Research on Corrosion Resistance of Checker Bricks in Regenerators of Glass Furnaces

To extend the service life of the upper checker bricks in the regenerator of glass furnaces with petroleum coke as fuel,the corrosion resistance of magnesia-chrome and alumina-chrome bricks with the similar apparent porosity was systematically researched.The results show that the Cr2O3 content and the microstructure present significant effects on the corrosion resistance.The molten corrosion reagent forms silicate and vanadate phases with low melting points between MgO crystals in magnesia-chrome bricks,and the volume strain generated by the melting and solidification process leads to the cracking and spalling of refractories,which intensifies the corrosion process.The encapsulation of alumina particles by alumina-chrome solid solutions in alumina-chrome bricks avoids contact with the low melting point liquid phases and improves the corrosion resistance of refractories.

Study of Optimal Parameters of Improved 1RX Regenerator

In this article, researches on improvement of 1RX regenerator used in cleaning processes of cotton ginning enterprises were carried out. The effect of changing the parameters of the new working body—rubber-plate drum and machine inlet on the efficiency of cotton separation was studied in the research, and the maximum level of efficiency of separation was determined. In this paper work, the main factors affecting the efficient operation of the regenerator were identified, their value limits were determined, and research was conducted using the mathematical planning method. As a result, effective operation of the improved 1RX cotton regenerator was observed at the value of the given factors, that is, the separation efficiency was 99.5%, the cleaning efficiency was higher than 88.7%, and the amount of seed cotton in the waste was reduced lower than 2.5%.

Synthetical optimization of the structure dimension for the thermoacoustic regenerator

The quantitative investigation of parameters in the renegerator is essential for the optimization of thermoacoustic devices, while the majority of the previous research only considered parameters of the working field, working gas and the hydraulic radius. Based on the linear thermoacoustic theory, this paper extracts a normalized parameter for low-amplitude conditions, which is called the regenerator operation factor. By extracting the regenerator operation factor and relative hydraulic radius, the influence of frequency on the efficiency can be controlled and offset. It can be found that thermoacoustic devices with different frequencies can perform the same efficiency by adjusting the radius in proportion to the axial length.Finally, this paper synthetically optimizes the dimension of the thermoacoustic regenerator by taking the regenerator operation factor, relative hydraulic radius and acoustic field parameter as variables. Conclusions in this paper are of great significance for explaining the best working conditions of engines and directing the miniaturization and optimal design of thermoacoustic devices.

FAILURE ANALYSIS AND INSPECTION OF CRACKING OF IN-SERVICE CATALYTIC REGENERATOR

The special subject'research on life prediction technology of important in-service pressure vessels' mainly analyzes the failure mechanism of large-sized important and critical in-service pressure vessels under the action of working medium and investigates safety assessment and life prediction technology with a view to enhance the operation reliability of in-service pressure vessels in China. Based on a series of accident investigation and test & measuring research, the cause of cracking of catalytic regenerator is analyzed and the in-line non-destructive examination method and failure prevention measures for the cracking of catalytic regenerator are proposed.

Investigation on porous frequency of regenerator of microminiature thermoacoustic refrigerator

A new method was proposed to directly measure the effective resistance and distinguish the porous frequency in the regenerator of the microminiature thermoacoustic refrigerator. Measured results were compared with the flux gain factor and transmission loss of the real system. The results show that the agreement between the range of the porous frequency and frequency of the system is good, the method can be used to predict the porous frequency of the regenerator in production.

An Identified Study on the Active Network of a Thermoacoustic Regenerator

An active thermo-acoustic network model of regenerator which is a key component to accomplish the con-version between thermal-and acoustic power in thermo-acoustic system has been established in this paper. The experiment was carried out to quantify the network. A method called least square is employed in order to identify the H matrix describing the system. The results obtained here show that the active thermo-acoustic network can reliably depict the characteristics of a thermo-acoustic system.

Real-Time Optimization Model for Continuous Reforming Regenerator

An approach for the simulation and optimization of continuous catalyst-regenerative process of reforming is proposed in this paper.Compared to traditional method such as finite difference method,the orthogonal collocation method is less time-consuming and more accurate,which can meet the requirement of real-time optimization(RTO).In this paper,the equation-oriented method combined with the orthogonal collocation method and the finite difference method is adopted to build the RTO model for catalytic reforming regenerator.The orthogonal collocation method was adopted to discretize the differential equations and sequential quadratic programming(SQP)algorithm was used to solve the algebraic equations.The rate constants,active energy and reaction order were estimated,with the sum of relative errors between actual value and simulated value serving as optimization objective function.The model can quickly predict the fields of component concentration,temperature and pressure inside the regenerator under different conditions,as well as the real-time optimized conditions for industrial reforming regenerator.

Damage Mechanism and Structure Analysis of Used Clay Checker Bricks for Regenerators of Coke Ovens

During long-term use,the clay checker bricks for regenerators of coke ovens on gas side react with the impurities containing Fe and K20,causing foaming,softening and deformation,which is not only related with the impurity content and properties of the clay checker bricks,but also related with the type and the composition of the dust in the gas.After long term use,the clay checker bricks of coke ovens on air side have relative lower impurities containing Fe and K20.The inferior clay checker bricks,with high impurity content and high porosity,are easy to pulverize and deteriorate due to the oxidationreduction reaction with the iron oxide and the gas.The gas quality shall be concerned for long service life of the coke oven regenerators.

Innovation of Regenerator Checkerwork for Glass Melting Furnaces

Regenerator checkerwork for glass melting furnaces should have high resistance against thermal stress and chemical attack,high mechanical stability,high efficiency to recover the heat from waste gas and low tendency for clogging.This article reviews the innovation of the regenerator checkerwork from the past decades.The state of the art for optimised material choice and optimised checker shapes will be reported.

Optimized Process and Design:Incomplete Combustion in FCC Regenerators to Produce CO

The catalyst regeneration process running under the partial oxidation mode in traditional fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)units needs a carbon monoxide(CO)boiler to burn the flue gas,resulting in a large volume of CO_(2) emissions.In this study,the performance of a set of industrial serial-type FCC regenerators and the changes in flue gas composition were analyzed by establishing a model of the regenerators and the flue gas energy recovery section.Considering the value of utilizing CO,based on the simulation,this paper proposes two schemes for maximizing CO content in the flue gas of regenerators.The two sets of optimal process operating parameters were obtained using a genetic algorithm.Compared with the original process,the CO contents of flue gas in the two optimized processes increased to 6.6%and 12.5%,CO_(2) emissions were reduced by 48.4%and 96.7%,and the costs of CO production were 0.57$/m^(3) and 0.84$/m^(3),respectively.

Fault Waveform Regenerator and Its Digital Closed-Loop Modification Technique

In order to provide a novel and more effective alternative to the commonly used relay protection testing device that outputs only the sinusoidal testing signals, the concept of fault waveform regenerator is proposed in this paper, together with its hardware structure and software flow chart. Fault waveform regenerator mainly depends on its power amplifiers (PAs) to regenerate the fault waveforms recorded by digital fault recorder (DFR). To counteract the PA’s inherent nonlinear distortions, a digital closed-loop modification technique that is different from the predistortion technique is conceived. And the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the fault waveform regenerator based on the digital closed-loop modification technique.

A novel approach towards the selection of regenerators for optimal Stirling engine performance based on energy and exergy analyses

Regenerators play a vital role in enhancing the overall performance of Stirling engines.Hence,this paper performed an energy and exergy analysis to elucidate the significance of regenerator characteristics concerning system performance,contributing to the optimal regenerator’s design and selection.The relationship between regenerator structure,regenerator exergy destruction,and output power,thermal efficiency,and exergy efficiency for Stirling engines was established by integrating the thermal model of Stirling engines with a mathematical model of regenerators.In contrast to cross-flow and parallel-flow regenerators,a novel concept of inclined-flow regenerators,featuring a matrix surface inclined in the direction of gas flow,was developed to achieve higher and more balanced engine output power and energy utilization efficiency.A comprehensive investigation was conducted into the effects of matrix structure types and regenerator geometries on the performance of both regenerators and engines.The results reveal that,following structural optimization,Stirling engines equipped with the inclined-flow regenerator demonstrate a substantial 16.6%,38.3%,and 37.2%increase in power output,thermal efficiency,and exergy efficiency,respectively,compared to those equipped with cross-flow regenerators.In contrast,when compared to engines fitted with parallel-flow regenerators,they experience a 13.5%reduction in power output but achieve remarkable enhancements of 45.4%and 36.7%in thermal and exergy efficiency,respectively.This study introduces new insights into selecting regenerator structures for enhancing the output performance of Stirling engines.

Optical vortex copier and regenerator in the Fourier domain

The generation and manipulation of optical vortices are of fundamental importance in a variety of promising applications. Here, we develop a nonlinear optical paradigm to implement self-and cross-convolution of optical vortex arrays, demonstrating the features of a vortex copier and regenerator. We use a phase-only spatial light modulator to prepare the 1064 nm invisible fundamental light to carry special optical vortex arrays and use a potassium titanyl phosphate crystal to perform type Ⅱ second-harmonic generation in the Fourier domain to achieve 532 nm visible structured vortices. Based on pure cross-convolution, we succeed in copying arbitrary-order single vortices as well as their superposition states onto a prearranged array of fundamental Gaussian spots. Also, based on the simultaneous effect of self-and cross-convolutions, we can expand the initial vortex lattices to regenerate more vortices carrying various higher topological charges. Our presented method of realizing an optical vortex copier and regenerator could find direct applications in optical manipulation, optical imaging, optical communication, and quantum information processing with structured vortex arrays.

Nanozyme‑Engineered Hydrogels for Anti‑Inflammation and Skin Regeneration

Inflammatory skin disorders can cause chronic scarring and functional impairments,posing a significant burden on patients and the healthcare system.Conventional therapies,such as corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,are limited in efficacy and associated with adverse effects.Recently,nanozyme(NZ)-based hydrogels have shown great promise in addressing these challenges.NZ-based hydrogels possess unique therapeutic abilities by combining the therapeutic benefits of redox nanomaterials with enzymatic activity and the water-retaining capacity of hydrogels.The multifaceted therapeutic effects of these hydrogels include scavenging reactive oxygen species and other inflammatory mediators modulating immune responses toward a pro-regenerative environment and enhancing regenerative potential by triggering cell migration and differentiation.This review highlights the current state of the art in NZ-engineered hydrogels(NZ@hydrogels)for anti-inflammatory and skin regeneration applications.It also discusses the underlying chemo-mechano-biological mechanisms behind their effectiveness.Additionally,the challenges and future directions in this ground,particularly their clinical translation,are addressed.The insights provided in this review can aid in the design and engineering of novel NZ-based hydrogels,offering new possibilities for targeted and personalized skin-care therapies.

A green cross-linking method for the preparation of renewable threedimensional graphene sponges for efficient adsorption of Congo red dye

Graphene-based materials possess significant potential for the treatment of dye wastewater due to their exceptional adsorption properties toward stubborn pollutants.However,their utilization is hindered by high preparation costs,low yields,environmental pollution during synthesis,and challenges in regenerating the adsorbent.This study proposes a novel approach to address these limitations by developing nitrogen-doped three-dimensional(3D)polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)crosslinked graphene sponges(N-PGA)using a cross-linking method with ammonium carbonate.This method offers a relatively mild,environmentally friendly approach.Ammonium carbonate serves as both a reducing and modifying agent,facilitating the formation of the intrinsic structure of N-PGA and acting as a nitrogen source.Meanwhile,PVA is utilized as the cross-linking agent.The results demonstrate that N-PGA exhibits a favorable internal 3D hierarchical porous structure and possesses robust mechanical properties.The measured specific surface area(BET)of N-PGA was as high as406.538 m^(2)·g^(-1),which was favorable for its efficient adsorption of Congo red(CR)dye molecules.At an initial concentration of 50 mg·L^(-1),N-PGA achieved an impressive removal rate of 89.6%and an adsorption capacity of 112 mg·g^(-1)for CR dye.Furthermore,it retained 79%of its initial adsorption capacity after 10 cycles,demonstrating excellent regeneration performance.In summary,the synthesized N-PGA displays remarkable efficacy in the adsorption of CR dye in wastewater,opening up new possibilities for utilizing 3D porous graphene nanomaterials as efficient adsorbents in wastewater treatment.

Impact of cattle density on the structure and natural regeneration of a turkey oak stand on an agrosilvopastoral farm in central Italy

On an agrosilvopastoral farm in central Italy where Maremmana cattle graze in Turkey oak forests,we evaluated the impact of different livestock densities on stand structure,tree diversity and natural regeneration in four types of grazed areas based on the grazing regime adopted:calf-grazed,high-intensity-grazed,low-intensity-grazed,ungrazed control.For each area,we set up three permanent circular plots(radius of 15 m)to survey the structural and dasometric characteristics of the overstorey,understorey,and regeneration layer.The results showed that grazing negatively affected the complexity of the forest structure and its potential to regenerate and maintain a high level of biodiversity.The differences in stand structure observed between the grazing areas were closely related to livestock density.The most sensitive components of the system were the understorey and the regeneration layers.Contrarily,the current grazing management did not affect the dominant tree structure or its composition.Our findings identified medium-term monitoring and regeneration management as the two significant aspects to consider when assessing sustainable livestock.New forests can be established by excluding graz-ing for about 20–25 years.

Regeneration of the heart:f rom molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics

Heart injury such as myocardial infarction leads to cardiomyocyte loss,fibrotic tissue deposition,and scar formation.These changes reduce cardiac contractility,resulting in heart failure,which causes a huge public health burden.Military personnel,compared with civilians,is exposed to more stress,a risk factor for heart diseases,making cardiovascular health management and treatment innovation an important topic for military medicine.So far,medical intervention can slow down cardiovascular disease progression,but not yet induce heart regeneration.In the past decades,studies have focused on mechanisms underlying the regenerative capability of the heart and applicable approaches to reverse heart injury.Insights have emerged from studies in animal models and early clinical trials.Clinical interventions show the potential to reduce scar formation and enhance cardiomyocyte proliferation that counteracts the pathogenesis of heart disease.In this review,we discuss the signaling events controlling the regeneration of heart tissue and summarize current therapeutic approaches to promote heart regeneration after injury.

Letter from the Editor-in-Chief

It is my great pleasure to introduce you the 19th volume of Neural Regeneration Research(NRR)and the first issue of 2024.The new volume still features a large number of manuscripts reporting on neural regeneration,which we hope will be of interest to you.

Role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in peripheral nerve regeneration:a cellular and molecular perspective

Neuro regeneration is a very complex phenomenon characterized by the generation of new neurons and synapses,involving connections between adjacent cells and axonal projections.Neuroregeneration supplies additional longterm resources to replace those altered by the injury and ensure lasting functional recovery.

Runx2 regulates peripheral nerve regeneration to promote Schwann cell migration and re-myelination

Runx2 is a major regulator of osteoblast differentiation and function;however,the role of Runx2 in peripheral nerve repair is unclea r.Here,we analyzed Runx2expression following injury and found that it was specifically up-regulated in Schwann cells.Furthermore,using Schwann cell-specific Runx2 knocko ut mice,we studied peripheral nerve development and regeneration and found that multiple steps in the regeneration process following sciatic nerve injury were Runx2-dependent.Changes observed in Runx2 knoc kout mice include increased prolife ration of Schwann cells,impaired Schwann cell migration and axonal regrowth,reduced re-myelination of axo ns,and a block in macrophage clearance in the late stage of regeneration.Taken together,our findings indicate that Runx2 is a key regulator of Schwann cell plasticity,and therefore peripheral nerve repair.Thus,our study shows that Runx2 plays a major role in Schwann cell migration,re-myelination,and peripheral nerve functional recovery following injury.