Benefits of Dielectric Oil Regeneration Systems in Power Transmission Networks: A Case Study

The criticality of transformers and reactors in the power transmission network and the paramount importance of ensuring their reliability through maintenance of the insulating oil is known. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the efficacy and economic viability of a dielectric oil regeneration system, as implemented by the Transmission System Maintenance Department (TSMD) of the Independent Power Transmission Operator (IPTO), Greece’s sole transmission operator. Through a detailed chemical analysis and performance evaluation, we assess the impact of the regeneration system on treated insulating oil quality over multiple cycles. The study reveals that the electrical properties of the insulating oil are fully restored after regeneration, negating the need to fully replace it, while the investment becomes cost-neutral within weeks from the commissioning of the regeneration system. This economic analysis, coupled with the system’s environmental benefits of reducing waste oil generation, positions the dielectric oil regeneration system as a compelling solution for the maintenance of power transmission assets.

A regeneration system using cotyledons and cotyledonary node explants of Toona ciliata

We used the cotyledons and cotyledonary nodes of Toona ciliata(Chinese mahogany)as explants to examine callus and adventitious shoot induction when exposed to different ratios of hormones.We also investigated the effects of seedling age,inoculation method,and genotype on the efficient regeneration of T.ciliata.The results showed that different genotypes exhibited significantly different callus induction efficiency.The cotyledons and cotyledonary nodes of 20-day seedlings inoculated onto MS medium with 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA),0.5 mg/L kinetin(KT)and 0.05 mg/L 1-naphthylacetic acid(NAA)achieved a greater regeneration rate than did other concentrations of cytokinin and auxin.The numbers of shoots per cotyledon and cotyledonary node explant were 7.33 and 6.67.The optimal inoculation method for cotyledons was that the distal end of the explants was placed in contact with the medium.The optimal adventitious shoot differentiation medium for cotyledon explants was MS medium containing 0.3 mg/L 6-BA and 0.2 mg/L NAA,producing a 3.4 cm height of shoot on average.This study established an efficient regeneration system for T.ciliata with cotyledons and cotyledonary nodes as explants.

Establishment of Tissue Culture Regeneration System in Bama Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a tissue culture regeneration system in Bama hemp(Cannabis sativa L.).[Methods]Using hemp seeds as explants,a regeneration system was established through explant sterilization,callus induction,callus differentiation,and rooting culture.[Results]The results showed that the best sterilization effect was achieved when sterilizing with 75%ethanol for 30 s,followed by 0.1%HgCl 2 solution for 9 min,with a contamination rate as low as 11.4%.In presence of 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L6-BA,the callus induction effect from hemp seeds was better.The formula for better differentiation of callus was MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA.IBA had a promoting effect on the rooting of hemp aseptic plantlets.The highest rooting rate reached 80%when MS+0.3 mg/L IBA were used.[Conclusions]This study established a hemp seed regeneration system to provide technical support for the conservation and breeding of hemp germplasm resources.

Study on Callus Induction and Tissue Culture Regeneration System of Malus toringoides

[Objectives]To study the culture of callus produced by the leaves of the ethnic medicine‘E Se’,the induction of adventitious buds and the regeneration system of tissue culture seedlings.[Methods]Multi-factor orthogonal experiment was used to design and analyze.[Results]The best medium for callus induction was MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L 2,4-D.By comparing the effects of cytokinin 6-BA,KT and TDZ on induction of adventitious bud differentiation,it was found that the optimum medium for adventitious bud regeneration was MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L KT+0.15 mg/L IBA.Finally,adding 0.2 mg/L IBA(0.1 or 0.2 mg/L)to MS medium could effectively make regenerated seedlings produce roots,and the efficiency was more than 70%.[Conclusions]It laid a foundation for the large-scale cultivation of the seedlings of the ethnic medicine‘E Se’and the promotion of their artificial cultivation.

Efficient Regeneration System for Genetic Transformation of Mulberry (<i>Morus indica</i>L. Cultivar S-36) Using <i>in Vitro</i>Derived Shoot Meristems

Shoot meristems used for the study were exercised from the in vitro regenerated shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L of BAP for multiplication. The sensitivity of the in vitro regenerated was studied using shoot meristems of 0.5 cm. Shoot meristems were cultured on medium containing 10-100 mg/l kanamycin to determine the concentration that was lethal for multiple shoot induction and root induction. The response of shoot multiplication decreased (66.2%-6.2%) as the concentration of kanamycin increased (10.0-70.0 mg/L) with complete inhibition of shoot proliferation at 100 mg/L kanamycin. The rooting phase was very sensitive to kanamycin compared to shoot multiplication. The percentage of shoots that rooted decreased (53.8%-4.8%) with increase in the concentration of kanamycin (10.0-70.0 mg/l) on IBA and 2,4-D supplemented medium. For transformation studies, the shoot tips that were infected with Agrobacterium strain were placed on selection medium containing MS medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 100 mg/L kanamycin and scored for the putative transformed shoots. An average of 62.2% of shoot tips developed shoot buds from the base and the shoots reached a length of 0.5-1.0 cm at the end of 30 days of culture on the selective medium in comparison to control which showed no response. An average of 66.7% of the regenerated plants showed GUS expression on selection medium where 43.2% and 65% of GUS expression was recorded in the leaves and callus. Leaves and callus induced from the controls did not show GUS activity. Stable integration of nptII gene with the genomic DNA from these transformed plants was confirmed through PCR analysis. Our result presents an efficient regeneration system using in vitro derived shoot meristems for Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer.

An Efficient Plant Regeneration System of Hydrangea bretschneideri Dipp via Stem Segments as Explants

Hydrangea bretschneideri Dipp is a highly popular ornamental plant for garden decoration.Genetic engineering technology has been successfully used in many plant species,but it is limited in Hydrangea.Here we established an efficient regeneration system by using stem segments as explants for the first time.In our study,the plant growth regulators(PGRs)were evaluated at the different regeneration processes,including axillary shoots regeneration and root induction.We found that the optimal concentration for axillary buds’induction was 2.0 mgL^(-1)6-BA and 0.5 mgL^(-1)1 IAA,its highest induction rate was 70%.Moreover,the highest axillary shoots proliferation coefficient was 10.7 on the Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium with 2.0 mgL^(-1)6-benzyladenine(BA),0.2 mgL^(-1)indole-3-butyric acid(IBA),and 1.0 mgL^(-1)gibberellin A3(GA3).The highest frequency of root induction was 80.0±0.06%by culturing the elongated shoots in 1/2 MS medium containing 0.1 mgL^(-1)IBA.In summary,our study will provide an effective technology for large-scale propagation and important pathway for promoting the popularization and application of Hydrangea bretschneideri Dipp.

An Efficient Regeneration System for Native Orange (<i>Citrus reticulata</i>) through <i>In-Vitro</i>Culture Technique

Citrus reticulata (Mandarin Orange), commonly known as “Sweet Orange”, is one of the most difficult plants to improve through traditional breeding approaches as it poses various biological limitations that greatly hinder the cultivar improvement. In the present study, using the fresh seed of native orange as explant, an efficient, reproducible, regeneration method was developed through in vitro organogenesis. Mature, healthy and dehusked seeds were treated with Murashige and Skoog, (MS) media containing 3% sucrose, 0.7% agar supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of phytohormones. The highest calli initiation (93.3% ± 0.5%) responses were observed on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 3.0 mg/L followed by 2,4-D at 3.5 mg/L (86.7% ± 1.75%) in this experiment. Maximum shoot regeneration (86.7% ± 3.35%) responses were reported using MS medium supplemented with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 3.0 mg/L and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 2.0 mg/L. MS medium supplemented with NAA at 1.0 mg/L showed the best rooting (80% ± 2.89%) response in comparison to (70% ± 5.20%) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 1.0 mg/L. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing sterile garden soil mixture to examine their response in natural conditions.

In vivo astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming for central nervous system regeneration:a narrative review

The inability of damaged neurons to regenerate within the mature central nervous system(CNS)is a significant neuroscientific challenge.Astrocytes are an essential component of the CNS and participate in many physiological processes including blood-brain barrier formation,axon growth regulation,neuronal support,and higher cognitive functions such as memory.Recent reprogramming studies have confirmed that astrocytes in the mature CNS can be transformed into functional neurons.Building on in vitro work,many studies have demonstrated that astrocytes can be transformed into neurons in different disease models to replace damaged or lost cells.However,many findings in this field are controversial,as the source of new neurons has been questioned.This review summarizes progress in reprogramming astrocytes into neurons in vivo in animal models of spinal cord injury,brain injury,Huntington’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,Alzheimer’s disease,and other neurodegenerative conditions.

Axon guidance in regeneration of the mature central nervous system:step by step

Unlocking axon regeneration in the injured central nervous system:In adult mammals,central nervous system(CNS)neurons fail to regenerate a?ter a lesion,whether it is traumatic–after spinal cord injury for example–or in the case of neurodegenerative diseases.This causes axons to degenerate and neurons to die.

Runx2 regulates peripheral nerve regeneration to promote Schwann cell migration and re-myelination

Runx2 is a major regulator of osteoblast differentiation and function;however,the role of Runx2 in peripheral nerve repair is unclea r.Here,we analyzed Runx2expression following injury and found that it was specifically up-regulated in Schwann cells.Furthermore,using Schwann cell-specific Runx2 knocko ut mice,we studied peripheral nerve development and regeneration and found that multiple steps in the regeneration process following sciatic nerve injury were Runx2-dependent.Changes observed in Runx2 knoc kout mice include increased prolife ration of Schwann cells,impaired Schwann cell migration and axonal regrowth,reduced re-myelination of axo ns,and a block in macrophage clearance in the late stage of regeneration.Taken together,our findings indicate that Runx2 is a key regulator of Schwann cell plasticity,and therefore peripheral nerve repair.Thus,our study shows that Runx2 plays a major role in Schwann cell migration,re-myelination,and peripheral nerve functional recovery following injury.

Recent advances in the application of MXenes for neural tissue engineering and regeneration

Transition metal carbides and nitrides(MXenes)are crystal nanomaterials with a number of surface functional groups such as fluorine,hydroxyl,and oxygen,which can be used as carriers for proteins and drugs.MXenes have excellent biocompatibility,electrical conductivity,surface hydrophilicity,mechanical properties and easy surface modification.However,at present,the stability of most MXenes needs to be improved,and more synthesis methods need to be explored.MXenes are good substrates for nerve cell regeneration and nerve reconstruction,which have broad application prospects in the repair of nervous system injury.Regarding the application of MXenes in neuroscience,mainly at the cellular level,the long-term in vivo biosafety and effects also need to be further explored.This review focuses on the progress of using MXenes in nerve regeneration over the last few years;discussing preparation of MXenes and their biocompatibility with different cells as well as the regulation by MXenes of nerve cell regeneration in two-dimensional and three-dimensional environments in vitro.MXenes have great potential in regulating the proliferation,differentiation,and maturation of nerve cells and in promoting regeneration and recovery after nerve injury.In addition,this review also presents the main challenges during optimization processes,such as the preparation of stable MXenes and long-term in vivo biosafety,and further discusses future directions in neural tissue engineering.

Nanozyme‑Engineered Hydrogels for Anti‑Inflammation and Skin Regeneration

Inflammatory skin disorders can cause chronic scarring and functional impairments,posing a significant burden on patients and the healthcare system.Conventional therapies,such as corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,are limited in efficacy and associated with adverse effects.Recently,nanozyme(NZ)-based hydrogels have shown great promise in addressing these challenges.NZ-based hydrogels possess unique therapeutic abilities by combining the therapeutic benefits of redox nanomaterials with enzymatic activity and the water-retaining capacity of hydrogels.The multifaceted therapeutic effects of these hydrogels include scavenging reactive oxygen species and other inflammatory mediators modulating immune responses toward a pro-regenerative environment and enhancing regenerative potential by triggering cell migration and differentiation.This review highlights the current state of the art in NZ-engineered hydrogels(NZ@hydrogels)for anti-inflammatory and skin regeneration applications.It also discusses the underlying chemo-mechano-biological mechanisms behind their effectiveness.Additionally,the challenges and future directions in this ground,particularly their clinical translation,are addressed.The insights provided in this review can aid in the design and engineering of novel NZ-based hydrogels,offering new possibilities for targeted and personalized skin-care therapies.

Blockade of Rho-associated kinase prevents inhibition of axon regeneration of peripheral nerves induced by anti-ganglioside antibodies

Anti-ganglioside antibodies are associated with delayed/poor clinical recovery in Guillain-Barrèsyndrome,mostly related to halted axon regeneration.Cross-linking of cell surface gangliosides by anti-ganglioside antibodies triggers inhibition of nerve repair in in vitro and in vivo paradigms of axon regeneration.These effects involve the activation of the small GTPase Rho A/ROCK signaling pathways,which negatively modulate growth cone cytoskeleton,similarly to well stablished inhibitors of axon regeneration described so far.The aim of this work was to perform a proof of concept study to demonstrate the effectiveness of Y-27632,a selective pharmacological inhibitor of ROCK,in a mouse model of axon regeneration of peripheral nerves,where the passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody targeting gangliosides GD1a and GT1b was previously reported to exert a potent inhibitory effect on regeneration of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.Our results demonstrate a differential sensitivity of myelinated and unmyelinated axons to the pro-regenerative effect of Y-27632.Treatment with a total dosage of 9 mg/kg of Y-27632 resulted in a complete prevention of anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody-mediated inhibition of axon regeneration of unmyelinated fibers to skin and the functional recovery of mechanical cutaneous sensitivity.In contrast,the same dose showed toxic effects on the regeneration of myelinated fibers.Interestingly,scale down of the dosage of Y-27632 to 5 mg/kg resulted in a significant although not complete recovery of regenerated myelinated axons exposed to anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody in the absence of toxicity in animals exposed to only Y-27632.Overall,these findings confirm the in vivo participation of Rho A/ROCK signaling pathways in the molecular mechanisms associated with the inhibition of axon regeneration induced by anti-GD1a/GT1b monoclonal antibody.Our findings open the possibility of therapeutic pharmacological intervention targeting Rho A/Rock pathway in immune neuropathies associated with the presence of anti-ganglioside antibodies and delayed or incomplete clinical recovery after injury in the peripheral nervous system.

Biomaterials and tissue engineering in traumatic brain injury:novel perspectives on promoting neural regeneration

Traumatic brain injury is a serious medical condition that can be attributed to falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries and acts of violence, causing a series of neural injuries and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, limited accessibility to the injury sites, complicated histological and anatomical structure, intricate cellular and extracellular milieu, lack of regenerative capacity in the native cells, vast variety of damage routes, and the insufficient time available for treatment have restricted the widespread application of several therapeutic methods in cases of central nervous system injury. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as innovative approaches in the field of nerve regeneration. By combining biomaterials, stem cells, and growth factors, these approaches have provided a platform for developing effective treatments for neural injuries, which can offer the potential to restore neural function, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the need for drugs and invasive surgical procedures. Biomaterials have shown advantages in promoting neural development, inhibiting glial scar formation, and providing a suitable biomimetic neural microenvironment, which makes their application promising in the field of neural regeneration. For instance, bioactive scaffolds loaded with stem cells can provide a biocompatible and biodegradable milieu. Furthermore, stem cells-derived exosomes combine the advantages of stem cells, avoid the risk of immune rejection, cooperate with biomaterials to enhance their biological functions, and exert stable functions, thereby inducing angiogenesis and neural regeneration in patients with traumatic brain injury and promoting the recovery of brain function. Unfortunately, biomaterials have shown positive effects in the laboratory, but when similar materials are used in clinical studies of human central nervous system regeneration, their efficacy is unsatisfactory. Here, we review the characteristics and properties of various bioactive materials, followed by the introduction of applications based on biochemistry and cell molecules, and discuss the emerging role of biomaterials in promoting neural regeneration. Further, we summarize the adaptive biomaterials infused with exosomes produced from stem cells and stem cells themselves for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Finally, we present the main limitations of biomaterials for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and offer insights into their future potential.

Impact of cattle density on the structure and natural regeneration of a turkey oak stand on an agrosilvopastoral farm in central Italy

On an agrosilvopastoral farm in central Italy where Maremmana cattle graze in Turkey oak forests,we evaluated the impact of different livestock densities on stand structure,tree diversity and natural regeneration in four types of grazed areas based on the grazing regime adopted:calf-grazed,high-intensity-grazed,low-intensity-grazed,ungrazed control.For each area,we set up three permanent circular plots(radius of 15 m)to survey the structural and dasometric characteristics of the overstorey,understorey,and regeneration layer.The results showed that grazing negatively affected the complexity of the forest structure and its potential to regenerate and maintain a high level of biodiversity.The differences in stand structure observed between the grazing areas were closely related to livestock density.The most sensitive components of the system were the understorey and the regeneration layers.Contrarily,the current grazing management did not affect the dominant tree structure or its composition.Our findings identified medium-term monitoring and regeneration management as the two significant aspects to consider when assessing sustainable livestock.New forests can be established by excluding graz-ing for about 20–25 years.

Role of transforming growth factor-βin peripheral nerve regeneration

Injuries caused by trauma and neurodegenerative diseases can damage the peripheral nervous system and cause functional deficits.Unlike in the central nervous system,damaged axons in peripheral nerves can be induced to regenerate in response to intrinsic cues after reprogramming or in a growth-promoting microenvironment created by Schwann cells.However,axon regeneration and repair do not automatically result in the restoration of function,which is the ultimate therapeutic goal but also a major clinical challenge.Transforming growth factor(TGF)is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates various biological processes including tissue repair,embryo development,and cell growth and differentiation.There is accumulating evidence that TGF-βfamily proteins participate in peripheral nerve repair through various factors and signaling pathways by regulating the growth and transformation of Schwann cells;recruiting specific immune cells;controlling the permeability of the blood-nerve barrier,thereby stimulating axon growth;and inhibiting remyelination of regenerated axons.TGF-βhas been applied to the treatment of peripheral nerve injury in animal models.In this context,we review the functions of TGF-βin peripheral nerve regeneration and potential clinical applications.

Growth hormone promotes the reconstruction of injured axons in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system

Previous studies have shown that growth hormone can regulate hypothalamic energy metabolism, stress, and hormone release. Therefore, growth hormone has great potential for treating hypothalamic injury. In this study, we established a specific hypothalamic axon injury model by inducing hypothalamic pituitary stalk electric lesions in male mice. We then treated mice by intraperitoneal administration of growth hormone. Our results showed that growth hormone increased the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its receptors, and promoted the survival of hypothalamic neurons, axonal regeneration, and vascular reconstruction from the median eminence through the posterior pituitary. Altogether, this alleviated hypothalamic injury-caused central diabetes insipidus and anxiety. These results suggest that growth hormone can promote axonal reconstruction after hypothalamic injury by regulating the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis.

Modeling and analysis of air combustion and steam regeneration in methanol to olefins processes

Light olefins is the incredibly important materials in chemical industry.Methanol to olefins(MTO),which provides a non-oil route for light olefins production,received considerable attention in the past decades.However,the catalyst deactivation is an inevitable feature in MTO processes,and regeneration,therefore,is one of the key steps in industrial MTO processes.Traditionally the MTO catalyst is regenerated by removing the deposited coke via air combustion,which unavoidably transforms coke into carbon dioxide and reduces the carbon utilization efficiency.Recent study shows that the coke species over MTO catalyst can be regenerated via steam,which can promote the light olefins yield as the deactivated coke species can be essentially transferred to industrially useful synthesis gas,is a promising pathway for further MTO processes development.In this work,we modelled and analyzed these two MTO regeneration methods in terms of carbon utilization efficiency and technology economics.As shown,the steam regeneration could achieve a carbon utilization efficiency of 84.31%,compared to 74.74%for air combustion regeneration.The MTO processes using steam regeneration can essentially achieve the near-zero carbon emission.In addition,light olefins production of the MTO processes using steam regeneration is 12.81%higher than that using air combustion regeneration.In this regard,steam regeneration could be considered as a potential yet promising regeneration method for further MTO processes,showing not only great environmental benefits but also competitive economic performance.

Regeneration of the heart:f rom molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics

Heart injury such as myocardial infarction leads to cardiomyocyte loss,fibrotic tissue deposition,and scar formation.These changes reduce cardiac contractility,resulting in heart failure,which causes a huge public health burden.Military personnel,compared with civilians,is exposed to more stress,a risk factor for heart diseases,making cardiovascular health management and treatment innovation an important topic for military medicine.So far,medical intervention can slow down cardiovascular disease progression,but not yet induce heart regeneration.In the past decades,studies have focused on mechanisms underlying the regenerative capability of the heart and applicable approaches to reverse heart injury.Insights have emerged from studies in animal models and early clinical trials.Clinical interventions show the potential to reduce scar formation and enhance cardiomyocyte proliferation that counteracts the pathogenesis of heart disease.In this review,we discuss the signaling events controlling the regeneration of heart tissue and summarize current therapeutic approaches to promote heart regeneration after injury.

P-aminobenzoic acid promotes retinal regeneration through activation of Ascl1a in zebrafish

The retina of zebrafish can regenerate completely after injury.M ultiple studies have demonstrated that metabolic alte rations occur during retinal damage;however to date no study has identified a link between metabolites and retinal regeneration of zebrafish.Here,we performed an unbiased metabolome sequencing in the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-damaged retinas of zebrafish to demonstrate the metabolomic mechanism of retinal regeneration.Among the differentially-ex pressed metabolites,we found a significant decrease in p-aminobenzoic acid in the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-damaged retinas of zebrafish.Then,we investigated the role of p-aminobenzoic acid in retinal regeneration in adult zebrafish.Impo rtantly,p-aminobenzoic acid activated Achaetescute complex-like 1a expression,thereby promoting Müller glia reprogramming and division,as well as Müller glia-derived progenitor cell proliferation.Finally,we eliminated folic acid and inflammation as downstream effectors of PABA and demonstrated that PABA had little effect on Müller glia distribution.Taken together,these findings show that PABA contributes to retinal regeneration through activation of Achaetescute complex-like 1a expression in the N-methyl-Daspartic acid-damaged retinas of zebrafish.