Contribution of 3CD Region to the Virulence of Enterovirus 71

Enterovirus 71 （EV71） and Coxsackievirus A16 （CoxA16） are the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease （HFMD） that occurs primarily in children and infants with mild clinical manifestations. HFMD caused by EV71 could develop to a fatal neurological complication.

ASEAN 50: VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO THE REGIONAL COOPERATION

ASEAN celebrates its 50th anniversary on August 8,2017.The most important achievements for ASEAN 50 are,one is that ASEAN as a regional organization has gradually brought all countries in the Southeast Asia together and realize the regional unity,stability and peace,while another is that it has established an open and integrated regional market and promoted the economic development and prosperity.The core value of

Climate Warming Mitigation from Nationally Determined Contributions

Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’decision-making process.In this study,we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario(ΔT=0.6°C)and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system model.Considering reductions in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,BC,and SO_(2),the R5OECD(the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990)and R5ASIA(Asian countries)are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation,accounting for 39.3%and 36.8%,respectively.R5LAM(Latin America and the Caribbean)and R5MAF(the Middle East and Africa)followed behind,with contributions of 11.5%and 8.9%,respectively.The remaining 3.5%is attributed to R5REF(the Reforming Economies).Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions,but not the only one.Other greenhouse gases are also important,especially for R5MAF.The contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant,notably SO_(2)reduction in R5ASIA.We argue that additional species beyond CO_(2)need to be considered,including short-lived pollutants,when planning a route to mitigate climate change.It needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts,let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree target.All countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world.

Regional source contributions to fine particulate matter of less studied cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in 2017

Located in the central area of the North China Plain, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region experiences severe air pollution, especially for Hebei province with five cities among the top 10 cities with the worst air quality nationwide. However, less studies have investigated local and regional contributions to cities in Hebei in comparison to Beijing and Tianjin. In this study, a source-oriented version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is used to quantify inter- and intra-province transport of PM_(2.5) in 11 cities within Hebei in 2017. PM_(2.5) and its components vary seasonally with high levels in winter and low levels in summer. Local contributions to total PM_(2.5) within cities are 23%–61%, while intra-province transport contributes 10%–30%, and inter-province transport contributes 23%–46%, with top contributors of Shandong (4%–22%), Henan (3%–15%) and Shanxi (2%–11%). The primary components in most cities are mainly from local sources (30%–80%), and the secondary components are mainly from inter-province contributions (30%–66%). Local sources have the highest contributions to total PM_(2.5) in Shijiazhuang (∼49%), followed by Shanxi (∼12%) and Xingtai (∼7%). Secondary components from local and intra-province emissions are the major cause of heavy pollution events. These results suggest that both local and regional joint control measures with neighboring cities and provinces are necessary for pollution reduction in Hebei cities.

Characteristics and influencing factors of CO_(2) emission from inland waters in China

Inland water bodies,being the most active biogeochemical cycle reactors,play a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle and CO_(2) budget.This study integrates existing observation dataset of CO_(2) flux(fCO_(2))in rivers,lakes and reservoirs in China,to elucidate their spatial-temporal patterns and key influencing factors and to reappraise the significance for regional carbon balance.It showed that,the fCO_(2) in rivers,lakes and reservoirs in China presented significant variability with large range of-379.3-4947.6,-160.1-785.0 and -74.0-1603.1 mg CO_(2)m-2h^(-1),respectively.The median of the fCO_(2) in rivers was of 228.5 mg CO_(2)m^(-2)h^(-1),observably higher than these in lakes and reservoirs(26.0 and 28.3 mg CO_(2)m^(-2)h^(-1),respectively).The fCO_(2)in rivers and reservoirs exhibited similar decreasing trend from south to north as a result of universal climate restraint,the averaged fCO_(2) in Pearl River and Yangtze River basins showed much higher than that in Northeastern rivers.While,the averaged fCO_(2) in the Mongolia-Xinjiang lake district and the Northeast lake district were higher than other lake districts,followed by the Qinghai-Xizang lake district,and the Eastern and Yungui lake district were generally low,contradicting the climatic restriction.The water primary production enhancement resulting from human activities was the main driver of spatial variation in the fCO_(2) in lakes.Meanwhile,the fCO_(2) in rivers presented seasonal pattern with higher wet season than dry season,while opposite patterns were found in lakes and reservoirs.Seasonal temperature,precipitation and water primary production were main factors.Furthermore,it showed pH was a key factor indicating the variability of the fCO_(2) levels either in rivers,lakes or in reservoirs.In lakes,the fCO_(2) is closely linked to chlorophyll a(Chl-a)and dissolved oxygen(DO),whereas,the fCO_(2) in rivers is primarily associated with organic carbon(OC)and total nitrogen(TN),highlighting the diverse controlling mechanisms of fCO_(2) in various inland water types.In addition,we found that water body sizes play an important role in regulating the fCO_(2) levels,and small waters act as hotspots ofCO_(2) flux.Additionally,widespread urbanization and agricultural activities may enhance CO_(2) emissions from rivers but potentially mitigating that from lakes.Nevertheless,the comprehensive impact of these factors on CO_(2) emissions in inland water requires further evaluation.Based on the extrapolation method,we re-estimated that the total CO_(2) emission of inland waters in China is approximately 117.3 Tg yr^(-1),which could offset 4.6%-12.8% of the total land carbon sink in China.