Obstetric Anesthesia Practice Significantly Evolved: A Field for Cesarean Delivery Parturient for the Provision of Safe Anesthesia in Urgent Circumstances

General anesthesia and Obstetric Anesthesia is the gold standard for a cesarean section but there are some cases where general anesthesia is unavoidable. The use of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery has decreased in recent years due to the widespread use of neuraxial techniques. The choice of anesthesia techniques for cesarean delivery depends on several factors, including the patient’s psychology and the attending physician’s experience. It is chosen because of its safety profile and its benefits to the mother and fetus. It may be indicated due to emergency, maternal refusal of regional techniques, or regional contraindications. Major complications include failed intubation, gastric content aspiration, and increased bleeding risk. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a newly launched team on obstetric anesthesia practice.

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACT REFUSALS IN CHINESE:EVIDENCE AND MOTIVATING FACTORS

This paper examines the phenomenon of sociocultural transfer and its motivating factors within the realization patterns of speech act refusal by Chinese EFL learners. EFL refusal data were collected using a written data collection test (DCT), which was designed and then followed by semi-structured interviews. Using semantic formulas as units of analysis, EFL refusal responses were compared with similar data elicited from native speakers of English. The results show two areas in which sociocultural transfer is existent in EFL learners' speech: options of selecting semantic formulas and content of semantic formulas. Each was found to reflect cultural values transferred from Chinese to English. Furthermore, based on the interview data, it was found that learners' social system and political factors, traditional socio-psychological ideology and economy possibly motivate sociocultural transfer.

The Effects of Explicit and Implicit Instruction in English Refusals

本研究是英语拒绝策略的明示和暗示教学的对比研究。62名两个整班学生参加了本实验。33名为明示教学组,29名为暗示教学组。教学目标是四种英语拒绝类型:拒绝邀请、建议、提供和请求,情景设计是在高、平等、低三种身份和熟人之间。本研究实施了前测和后测,话语补全任务是测量工具。t检验和效果量的计算为定量数据的统计方法。定性分析对话语补全任务的内容进行归类。定量数据表明明示教学组的表现好于暗示组。定性分析显示在拒绝邀请和请求方面,明示组优于暗示组;在拒绝提供和建议方面,两种教学组没有明显差别,但是拒绝提供的表现有明显提高,拒绝建议的表现没有明显提高。在恰当性方面,信息量、策略选择和正式程度三个方面的表现明示教学组好于暗示教学组。

A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Refusal Language Strategies

Using 80 short video examples about refusal language strategies on Douyin short videos as a corpus,this study explores the commonality and individuality,as well as the contradictory relationship between Chinese and British countries in the use of refusal language strategies by combining manual and graphical data analyses.It is found that Chinese people use more indirect ways of using refusal speech acts,and British and American countries use more direct ways of using refusal speech acts.In addition to this,both Chinese and British countries use non-verbal behavior to reject speech as a way of protecting the positive face of the addressee and reducing the threatening behavior to the face of the other party.This study also found that the ambivalent relationship between the emergence of refusal language strategies in both China and Britain is related to their personal psychological state,social values,and personal face.The results of this study have some values for sociology as well as pragmatics,which is conducive to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships.

The Black Protests in Poland: An Example of an Anti-pastoral Revolution

Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have had revolutions against the disciplinary apparatus and legal devices of power (schools, hospitals, prisons) and we have had examples of revolutions against the economic foundations of social inequality, but there has never been a genuine revolution against pastoral power as a power relating to the conduct of individuals (but also entire social groups) and their disposition to “voluntary submission” to the will of external authorities. In my paper, I would like to reflect on this thesis, and taking it quite seriously, to look for examples of such revolutions. One of them is a women’s strike in Poland during the power of the conservative government of “Law and Justice”. Mainly referring to the texts of Silvia Federici and Paul Preciado, I will want to reflect on contemporary practices of reclaiming the body in contemporary capitalism. I will defend the thesis that regaining control over sexuality and reproduction means changing the material conditions of life and modern reproductive technologies.

Impacts of Import Refusals on Agricultural Exports duri ng Pan demies: Implicatio ns for China

Pandemic outbreaks disrupt agricultural trade.The possible strengthening of import barriers to products from countries at the epicenter of a pandemic by their trade partners could aggravate this situation.This paper examines the responses of the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA),import refusals,and subsequent trade impacts on the agricultural exports from the developing countries that were the epicenters of four pandemics in the past two decades.Using monthly data for the period 2002-2020,we find increased import refusals and amplified trade-impeding impacts on agricultural exports during pandemic outbreaks.Increased import refusals and the amplification of the trade-impeding effect of import refusals were especially large when China was the epicenter.We further examine possible differences in these results across products and FDA inspection methods,and the main conclusions remain robust.This paper offers a better understanding of the economic outcomes of pandemic outbreaks and provides policy suggestions for China.

Speech Act of Refusal-A Proposal from an Interlanguage Pragmatic Perspective

This paper is to present a typology of refusal strategies which may be employed in the analysis of refusal performance from a discourse approach.Some previous research carried out is reviewed in order to classify non-native speakers' production of this speech act.Then,the suggested taxonomy will be described in a systematized way from an interlanguage pragmatic perspective and within a conversational analysis framework.Finally,it is emphasized that effective communicative competence plays an important role in the production of this face-threatening speech act of refusing.

Numerical simulation on the fluidized bed gasification and CaO dechlorination of refuse derived fuel

A three-dimensional numerical model verified by previous experimental data is developed to simulate the fluidized bed gasification of refuse derived fuel （RDF）. The CaO dechlorination model obtained by the thermal gravity analysis （TGA） is coupled to investigate the process of CaO dechlorination. An Eulerian-Eulerian method is adopted to simulate the gas-solid flow and self-developed chemical reaction modules are used to simulate chemical reactions. Flow patterns, gasification results and dechlorination efficiency are obtained by numerical simulation. Meanwhile, simulations are performed to evaluate the effects of Ca/Cl molar ratio and temperature on dechlorination efficiency. The simulation results show that the presence of bubbles in the gasifier lowers the CaO dechlorination efficiency. Increasing the Ca/Cl molar ratio can enhance the dechlorination efficiency. However, with the temperature increasing, the dechlorination efficiency increases initially and then decreases. The optimal Ca/Cl molar ratio is in the range of 3. 0 to 3. 5 and the optimal temperature is 923K.

基于通信顺序进程的并发DEDS的规范和证实

在实时通信顺序进程 ( TCSP)的基础上对离散事件动态系统 ( DEDS)进行建模、规范和证实 .介绍了 TCSP中与 DEDS相关的一些研究成果 ,根据离散事件的特点作了符号语义上的改进 ,就两个具体的例子——自动导引小车 ( AGV)和火车道口系统建立了 TCSP模型 ,给出了它们需要满足的特性 。

Decliners of provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling: Characteristics of participants who refused HIV testing in a population survey in Zambia

Objective: To assess the prevalence of HIV infection, to highlight HIV-testing refusal rates among participants in a population-based tuberculosis survey and to assess the implication for programme implementation.Methods: This cross-sectional study on the characteristics of participants who refused HIV testing was conducted in a national survey in Zambia. All eligible participants were aged above 15 years and included in the analysis.Results: Out of the 44 791 tuberculosis survey participants, 14 164(31.6%) refused to participate in HIV testing. The unemployed, rural dwellers, married, and those aged 15-24 years were associated with higher refusal rates.Conclusions: Strategies to improve HIV testing acceptance are necessary. Qualitative research is recommended to understand the reasons for testing refusals so that remedial interventions can be implemented.

On One Model of Complex Technical Queuing System with Unreliable Devices and with Time Redundancy

The given article deals with the development of analytical model of request service process by multichannel technical system with unreliable, repaired and reconfigured service facilities. It is assumed that the system is functioning in service mode of random length random request flows. The system considers the existence of time redundancy for afterservice of calls, the service of which is interrupted with refusal, non-depreciating the performed part of the task. Special probability functions are introduced which on the basis of probability reasoning allow to make the systems of integral equations describing the dynamics of request service process.

High-context and Low-context communication: A Case Study of A Chinese Refusal

Edward Hall offers us an effective means of examining cultural similarities and differences,that is the classification of high-context and low-context culture.The paper attempts to analyze a case of a Chinese refusal from the perspective of highcontext and low-context communication and explores the differences between the two types of communication.

A Longitudinal Study on the Development of Pre-request Practices by a Four Years Old Girl

Requests and requesting language have been a popular topic for researchers from a wide range of fields including linguistic philosophy,pragmatics,social-pragmatics,and discourse analysis since 1960s.Requesting is a dynamic process which is the combination of requests and pre-requests,as well as request negotiations.By now,studies mostly focused on the study of how request was initiated and what were the factors lying behind specific choice of one request form over others,and how request-makers pursued their demands when grants were not given as expected.However,limited studies have been published about the development of the strategies children took to avoid predictable refusals.This paper aims to make a contribution to this topic by conducting a longitudinal study lasting for approximately one year with a four-year-old Chinese girl as the subject.By contrasting and comparing the subject’s natural linguistic performance,the author tried to reveal the developmental procedure,and profound cognitive and cultural factors.

A Genre——based Analysis of English Refusal Letters

The present study analyzes ten English refusal letters of two subcategories based on Swales' genre analysis model and finds that difference exists in the generic features of the two subcategorized types. Teachers should reveal the underlying rationale behind linguistic features of a specific genre so that students can not only identify genre but also apply it appropriately.

The Erasure of Signifiers and Refusal of Signification in Philip Larkin's Poem“High Window”

This paper tries to analyze Philip Larkin's poem"High Window"from a deconstructive perspective. It is to show that in the poem the key words/signifiers are always under erasure, and thus the chain of signification is endless since the poem is self-deconstructing. Then, the paper argues that the linguistic features of the poem paradoxically meaningful in the sense that it reflects the poet's skepticism and anxiety.

Autophagy and inflammation in ischemic stroke

Appropriate autophagy has protective effects on ischemic nerve tissue,while excessive autophagy may cause cell death.The inflammatory response plays an important role in the survival of nerve cells and the recovery of neural tissue after ischemia.Many studies have found an interaction between autophagy and inflammation in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.This study outlines recent advances regarding the role of autophagy in the post-stroke inflammatory response as follows.(1)Autophagy inhibits inflammatory responses caused by ischemic stimulation through mTOR,the AMPK pathway,and inhibition of inflammasome activation.(2)Activation of inflammation triggers the formation of autophagosomes,and the upregulation of autophagy levels is marked by a significant increase in the autophagy-forming markers LC3-II and Beclin-1.Lipopolysaccharide stimulates microglia and inhibits ULK1 activity by direct phosphorylation of p38 MAPK,reducing the flux and autophagy level,thereby inducing inflammatory activity.(3)By blocking the activation of autophagy,the activation of inflammasomes can alleviate cerebral ischemic injury.Autophagy can also regulate the phenotypic alternation of microglia through the nuclear factor-κB pathway,which is beneficial to the recovery of neural tissue after ischemia.Studies have shown that some drugs such as resveratrol can exert neuroprotective effects by regulating the autophagy-inflammatory pathway.These studies suggest that the autophagy-inflammatory pathway may provide a new direction for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Excavation and characterization of refuse in closed landfill

Refuse in landfills becomes stabilized as organic matter in refuse degrades and soluble inorganic substances dissolve during their long term stabilization process. In this paper, this process is also referred to as mineralization process and the resultant stabilized refuse referred to as aged refuse. Aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and huge quantity of microorganisms with strong decomposition capability for refractory organic matter present in some wastewater such as leachate. In this study, aged refuse excavated from 2 to 10 years old closed landfill compartments in Shanghai Refuse Landfill is characterized in terms of particulate distribution by screening, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biodegradable matter. The approaches for redevelopment of both land and aged refuse in the stabilized landfills are proposed.

Three-stage aged refuse biofilter for the treatment of landfill leachate

A field-scale aged refuse （AR） biofilter constructed in Shanghai Refuse Landfill, containing about 7000 m^3 aged refuse inside, was evaluated for its performance in the treatment of landfill leachate. This AR biofilter can be divided into three stages and can manage 50 m^3 landfill leachate per day. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of AR were analyzed for evaluating the AR biofilter as leachate treatment host. The results revealed that over 87.8%-96.2% of COD and 96.9%-99.4% of ammonia nitrogen were removed by the three-stage AR biofilter when the infiuent leachate COD and ammonia nitrogen concentration were in the range 5478-10842 mg/L and 811-1582 mg/L, respectively. The final effluent was inodorous and pale yellow with COD and ammonia nitrogen below 267-1020 mg/L and 6-45 mg/L, respectively. The three-stage AR biofilter had efficient nitrification but relative poor denitrification capacity with a total nitrogen （TN） removal of 58%-73%. The external temperature of AR biofilter did not influence the total ammonia nitrogen removal significantly. It was concluded that the scale-up AR biofilter can work very well and can be a promising technology for the treatment of landfill leachate.

PillCam Colon 2 capsule in patients unable or unwilling to undergo colonoscopy

AIM: To assess the feasibility, accuracy and acceptability of PillCam Colon 2 in detection of significant lesions in colorectal cancer risk patients, unable or unwilling to perform colonoscopy. METHODS: This is a prospective, single center study using the second generation of PillCam Colon capsule. In all patients the readers were instructed to review the entire colon capsule endoscopy(CCE) examination using Rapid 7 software and additionally to note significant extra-colonic findings. Colonic significant findings were described according to European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines. CCE procedure completion rate, level of bowel preparation and rate of adverse events were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients at risk of colorectal cancer were enrolled in the study. In three patients the procedure failed because the capsule was not functioning when entered the colon. PillCam Colon 2 showed positive findings in 23(34%, 95%CI: 21.6%-44.1%) of the remaining 67 patients. Six patients were diagnosedwith tumors: 4 with colon cancers, 1 with gastric cancer and 1 with a small bowel cancer. The capsule findings were confirmed after surgery in all these patients. The capsule excretion rate in twelve hours was 77% with 54 patients having a complete examination. The rectum was not explored during CCE procedure, in 16 patients(23%, 95%CI: 13.7%-34.1%). Every patient accepted CCE as an alternative exploration tool and 65/70(93%) agreed to have another future control by CCE. No complications were reported during or after CCE examination. CONCLUSION: PillCam Colon 2 capsule was effective in detecting significant lesions and might be considered an adequate alternative diagnostic tool in patients unable or unwilling to undergo colonoscopy.

Effect of bio-column composed of aged refuse on methane abatement-A novel configuration of biological oxidation in refuse landfill

An experimental bio-column composed of aged refuse was installed around the exhaust pipe as a new way to mitigate methane in refuse landfill.One of the objectives of this work was to assess the effect of aged refuse thickness in bio-column on reducing CH 4 emissions.Over the study period,methane oxidation was observed at various thicknesses,5 cm （small size）,10 cm （middle size） and 15 cm （large size）,representing one to three times of pipeline diameters.The middle and large size both showed over 90% methane conversion,and the highest methane conversion rate of above 95% occurred in the middle-size column cell.Michaelis-Menten equation addressed the methanotrophs diffusion in different layers of the bio-columns.Maximum methanotrophic activity （V max） measured at the three thicknesses ranged from 6.4 × 10 3 to 15.6 × 10 3 units,and the half-saturation value （K M） ranged from 0.85% to 1.67%.Both the highest V max and K M were observed at the middle-size of the bio-column,as well as the largest methanotrophs population,suggesting a significant efficiency of methane mitigation happened in the optimum zone with greatest affinity and methanotrophic bacteria activities.Therefore,bio-column is a potential style for methane abatement in landfill,and the aged refuse both naturally formed and artificially placed in the column plays a critical role in CH 4 emission.