DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COHERENT STRUCTURE IN THE OUTER REGION OF TURBULENCE BOUNDARY LAYER

In the present paper the coherent structures in the outer region of turbulent boundary layer were investigated experimentally and analytically. From the observation of the how field over smooth wall, rough wall and sand wave wall, it was found that the direct effect of wall on the flow structure can reach y(+1) approximate to 100, and both lateral and vertical vortices exist in the outer region, but the coherent structures in the outer region are mainly the formation, development and decay of the large-scale lateral vortices. By experimental and dynamical analysis, some influence factors and their relations associated with the dynamical process of lateral vortices were deduced.

A HOMOGENEOUS MODEL OF UPPER LAYER CIRCULATION IN INDO-PACIFIC REGION

A homogeneous model is proposed to study the upper layer circulation in the Indo-Pacific region,the sources of the Indonesian throughflow (TF) and the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), and the relations of the the with the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and the South Equatorial Current (SEC). The results revealed that the upper layer circulaton, as part of the Pacific Ocean general circulation, is mainly controlled by geostrophic balance; that the NECC’s volume transport is mainly sup plied by the NEC, and its variation has closer relation to the NEC than the SEC; that the TF, whose volume transport is jointly supplied by the NEC through the Mindanao Current (MC) and the SEC, with the NEC being the first source, has significant influence on the circulation structure; and that a large Celebes Sea cyclonic circulation not mentioned elsewhere so far, exists in the calculated results.

Formation of electron depletion layer and parallel electric field in the separatrix region of anti-parallel magnetic reconnection

It is generally accepted that during collisionless magnetic reconnection, electrons flow toward the X line in the separatrix region, and then an electron depletion layer is formed.In this paper, with two-dimensional(2 D) particle-in-cell(PIC)simulation, we investigate the characteristics of the separatrix region during magnetic reconnection.In addition to the electron depletion layer, we find that there still exists an electric field parallel to the magnetic field in the separatrix region.Because a reduced ion-to-electron mass ratio and light speed are usually used in PIC simulation models, we also change these parameters to analyze the characteristics of the separatrix region.It is found that the increase in the ion-to-electron mass ratio makes the electron depletion layer and the parallel electric field more obvious, while the influence of light speed is less pronounced.

The fine velocity structure of sediment－base－ment layer in the Three－GorgesRegionoftheChangjiangRiver（YangtzeRiver）

In this paper, the study on the fine velocity structure of sedimental and basement layers along 4 deep seismic sounding profiles in the Three Gorges Region of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) are presented. The velocity of sedimental cover is larger in hills of western Hubei in the western profiles, the total thickness is about 0～0.3 km. However, it becomes thick in southern part of Zigui basin and Zushui river valley, about 5.0 km and 4.0 km thick respectively. The sedimental cover is very thick in Jianghan plains in the eastern profiles, about 5～8 km, and the velocity is lower. The velocity of basemental plane is greater than 6.0 km/s over the whole region. An interface can be divided within the sedimental layer, it is about 3～4 km deep in Jianghan plains, while it approximates to surface in other regions. The profiles are cut by faults in many positions. Where the faults pass, the velocity isopleth varies sharply, and the velocity is obviously low. The basement layer is characterized by high velocity and low gradient, there exist 3 high velocity anomalous zones within the layer, which are located at the west, south and east of Huangling Anticlinorium respectively. They are the upwelling materials of basalt magma with high velocity from deep crust. Perhaps, this process took place before formation of Huangling Anticlinorium. Its action produces the significant variation of basement plane depth and the correspondent development and action of faults.

Convective Boundary Layer in the Region of the Monsoon Trough-A Case Study

A case study of the convectively driven monsoon boundary layer has been carried out using the aerological observations at four stations in the region of monsoon trough during Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment (MONTBLEX) 1988. The Convective Boundary Layer (CBL) in the region of monsoon trough did not show double mixing line structure. A single mixing line representing the CBL with different stabilities with respect to the convective activities was observed.

Lateral Inhomogeneity of Basement Layer in Three Gorges Region of Changjiang River (Yangtze River)

Seismic tomography from the Pg wave data along the non-longitudinal profile in the Three Gorges Region is presented in this paper.The seismic tomography method,and the acquisition and analysis of seismic travel time are broadly outlined.The tomography of basement reveals a great amount of significant information and shows that the low-velocity zone is due to the lithologic difference and the fault fracture zone.It also demonstrates that there exist three high-velocity zones with v】6.4 km/s at the basement; the largest of zones which strikes north-south is located at the southwestern side of Huangling Anticlinorium and extends into the anticlinorium northward.The other two high-velocity zones are,respectively,situated at the eastern side of the anticlinorium and the western side of the profile.The high-velocity zones are inferred to originate from the upwelling of material with high-velocity from deep crust.

Parameter Inversions of Multi-Layer Media of Mars Polar Region with Validation of SHARAD Data

HF (high frequency) radar sounder technology has been developed for several missions of Mars surface/subsurface exploration. This paper presents a model of rough surface and stratified sub-surfaces to describe the multi-layer structure of Mars polar deposits. Based on numerical simulation of radar echoes from rough surface/stratified interfaces, an inversion approach is developed to obtain the parameters of Polar Layered Deposits, i.e. layers thickness and dielectric constants. As a validation example, the SHARAD radar sounder data of the Promethei Lingula of Mars South Polar region is adopted for parameters inversion. The result of stratification is also analyzed and compared with the optical photo of the deep cliff of Chasma Australe canyon. Dielectric inversions show that the deposit media are not uniform, and the dielectric constants of the Promethei Lingula surfaces are large, and become reduced around the depth of 20 m - 30 m, below where most of the deposits are nearly pure ice, except a few thin layers with a lot of dust.

寒区隧道防冻保温层隔热作用机理及其厚度影响因素研究

针对寒冷地区公路隧道防冻保温层表面铺设,共设置了21组计算工况,通过对年周期下隧道防冻保温层、衬砌结构和围岩沿径向温度场变化以及各工况所需的防冻保温层厚度进行数值模拟计算,研究隧道防冻保温层隔热作用机理及其所需厚度的影响因素。结果表明:防冻保温层隔热作用显著,主要体现在使隧道衬砌结构和围岩年温度振幅降低上,同时年平均温度也有一定升高;随着防冻保温层铺设厚度增大,隧道衬砌结构和围岩年平均温度和年温度振幅分别呈指数函数升高和降低,相应的年最低温度也呈指数函数升高,防冻保温层厚度越大,隔热效果越好,但是隔热效率不断降低;围岩导热系数越大,导温系数越小,防冻保温层隔热效果越显著;防冻保温层所需厚度随围岩导热系数和围岩初始温度升高呈指数函数减小,随围岩导温系数升高呈对数函数增加,随年平均气温和年温度振幅升高分别呈线性减小和增加,防冻保温层厚度应综合考虑以上各因素进行计算确定。

滇西北地区冰碛层分布特征及工程效应

依托铁路、公路工程建设,在野外勘察、室内和现场原位试验基础上,重点研究滇西北地区冰碛层的分布特征、岩土类型、物质组成及颗粒成分、胶结程度和物理力学性质,对冰碛层的地基强度和边坡稳定性进行综合评价。冰碛层根据分布特征分为洼地型、阶地型、谷肩型;根据物质组成等可分为角砾岩和碎石类混合土,承载力和地基稳定性均较好;角砾岩单轴抗压强度较高;碎石类混合土抗剪强度较高,但水稳定性和地基均匀性较差。冰碛层边坡局部自稳性较好,但底部和层间可能存在软弱夹层。

贵州省不同强度区域性凝冻过程环流形势对比分析

利用贵州省84个气象站逐日观测资料以及再分析资料,对4种不同强度区域性凝冻过程进行对比分析。结果表明:500 hPa位势高度场上中高纬度的亚洲东部区域距平场呈现“+-”的分布或有切断低压分布,贝加尔湖至中国华北地区以经向环流为主;850 hPa风场上云南南部以南受偏南风和西南风控制,并且在江南至华南存在西南或西风急流,是4种不同强度凝冻过程中形势场共性特征。500 hPa高度场上中高纬度地区呈两槽一脊或一槽一脊分布;风场上850 hPa东北风回流和700 hPa西南急流形成上暖下冷的形势场,同时850 hPa形成稳定低层切变线;温度场上存在冷暖冷的夹心结构,近地面层0℃线维持在900 hPa以下,均是较强等级以上的区域性凝冻过程中形势场共性特征。而对于一般性区域性凝冻过程,500 hPa位势高度场上呈多槽脊分布,风场上是否存在东北风回流和低层切变线,温度场上是否存在冷暖冷的夹心结构以及近地面层0℃线位置等特征均不统一。温度剖面图上,当近地面层0℃线位置最低时或出现冷暖冷的夹心结构时段与凝冻过程影响范围最广、灾情最重的时间段对应。

Application of a nondestructive method to evaluate the active layer in a cold region

To provide a safe transportation system in an extremely cold region,evaluation needs to be conducted of the thickness and the volumetric water content of the active layer,as they significantly affect frost heave.The objective of this study was to evaluate the dielectric constant(κ)of the active layer using ground-penetrating radar(GPR)and a dynamic cone penetrometer(DCP);this evaluation was then used to estimate the thickness and the volumetric water content of the active layer.A field located in midwest Alaska was selected as the study site.A GPR survey and two DCP tests were conducted on the surface of the ground,and the ground temperature was measured.From the GPR survey,travel times of the electromagnetic wave in the active layer were obtained.In addition,the thickness of the active layer was determined by using the dynamic cone penetration index(DCPI)and ground temperature.By using the travel time and travel distance of the electromagnetic wave in the active layer,dielectric constants were calculated as 26.3 and 26.4 for two DCP points.From the mean dielectric constant,the volumetric water content was estimated to be 40%~43%,and the thickness of the active layer was evaluated along the GPR survey line.The spatial-scaled GPR image showed that the thickness of the active layer varied from 520 mm to 700 mm due to the presence of a puddle,which accelerated the heat exchange.The results show that evaluation of the dielectric constant using the GPR survey and the DCP test can be effectively used to estimate the thickness and the volumetric water content of the active layer.

基于Region多层结构P2P计算网络定位服务策略研究

运用基于Region多层结构P2P计算网络具有小世界模型的特点,提出了基于标准G ossip算法的分级搜索包扩散策略M ulti-layerGossip和Region间基于正六边形的蜂窝路由探测算法,把网络中的消息包分为基于Region间和Region内扩散两类,通过控制消息扩散数K和消息发送轮次数i,实现消息包的高速扩散,使定位某种服务的工作量和查询范围从网络中的所有结点数降低到Region内的节点数,有效地防止恶意请求引发的洪。通过模拟分析,M ulti-layerGossip扩散效率趋于理想状态,消息最多经过O(log n/m姨1+着)完成Region内扩散。

基于Region多层结构P2P计算网络应用层多播协议分析

在基于Region多层结构P2P计算网络模型下,对表征该模型下实施应用层多播协议的数据通道传输质量指标压力和伸展率进行了较为详尽研究,分析了Region规模k和网络规模N对数据通道传输质量指标的影响,并量化了指标,给出了计算公式,并提出了在实际应用中应综合考虑伸展率和压力的思想。通过理论和模拟仿真分析得:伸展率与网络或Region的规模几乎无关,压力与网络或Region的规模成正比;降低伸展率会导致压力增加,反之亦然;数据通道上的伸展率为O(logN),节点的压力为O(1)。

P2P网络环境下的一种高效搜索算法:Multilayer Light-Gossip

由于现有非结构化P2P网络路由协议均在应用层实现,缺乏缓存机制和对Internet底层通信子网路由资源的利用,存在可扩展性差和效率不高的问题·在基于层域结构的RLP2P网络环境下,将路由空间分为域间和域内两层,结合泛洪和生成树搜索方式的优点,提出并实现了一种Multilayer Light-Gossip分级搜索算法和域间基于正六边形的蜂窝路由探测策略,把网络中的搜索消息分为域间和域内扩散两类分级扩散,以一定的消息冗余保持网络的稳健性和搜索的有效性,使定位某种服务的工作量和查询范围从网络中的所有结点数降到域内的节点数·运用预测评估方法对级间路由消息进行预分组,使消息能够自适应地沿着一条在时间度量上距离尽量短的路径前进·实验结果表明,Multilayer Light-Gossip算法大幅提高搜索效率和减少冗余消息,在广域环境下具有良好的搜索性能和扩展性·

基于Region多层结构P2P计算网络模型

分布式P2P网络Gnutella模型中共享信息查询的路由协议为“洪泛”算法,其协议机制仅在应用层实现,缺乏对Internet底层通信子网路由资源的利用,存在可扩展性、性能与效率不高的问题.以“小世界和幂规律”模型为理论基础,以层和域为基本逻辑管理单位,按用户需求和共享目的组织域,提出了基于Region多层结构P2P网络模型RLP2P(region-layerP2P),实现了其系统原型;实现了一个优化的MultilayerLight-Gossip分级路由策略;量化分析了表征模型数据通道质量指标的压力和伸展率,提出了综合考虑压力和伸展率的思想.模拟分析表明,RLP2P模型可以有效地解决可扩展性、性能与效率不高问题,且网络规模越大,其综合性能的优越性越明显,因此,模型是合理、有效的.

有压与无压烧结雪无侧限抗压强度对比试验研究

雪层烧结是全球高纬度寒区雪跑道建造的重要环节,是指雪颗粒间胶结强度随时间不断增长的过程。为确定压实雪层烧结时间设计值,并深入对比有压烧结和无压烧结雪层烧结强度变化规律,自主研发加压设备进行无侧限抗压强度试验。研究表明,无侧限压缩应力-应变曲线呈现有峰值强度和无峰值强度两种形式,有峰值的情况更易发生在高压和长烧结时间下。有压烧结时雪颗粒不断受到挤压,促进雪融化成水,有利于冰的形成,故雪的密度随烧结时间延长先快后慢不断增长,而无压烧结时密度基本不发生变化,进而造成有压烧结雪样的强度和弹性模量均大于无压烧结雪样。无压烧结15 d后雪的强度增长显著放缓,故雪跑道建设过程中,在烧结温度为-10℃左右,建议取15 d作为压实雪层烧结时间设计值。研究成果可用来指导雪跑道建造中雪层强度指标和变形指标的确定。

基于Region的多层结构Peer-to-Peer网络模型与搜索算法研究

以小世界模型为理论基础,以 Region 为基本逻辑管理单位,按用户需求和共享目的组织 Region。提出了基于 Region 的多层结构 Peer-to-Peer 网络模型和构造规则,给出了 Region 的划分策略和数学模型,证明了模型的正确和合理性;对模型中的层和域、中心节点、普通节点和汇聚点进行了明确的定义,给出了节点加入、离开、中心节点选取策略和算法描述;使定位某种服务的工作量和查询范围从网络中的所有结点数降低到 Region 的节点数,有效地防止了恶意请求引发的洪,网络系统开销为常数。模拟分析表明,该模型可有效解决可扩展性、性能与效率不高问题,且网络规模越大,其综合性能的优越性越明显,因此,模型是合理有效的。

高原露天台阶上部冻层破断规律数值分析

上部冻层是影响高原露天台阶爆破效果的主要因素之一,为明确高原露天台阶上部冻层在爆破荷载作用下的破断规律,利用颗粒流数值方法模拟了天然单冻层和人工复合双冻层分别在单、双排炮孔作用下的破断过程,分析了冻层破断过程的速度、冲击压力和破断后的块度特征。结果表明:冻层在爆破荷载作用下经历了产生裂隙-局部隆起-宏观断裂的破坏过程,对于人工复合冻层,由于上部增加了碎石土层,冻层厚度增大,削弱了冻层整体的隆起趋势,导致破碎块度增大。双排炮孔之间冻层受到的冲击压力率先达到峰值,但靠近自由面的冻层受到的冲击压力峰值更高。单、双冻层在爆破荷载作用下的破断问题可简化为冲击压力作用下的结构断裂问题。双冻层台阶爆破大块率比单冻层大块率高4%~6%,建议在高原露天矿山爆破中,优先通过冻土层厚度确定需要进行特殊处理的区域,并通过调整延期时间达到降低大块率,提高铲转挖运效率的目的。

华北地区蛋鸡养殖产业碳排放核算

华北地区是中国蛋鸡养殖的主要区域,摸清华北地区蛋鸡养殖产业碳排放清单,开展科学规范的蛋鸡养殖产业碳排放核算,可为中国畜牧业碳减排技术筛选和政策制定提供依据。该研究利用混合生命周期评价和联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(intergovernmental panel on climate change,IPCC)国家温室气体清单指南的相关核算方法,结合实地调研数据、GABI软件中Ecoinvent数据库和中国蛋鸡养殖业文献Meta分析数据,对华北地区蛋鸡养殖产业碳排放因子进行完善,构建出“饲料种植-蛋鸡饲养-鸡蛋包装-粪污存储-粪污处理”全生命周期的蛋鸡养殖产业碳排放核算方法。并将该方法用在华北某区域362家蛋鸡养殖场,综合分析蛋鸡养殖产业链各环节碳排放量,找到目前存在的碳排放问题,并提出碳减排建议。结果表明:1)大规模养殖场每羽蛋鸡1 a的碳排放量(以二氧化碳当量计,CO_(2)-eq)为23.0 kg,较小规模养殖场的25.6 kg和中等规模养殖场的24.4 kg少10.1%和5.7%。2)对每羽蛋鸡不同养殖环节1 a的碳排情况进行分析,发现饲料种植、蛋鸡肠道发酵、鸡蛋包装和粪便存储处理为主要排放源,排放量分别为13.0、2.2、2.2和1.2 kg。3)建议通过精准饲养,提高饲料利用率、提升畜禽粪污的处理水平、打破蛋鸡养殖固化模式等方式减少蛋鸡养殖碳排放。该研究可为蛋鸡养殖产业碳排放核算提供方法,并为制定碳减排政策提供科学依据。

对流-导热耦合作用下保温层对寒区水工隧洞衬砌结构力学特性的影响

以新疆布伦口水电站引水隧洞为例,考虑对流-导热作用,通过现场监测成果和有限元仿真计算,分析引水隧洞在不同位置铺设不同厚度的保温层对衬砌结构热-力耦合特性的影响。结果表明,表面铺设时,保温层厚度与衬砌的冻胀力呈负相关,且当厚度在0.06 m以上时,二次衬砌的冻胀力变为压应力;保温层厚度与衬砌的横向位移呈正相关,与纵向位移呈负相关。夹层铺设时,保温层厚度与二次衬砌的冻胀力呈正相关,与一次衬砌的冻胀力呈负相关;随着保温层厚度的增加,二次衬砌的最大主应力变为拉应力,不利于二次衬砌的安全稳定;随着保温层厚度的增加,一次、二次衬砌的横向位移差值增大近4倍,纵向位移差值增大10倍以上。