impeding effect of import refusals were especially large when China was the epicenter.We further examine possible differences in these results across products and FDA inspection methods,and the main conclusions remain robust.This paper offers a better understanding of the economic outcomes of pandemic outbreaks and provides policy suggestions for China.展开更多
This paper is to present a typology of refusal strategies which may be employed in the analysis of refusal performance from a discourse approach.Some previous research carried out is reviewed in order to classify non-...This paper is to present a typology of refusal strategies which may be employed in the analysis of refusal performance from a discourse approach.Some previous research carried out is reviewed in order to classify non-native speakers' production of this speech act.Then,the suggested taxonomy will be described in a systematized way from an interlanguage pragmatic perspective and within a conversational analysis framework.Finally,it is emphasized that effective communicative competence plays an important role in the production of this face-threatening speech act of refusing.展开更多
Objective: To assess the prevalence of HIV infection, to highlight HIV-testing refusal rates among participants in a population-based tuberculosis survey and to assess the implication for programme implementation.Meth...Objective: To assess the prevalence of HIV infection, to highlight HIV-testing refusal rates among participants in a population-based tuberculosis survey and to assess the implication for programme implementation.Methods: This cross-sectional study on the characteristics of participants who refused HIV testing was conducted in a national survey in Zambia. All eligible participants were aged above 15 years and included in the analysis.Results: Out of the 44 791 tuberculosis survey participants, 14 164(31.6%) refused to participate in HIV testing. The unemployed, rural dwellers, married, and those aged 15-24 years were associated with higher refusal rates.Conclusions: Strategies to improve HIV testing acceptance are necessary. Qualitative research is recommended to understand the reasons for testing refusals so that remedial interventions can be implemented.展开更多
The given article deals with the development of analytical model of request service process by multichannel technical system with unreliable, repaired and reconfigured service facilities. It is assumed that the system...The given article deals with the development of analytical model of request service process by multichannel technical system with unreliable, repaired and reconfigured service facilities. It is assumed that the system is functioning in service mode of random length random request flows. The system considers the existence of time redundancy for afterservice of calls, the service of which is interrupted with refusal, non-depreciating the performed part of the task. Special probability functions are introduced which on the basis of probability reasoning allow to make the systems of integral equations describing the dynamics of request service process.展开更多
Edward Hall offers us an effective means of examining cultural similarities and differences,that is the classification of high-context and low-context culture.The paper attempts to analyze a case of a Chinese refusal ...Edward Hall offers us an effective means of examining cultural similarities and differences,that is the classification of high-context and low-context culture.The paper attempts to analyze a case of a Chinese refusal from the perspective of highcontext and low-context communication and explores the differences between the two types of communication.展开更多
Requests and requesting language have been a popular topic for researchers from a wide range of fields including linguistic philosophy,pragmatics,social-pragmatics,and discourse analysis since 1960s.Requesting is a dy...Requests and requesting language have been a popular topic for researchers from a wide range of fields including linguistic philosophy,pragmatics,social-pragmatics,and discourse analysis since 1960s.Requesting is a dynamic process which is the combination of requests and pre-requests,as well as request negotiations.By now,studies mostly focused on the study of how request was initiated and what were the factors lying behind specific choice of one request form over others,and how request-makers pursued their demands when grants were not given as expected.However,limited studies have been published about the development of the strategies children took to avoid predictable refusals.This paper aims to make a contribution to this topic by conducting a longitudinal study lasting for approximately one year with a four-year-old Chinese girl as the subject.By contrasting and comparing the subject’s natural linguistic performance,the author tried to reveal the developmental procedure,and profound cognitive and cultural factors.展开更多
The present study analyzes ten English refusal letters of two subcategories based on Swales' genre analysis model and finds that difference exists in the generic features of the two subcategorized types. Teachers ...The present study analyzes ten English refusal letters of two subcategories based on Swales' genre analysis model and finds that difference exists in the generic features of the two subcategorized types. Teachers should reveal the underlying rationale behind linguistic features of a specific genre so that students can not only identify genre but also apply it appropriately.展开更多
This paper tries to analyze Philip Larkin's poem"High Window"from a deconstructive perspective. It is to show that in the poem the key words/signifiers are always under erasure, and thus the chain of sig...This paper tries to analyze Philip Larkin's poem"High Window"from a deconstructive perspective. It is to show that in the poem the key words/signifiers are always under erasure, and thus the chain of signification is endless since the poem is self-deconstructing. Then, the paper argues that the linguistic features of the poem paradoxically meaningful in the sense that it reflects the poet's skepticism and anxiety.展开更多
Appropriate autophagy has protective effects on ischemic nerve tissue,while excessive autophagy may cause cell death.The inflammatory response plays an important role in the survival of nerve cells and the recovery of...Appropriate autophagy has protective effects on ischemic nerve tissue,while excessive autophagy may cause cell death.The inflammatory response plays an important role in the survival of nerve cells and the recovery of neural tissue after ischemia.Many studies have found an interaction between autophagy and inflammation in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.This study outlines recent advances regarding the role of autophagy in the post-stroke inflammatory response as follows.(1)Autophagy inhibits inflammatory responses caused by ischemic stimulation through mTOR,the AMPK pathway,and inhibition of inflammasome activation.(2)Activation of inflammation triggers the formation of autophagosomes,and the upregulation of autophagy levels is marked by a significant increase in the autophagy-forming markers LC3-II and Beclin-1.Lipopolysaccharide stimulates microglia and inhibits ULK1 activity by direct phosphorylation of p38 MAPK,reducing the flux and autophagy level,thereby inducing inflammatory activity.(3)By blocking the activation of autophagy,the activation of inflammasomes can alleviate cerebral ischemic injury.Autophagy can also regulate the phenotypic alternation of microglia through the nuclear factor-κB pathway,which is beneficial to the recovery of neural tissue after ischemia.Studies have shown that some drugs such as resveratrol can exert neuroprotective effects by regulating the autophagy-inflammatory pathway.These studies suggest that the autophagy-inflammatory pathway may provide a new direction for the treatment of ischemic stroke.展开更多
Refuse in landfills becomes stabilized as organic matter in refuse degrades and soluble inorganic substances dissolve during their long term stabilization process. In this paper, this process is also referred to as m...Refuse in landfills becomes stabilized as organic matter in refuse degrades and soluble inorganic substances dissolve during their long term stabilization process. In this paper, this process is also referred to as mineralization process and the resultant stabilized refuse referred to as aged refuse. Aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and huge quantity of microorganisms with strong decomposition capability for refractory organic matter present in some wastewater such as leachate. In this study, aged refuse excavated from 2 to 10 years old closed landfill compartments in Shanghai Refuse Landfill is characterized in terms of particulate distribution by screening, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biodegradable matter. The approaches for redevelopment of both land and aged refuse in the stabilized landfills are proposed.展开更多
A field-scale aged refuse (AR) biofilter constructed in Shanghai Refuse Landfill, containing about 7000 m^3 aged refuse inside, was evaluated for its performance in the treatment of landfill leachate. This AR biofil...A field-scale aged refuse (AR) biofilter constructed in Shanghai Refuse Landfill, containing about 7000 m^3 aged refuse inside, was evaluated for its performance in the treatment of landfill leachate. This AR biofilter can be divided into three stages and can manage 50 m^3 landfill leachate per day. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of AR were analyzed for evaluating the AR biofilter as leachate treatment host. The results revealed that over 87.8%-96.2% of COD and 96.9%-99.4% of ammonia nitrogen were removed by the three-stage AR biofilter when the infiuent leachate COD and ammonia nitrogen concentration were in the range 5478-10842 mg/L and 811-1582 mg/L, respectively. The final effluent was inodorous and pale yellow with COD and ammonia nitrogen below 267-1020 mg/L and 6-45 mg/L, respectively. The three-stage AR biofilter had efficient nitrification but relative poor denitrification capacity with a total nitrogen (TN) removal of 58%-73%. The external temperature of AR biofilter did not influence the total ammonia nitrogen removal significantly. It was concluded that the scale-up AR biofilter can work very well and can be a promising technology for the treatment of landfill leachate.展开更多
AIM: To assess the feasibility, accuracy and acceptability of PillCam Colon 2 in detection of significant lesions in colorectal cancer risk patients, unable or unwilling to perform colonoscopy. METHODS: This is a pros...AIM: To assess the feasibility, accuracy and acceptability of PillCam Colon 2 in detection of significant lesions in colorectal cancer risk patients, unable or unwilling to perform colonoscopy. METHODS: This is a prospective, single center study using the second generation of PillCam Colon capsule. In all patients the readers were instructed to review the entire colon capsule endoscopy(CCE) examination using Rapid 7 software and additionally to note significant extra-colonic findings. Colonic significant findings were described according to European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines. CCE procedure completion rate, level of bowel preparation and rate of adverse events were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients at risk of colorectal cancer were enrolled in the study. In three patients the procedure failed because the capsule was not functioning when entered the colon. PillCam Colon 2 showed positive findings in 23(34%, 95%CI: 21.6%-44.1%) of the remaining 67 patients. Six patients were diagnosedwith tumors: 4 with colon cancers, 1 with gastric cancer and 1 with a small bowel cancer. The capsule findings were confirmed after surgery in all these patients. The capsule excretion rate in twelve hours was 77% with 54 patients having a complete examination. The rectum was not explored during CCE procedure, in 16 patients(23%, 95%CI: 13.7%-34.1%). Every patient accepted CCE as an alternative exploration tool and 65/70(93%) agreed to have another future control by CCE. No complications were reported during or after CCE examination. CONCLUSION: PillCam Colon 2 capsule was effective in detecting significant lesions and might be considered an adequate alternative diagnostic tool in patients unable or unwilling to undergo colonoscopy.展开更多
An experimental bio-column composed of aged refuse was installed around the exhaust pipe as a new way to mitigate methane in refuse landfill.One of the objectives of this work was to assess the effect of aged refuse t...An experimental bio-column composed of aged refuse was installed around the exhaust pipe as a new way to mitigate methane in refuse landfill.One of the objectives of this work was to assess the effect of aged refuse thickness in bio-column on reducing CH 4 emissions.Over the study period,methane oxidation was observed at various thicknesses,5 cm (small size),10 cm (middle size) and 15 cm (large size),representing one to three times of pipeline diameters.The middle and large size both showed over 90% methane conversion,and the highest methane conversion rate of above 95% occurred in the middle-size column cell.Michaelis-Menten equation addressed the methanotrophs diffusion in different layers of the bio-columns.Maximum methanotrophic activity (V max) measured at the three thicknesses ranged from 6.4 × 10 3 to 15.6 × 10 3 units,and the half-saturation value (K M) ranged from 0.85% to 1.67%.Both the highest V max and K M were observed at the middle-size of the bio-column,as well as the largest methanotrophs population,suggesting a significant efficiency of methane mitigation happened in the optimum zone with greatest affinity and methanotrophic bacteria activities.Therefore,bio-column is a potential style for methane abatement in landfill,and the aged refuse both naturally formed and artificially placed in the column plays a critical role in CH 4 emission.展开更多
This paper provides an overview of coal waste management practices with two case studies and an estimate of management cost in 2010 US dollars.Processing of as-mined coal typically results in considerable amount of co...This paper provides an overview of coal waste management practices with two case studies and an estimate of management cost in 2010 US dollars.Processing of as-mined coal typically results in considerable amount of coarse and fine coal processing wastes because of in-seam and out-of-seam dilution mining.Processing plant clean coal recovery values run typically 50%-80%.Trace metals and sulfur may be present in waste materials that may result in leachate water with corrosive characteristics.Water discharges may require special measures such as liner and collection systems,and treatment to neutralize acid drainage and/or water quality for trace elements.The potential for variations in coal waste production and quality depends upon mining or processing,plus the long-term methods of waste placement.The changes in waste generation rates and engineering properties of the coal waste during the life of the facility must be considered.Safe,economical and environmentally acceptable management of coal waste involves consideration of geology,soil and rock mechanics,hydrology,hydraulics,geochemistry,soil science,agronomy and environmental sciences.These support all aspects of the regulatory environment including the design and construction of earth and rock embankments and dams,as well as a wide variety of waste disposal structures.Development of impoundments is critical and require considerations of typical water-impounding dams and additional requirements of coal waste disposal impoundments.The primary purpose of a coal waste disposal facility is to dispose of unusable waste materials from mining.However,at some sites coal waste impoundments serve to provide water storage capacity for processing and flood attenuation.展开更多
Activity development of key groups of enzymes involved in municipal refuse decomposition was measured in laboratory landfill bioreactors with and without leachate recycling and inoculation for about 210 days. The resu...Activity development of key groups of enzymes involved in municipal refuse decomposition was measured in laboratory landfill bioreactors with and without leachate recycling and inoculation for about 210 days. The results showed that the enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulase, lipase and pectinase) were present in fresh refuse but at low values and positively affected by leachate recycling and refuse inoculation. The total average of cellulase activity in digesters D3 operated with leachate recycling but no inoculation, D4 and D5 operated with leachate recycling and inoculation was much higher than that in digesters D1 and D2 without leachate recycling and inoculation by 88%—127%, 117%—162% and 64%—98%. The total average of protease activity was higher in digester D4 than that in digesters D1, D2, D3 and D5 by 63%, 39%, 24% and 24%, respectively, and the positive effect of leachate recycling and inoculation on protease activity of landfilled refuse mainly was at the first two months. The total average of amylase activity was higher in digesters D3, D4 and D5 than that in digesters D1 and D2 by 83%—132%, 96%—148% and 81%—129%. During the early phase of incubation, the stimulatory effect of inoculation on lipase activity was measured, but refuse moisture was the main factor affecting lipase activity of landfilled refuse. The inoculation, initial and continuous inoculation of microorganisms existing in leachate, was the mainly stimulatory factor affecting pectinase activity of landfilled refuse.展开更多
The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experi...The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover (shrubs and herbaceous cover), richness, abundance, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, N and P), and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub + grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community (215.87 mm). Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub + grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different config- urations were significant (P 〈0.05). Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub + grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub + grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects.展开更多
文摘General anesthesia and Obstetric Anesthesia is the gold standard for a cesarean section but there are some cases where general anesthesia is unavoidable. The use of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery has decreased in recent years due to the widespread use of neuraxial techniques. The choice of anesthesia techniques for cesarean delivery depends on several factors, including the patient’s psychology and the attending physician’s experience. It is chosen because of its safety profile and its benefits to the mother and fetus. It may be indicated due to emergency, maternal refusal of regional techniques, or regional contraindications. Major complications include failed intubation, gastric content aspiration, and increased bleeding risk. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a newly launched team on obstetric anesthesia practice.
文摘Using 80 short video examples about refusal language strategies on Douyin short videos as a corpus,this study explores the commonality and individuality,as well as the contradictory relationship between Chinese and British countries in the use of refusal language strategies by combining manual and graphical data analyses.It is found that Chinese people use more indirect ways of using refusal speech acts,and British and American countries use more direct ways of using refusal speech acts.In addition to this,both Chinese and British countries use non-verbal behavior to reject speech as a way of protecting the positive face of the addressee and reducing the threatening behavior to the face of the other party.This study also found that the ambivalent relationship between the emergence of refusal language strategies in both China and Britain is related to their personal psychological state,social values,and personal face.The results of this study have some values for sociology as well as pragmatics,which is conducive to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships.
文摘Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have had revolutions against the disciplinary apparatus and legal devices of power (schools, hospitals, prisons) and we have had examples of revolutions against the economic foundations of social inequality, but there has never been a genuine revolution against pastoral power as a power relating to the conduct of individuals (but also entire social groups) and their disposition to “voluntary submission” to the will of external authorities. In my paper, I would like to reflect on this thesis, and taking it quite seriously, to look for examples of such revolutions. One of them is a women’s strike in Poland during the power of the conservative government of “Law and Justice”. Mainly referring to the texts of Silvia Federici and Paul Preciado, I will want to reflect on contemporary practices of reclaiming the body in contemporary capitalism. I will defend the thesis that regaining control over sexuality and reproduction means changing the material conditions of life and modern reproductive technologies.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(No.71873H9)the Ministry of Education Social Science Fund(No.19JHQ060)Zhejiang University-IFPRI Center for International Development Studies.
文摘Pandemic outbreaks disrupt agricultural trade.The possible strengthening of import barriers to products from countries at the epicenter of a pandemic by their trade partners could aggravate this situation.This paper examines the responses of the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA),import refusals,and subsequent trade impacts on the agricultural exports from the developing countries that were the epicenters of four pandemics in the past two decades.Using monthly data for the period 2002-2020,we find increased import refusals and amplified trade-impeding impacts on agricultural exports during pandemic outbreaks.Increased import refusals and the amplification of the trade-impeding effect of import refusals were especially large when China was the epicenter.We further examine possible differences in these results across products and FDA inspection methods,and the main conclusions remain robust.This paper offers a better understanding of the economic outcomes of pandemic outbreaks and provides policy suggestions for China.
文摘This paper is to present a typology of refusal strategies which may be employed in the analysis of refusal performance from a discourse approach.Some previous research carried out is reviewed in order to classify non-native speakers' production of this speech act.Then,the suggested taxonomy will be described in a systematized way from an interlanguage pragmatic perspective and within a conversational analysis framework.Finally,it is emphasized that effective communicative competence plays an important role in the production of this face-threatening speech act of refusing.
基金Supported by the government of the Republic of Zambia(GRZ) through Ministry of Health(budget support)United States Government(USG)through USAID and CDC Zambia,Grant U2GPS001792
文摘Objective: To assess the prevalence of HIV infection, to highlight HIV-testing refusal rates among participants in a population-based tuberculosis survey and to assess the implication for programme implementation.Methods: This cross-sectional study on the characteristics of participants who refused HIV testing was conducted in a national survey in Zambia. All eligible participants were aged above 15 years and included in the analysis.Results: Out of the 44 791 tuberculosis survey participants, 14 164(31.6%) refused to participate in HIV testing. The unemployed, rural dwellers, married, and those aged 15-24 years were associated with higher refusal rates.Conclusions: Strategies to improve HIV testing acceptance are necessary. Qualitative research is recommended to understand the reasons for testing refusals so that remedial interventions can be implemented.
文摘The given article deals with the development of analytical model of request service process by multichannel technical system with unreliable, repaired and reconfigured service facilities. It is assumed that the system is functioning in service mode of random length random request flows. The system considers the existence of time redundancy for afterservice of calls, the service of which is interrupted with refusal, non-depreciating the performed part of the task. Special probability functions are introduced which on the basis of probability reasoning allow to make the systems of integral equations describing the dynamics of request service process.
文摘Edward Hall offers us an effective means of examining cultural similarities and differences,that is the classification of high-context and low-context culture.The paper attempts to analyze a case of a Chinese refusal from the perspective of highcontext and low-context communication and explores the differences between the two types of communication.
文摘Requests and requesting language have been a popular topic for researchers from a wide range of fields including linguistic philosophy,pragmatics,social-pragmatics,and discourse analysis since 1960s.Requesting is a dynamic process which is the combination of requests and pre-requests,as well as request negotiations.By now,studies mostly focused on the study of how request was initiated and what were the factors lying behind specific choice of one request form over others,and how request-makers pursued their demands when grants were not given as expected.However,limited studies have been published about the development of the strategies children took to avoid predictable refusals.This paper aims to make a contribution to this topic by conducting a longitudinal study lasting for approximately one year with a four-year-old Chinese girl as the subject.By contrasting and comparing the subject’s natural linguistic performance,the author tried to reveal the developmental procedure,and profound cognitive and cultural factors.
文摘The present study analyzes ten English refusal letters of two subcategories based on Swales' genre analysis model and finds that difference exists in the generic features of the two subcategorized types. Teachers should reveal the underlying rationale behind linguistic features of a specific genre so that students can not only identify genre but also apply it appropriately.
文摘This paper tries to analyze Philip Larkin's poem"High Window"from a deconstructive perspective. It is to show that in the poem the key words/signifiers are always under erasure, and thus the chain of signification is endless since the poem is self-deconstructing. Then, the paper argues that the linguistic features of the poem paradoxically meaningful in the sense that it reflects the poet's skepticism and anxiety.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai of China,No.17ZR1425800(to KYL)the Shanghai Pudong District Health Bureau of China,No.PDZX2017-25(to KYL)
文摘Appropriate autophagy has protective effects on ischemic nerve tissue,while excessive autophagy may cause cell death.The inflammatory response plays an important role in the survival of nerve cells and the recovery of neural tissue after ischemia.Many studies have found an interaction between autophagy and inflammation in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.This study outlines recent advances regarding the role of autophagy in the post-stroke inflammatory response as follows.(1)Autophagy inhibits inflammatory responses caused by ischemic stimulation through mTOR,the AMPK pathway,and inhibition of inflammasome activation.(2)Activation of inflammation triggers the formation of autophagosomes,and the upregulation of autophagy levels is marked by a significant increase in the autophagy-forming markers LC3-II and Beclin-1.Lipopolysaccharide stimulates microglia and inhibits ULK1 activity by direct phosphorylation of p38 MAPK,reducing the flux and autophagy level,thereby inducing inflammatory activity.(3)By blocking the activation of autophagy,the activation of inflammasomes can alleviate cerebral ischemic injury.Autophagy can also regulate the phenotypic alternation of microglia through the nuclear factor-κB pathway,which is beneficial to the recovery of neural tissue after ischemia.Studies have shown that some drugs such as resveratrol can exert neuroprotective effects by regulating the autophagy-inflammatory pathway.These studies suggest that the autophagy-inflammatory pathway may provide a new direction for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
基金TheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No .2 97770 19)theExcellentYouthFoundationofChinaEducationMinistry
文摘Refuse in landfills becomes stabilized as organic matter in refuse degrades and soluble inorganic substances dissolve during their long term stabilization process. In this paper, this process is also referred to as mineralization process and the resultant stabilized refuse referred to as aged refuse. Aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and huge quantity of microorganisms with strong decomposition capability for refractory organic matter present in some wastewater such as leachate. In this study, aged refuse excavated from 2 to 10 years old closed landfill compartments in Shanghai Refuse Landfill is characterized in terms of particulate distribution by screening, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biodegradable matter. The approaches for redevelopment of both land and aged refuse in the stabilized landfills are proposed.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education of China (No. 305005)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 05DZ12003).
文摘A field-scale aged refuse (AR) biofilter constructed in Shanghai Refuse Landfill, containing about 7000 m^3 aged refuse inside, was evaluated for its performance in the treatment of landfill leachate. This AR biofilter can be divided into three stages and can manage 50 m^3 landfill leachate per day. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of AR were analyzed for evaluating the AR biofilter as leachate treatment host. The results revealed that over 87.8%-96.2% of COD and 96.9%-99.4% of ammonia nitrogen were removed by the three-stage AR biofilter when the infiuent leachate COD and ammonia nitrogen concentration were in the range 5478-10842 mg/L and 811-1582 mg/L, respectively. The final effluent was inodorous and pale yellow with COD and ammonia nitrogen below 267-1020 mg/L and 6-45 mg/L, respectively. The three-stage AR biofilter had efficient nitrification but relative poor denitrification capacity with a total nitrogen (TN) removal of 58%-73%. The external temperature of AR biofilter did not influence the total ammonia nitrogen removal significantly. It was concluded that the scale-up AR biofilter can work very well and can be a promising technology for the treatment of landfill leachate.
文摘AIM: To assess the feasibility, accuracy and acceptability of PillCam Colon 2 in detection of significant lesions in colorectal cancer risk patients, unable or unwilling to perform colonoscopy. METHODS: This is a prospective, single center study using the second generation of PillCam Colon capsule. In all patients the readers were instructed to review the entire colon capsule endoscopy(CCE) examination using Rapid 7 software and additionally to note significant extra-colonic findings. Colonic significant findings were described according to European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines. CCE procedure completion rate, level of bowel preparation and rate of adverse events were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients at risk of colorectal cancer were enrolled in the study. In three patients the procedure failed because the capsule was not functioning when entered the colon. PillCam Colon 2 showed positive findings in 23(34%, 95%CI: 21.6%-44.1%) of the remaining 67 patients. Six patients were diagnosedwith tumors: 4 with colon cancers, 1 with gastric cancer and 1 with a small bowel cancer. The capsule findings were confirmed after surgery in all these patients. The capsule excretion rate in twelve hours was 77% with 54 patients having a complete examination. The rectum was not explored during CCE procedure, in 16 patients(23%, 95%CI: 13.7%-34.1%). Every patient accepted CCE as an alternative exploration tool and 65/70(93%) agreed to have another future control by CCE. No complications were reported during or after CCE examination. CONCLUSION: PillCam Colon 2 capsule was effective in detecting significant lesions and might be considered an adequate alternative diagnostic tool in patients unable or unwilling to undergo colonoscopy.
基金supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No.2007AA06Z349)
文摘An experimental bio-column composed of aged refuse was installed around the exhaust pipe as a new way to mitigate methane in refuse landfill.One of the objectives of this work was to assess the effect of aged refuse thickness in bio-column on reducing CH 4 emissions.Over the study period,methane oxidation was observed at various thicknesses,5 cm (small size),10 cm (middle size) and 15 cm (large size),representing one to three times of pipeline diameters.The middle and large size both showed over 90% methane conversion,and the highest methane conversion rate of above 95% occurred in the middle-size column cell.Michaelis-Menten equation addressed the methanotrophs diffusion in different layers of the bio-columns.Maximum methanotrophic activity (V max) measured at the three thicknesses ranged from 6.4 × 10 3 to 15.6 × 10 3 units,and the half-saturation value (K M) ranged from 0.85% to 1.67%.Both the highest V max and K M were observed at the middle-size of the bio-column,as well as the largest methanotrophs population,suggesting a significant efficiency of methane mitigation happened in the optimum zone with greatest affinity and methanotrophic bacteria activities.Therefore,bio-column is a potential style for methane abatement in landfill,and the aged refuse both naturally formed and artificially placed in the column plays a critical role in CH 4 emission.
基金authors sincere acknowledge the funding support by the Illinois Clean Coal Institute and the Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunitythe support at the coop-erating mines for providing high quality data included in this paper
文摘This paper provides an overview of coal waste management practices with two case studies and an estimate of management cost in 2010 US dollars.Processing of as-mined coal typically results in considerable amount of coarse and fine coal processing wastes because of in-seam and out-of-seam dilution mining.Processing plant clean coal recovery values run typically 50%-80%.Trace metals and sulfur may be present in waste materials that may result in leachate water with corrosive characteristics.Water discharges may require special measures such as liner and collection systems,and treatment to neutralize acid drainage and/or water quality for trace elements.The potential for variations in coal waste production and quality depends upon mining or processing,plus the long-term methods of waste placement.The changes in waste generation rates and engineering properties of the coal waste during the life of the facility must be considered.Safe,economical and environmentally acceptable management of coal waste involves consideration of geology,soil and rock mechanics,hydrology,hydraulics,geochemistry,soil science,agronomy and environmental sciences.These support all aspects of the regulatory environment including the design and construction of earth and rock embankments and dams,as well as a wide variety of waste disposal structures.Development of impoundments is critical and require considerations of typical water-impounding dams and additional requirements of coal waste disposal impoundments.The primary purpose of a coal waste disposal facility is to dispose of unusable waste materials from mining.However,at some sites coal waste impoundments serve to provide water storage capacity for processing and flood attenuation.
文摘Activity development of key groups of enzymes involved in municipal refuse decomposition was measured in laboratory landfill bioreactors with and without leachate recycling and inoculation for about 210 days. The results showed that the enzymes (amylase, protease, cellulase, lipase and pectinase) were present in fresh refuse but at low values and positively affected by leachate recycling and refuse inoculation. The total average of cellulase activity in digesters D3 operated with leachate recycling but no inoculation, D4 and D5 operated with leachate recycling and inoculation was much higher than that in digesters D1 and D2 without leachate recycling and inoculation by 88%—127%, 117%—162% and 64%—98%. The total average of protease activity was higher in digester D4 than that in digesters D1, D2, D3 and D5 by 63%, 39%, 24% and 24%, respectively, and the positive effect of leachate recycling and inoculation on protease activity of landfilled refuse mainly was at the first two months. The total average of amylase activity was higher in digesters D3, D4 and D5 than that in digesters D1 and D2 by 83%—132%, 96%—148% and 81%—129%. During the early phase of incubation, the stimulatory effect of inoculation on lipase activity was measured, but refuse moisture was the main factor affecting lipase activity of landfilled refuse. The inoculation, initial and continuous inoculation of microorganisms existing in leachate, was the mainly stimulatory factor affecting pectinase activity of landfilled refuse.
基金supported by the CAS Action-plan for Western Development(KZCX2-XB3-13-03)Chinese National Natural Scientific Foundation(4120108431170385)
文摘The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover (shrubs and herbaceous cover), richness, abundance, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, N and P), and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub + grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community (215.87 mm). Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub + grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different config- urations were significant (P 〈0.05). Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub + grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub + grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects.