Comparative Study of the Widal Test against Stool Culture in the Diagnosis of Suspected Cases of Typhoid Fever in Some Low Income Communities in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon

Introduction: Infectious diseases constitute a major concern of public health in developing countries. Facilities and well trained staff have been shown to be one of the major obstacles in the rapid and quality diagnosis of these diseases. As such, we carried out an analysis to compare the Widal test and stool culture to identify febrile patients with Salmonella infection. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted to diagnose salmonella infection with out-patients who demonstrated signs of salmonella infection. Serum was harvested from blood collected from 368 (Vina = 234, Mayo Banyo 65, and Djerem = 69) patients accompanied by stool, Widal test was conducted on the spot and stool was taken to a reference laboratory for culture using standard microbiological methods, sociological set up was calculated in percentages, prevalence was calculated using excel while statistical difference was calculated using SPSS. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated to compare the Widal test against stool culture. Results: A total of 368 (50.8% females and 49.2% males) participants took part in the survey. Salmonella prevalence (66.24%) in stool culture in the Vina division was significantly different (p 0.05). The sensitivity,specificity, PPV, and NPV of slide agglutination test against stool culture varied from different areas (Vina: 51.6%, 73.62%, 79.21% and 43.61%;Mayo Banyo: 60.53%, 77.78%, 79.31% and 58.33%;Djerem: 53.18%, 83.73% 73.91% and 67.39%) respectively. Slide agglutination test has a fair agreement with the stool culture (kappa, Vina = 0.202;Mayo Banyo = 0.37 and Djerem = 0.38). Conclusion: Generally, in the three areas of study, the Widal test had a fair correlation with the stool culture;This means the Widal test should not be used alone but in combination with stool culture in the detection of salmonella infections.

Optimal Design of Multiple Stress Constant Accelerated Life Test Plan on Non-rectangle Test Region

For optimal design of constant stress accelerated life test（CSALT） with two-stress, if the stresses could not reach the highest levels simultaneously, the test region becomes non-rectangular. For optimal CSALT design on non-rectangle test region, the present method is only focused on non-rectangle test region with simple boundary, and the optimization algorithm is based on experience which can not ensure to obtain the optimal plan. In this paper, considering the linear-extreme value model and the optimization goal to minimize the variance of lifetime estimate under normal stress, the optimal design method of two-stress type-I censored CSALT plan on general non-rectangular test region is proposed. First, two properties of optimal test plans are proved and the relationship of all the optimal test plans is determined analytically. Then, on the basis of the two properties, the optimal problem is simplified and the optimal design method of two-stress CSALT plan on general non-rectangular test region is proposed. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method, The result shows that the proposed method could obtain the optimal test plan on non-rectangular test regions with arbitrary boundaries. This research provides the theory and method for two-stress optimal CSALT planning on non-rectangular test regions.

Investigation into dynamic response of regional sites to seismic waves using shaking table testing

This study addresses the changes in acceleration,pore water pressure and Fourier spectrums of different types of seismic waves with various amplitudes via large-scale shaking table tests from two sites:a sand-containing regional site and an all-clay site.Comparative analyses of the test results show that the pore water pressures in sand-soil layers of the regional site initially increase and then decrease as the amplitudes of the seismic accelerations increase.The actions of the vertical and vibrational seismic waves contribute to greater pore water pressures.The amplification coefficient of the sand-layer regional site becomes smaller as the seismic waves grow stronger,so that both sites are capable of filtering high frequencies and amplifying low frequencies of seismic waves.This is more apparent with the increase in the peak value of the acceleration,and the natural vibration frequencies of both sites decrease with the transmission of the seismic waves from the basement to the ground surface.The decreasing frequency value of the sand-containing regional site is smaller than that of the all-clay site.

Model test study of frost heaving pressures in tunnels excavated in fractured rock mass in cold regions

Based on the similarity theory, taking the horseshoe, city-gate and round linings as examples, the value and distribution regularities of normal frost heaving pressures （hereinafter as frost heaving pressures） in tunnels excavated in fractured rock mass in cold regions under different constraints and freezing depths were studied by a test model. It was found that the larger the frozen depth, the larger the frost heaving pressure, and the stronger the top constraint, the larger the frost heaving pressure. For the horseshoe lining and city-gate lining, the top constraint has a greater effect on the frost heaving pressures on the arch and the inverted arch. For the round lining, the influences of the top constraint on the frost heaving pressure in all linings are almost the same. The frost heaving pressure is maximum on the city-gate lining and minimal on the round lining. The largest frost heaving pressure all occur near the foot of the inverted arch for the three kinds of lining. Thus, the test data basically coincide with the observed in situ data.

2016-2021年黄淮南部区试大豆品系(种)产量性状的比较分析

为在黄淮南部合理布局大豆高产品种,对2016-2021年黄淮南部177份参试大豆品系(种)的产量及主要农艺性状在不同年份、不同省份试点、不同来源及主要不同育种单位间的差异进行研究和相关性分析。结果显示,大豆产量相关农艺性状中变异幅度最大的是有效分枝,其次是株高和底荚高度,全生育期变异幅度最小。2016-2021年参试大豆品系(种)不同年份平均产量变化范围为2735.00~2918.00 kg·hm^(-2),平均产量最高的年份为2020年;参试大豆品系(种)在四个不同省份试点中,大豆品系(种)产量与单株粒重均呈极显著正相关,山东试点品系(种)株高、主茎节数、有效荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重均高于其它试点,平均产量最高,达3156.32 kg·hm^(-2);安徽试点的平均产量最低,仅为2471.15 kg·hm^(-2);主要不同来源参试大豆品系(种)平均产量与单株粒重均呈极显著正相关,平均产量最高的是河南,平均产量为2927.41 kg·hm^(-2),其次是来源于江苏的品系(种);主要不同育种单位中,平均产量最高的选育单位是河南省农业科学院经济作物研究所,所选育的大豆品系(种)平均产量为3063.87 kg·hm^(-2),其在河南和山东试点的平均产量高达3100.42和3491.20 kg·hm^(-2)。研究结果表明黄淮南部不同省份之间大豆产量差异主要与区域有关,不同年份、不同来源及主要不同育种单位间的大豆品系(种)产量也有一定的差异。

The Statistical Significance Test of Regional Climate Change Caused by Land Use and Land Cover Variation in West China

The West Development Policy being implemented in China is causing significant land use and land cover （LULC） changes in West China. With the up-to-date satellite database of the Global Land Cover Characteristics Database （GLCCD） that characterizes the lower boundary conditions, the regional climate model RIEMS-TEA is used to simulate possible impacts of the significant LULC variation. The model was run for five continuous three-month periods from 1 June to 1 September of 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997, and the results of the five groups are examined by means of a student t-test to identify the statistical significance of regional climate variation. The main results are： （1） The regional climate is affected by the LULC variation because the equilibrium of water and heat transfer in the air-vegetation interface is changed. （2） The integrated impact of the LULC variation on regional climate is not only limited to West China where the LULC varies, but also to some areas in the model domain where the LULC does not vary at all. （3） The East Asian monsoon system and its vertical structure are adjusted by the large scale LULC variation in western China, where the consequences are the enhancement of the westward water vapor transfer from the east oast and the relevant increase of wet-hydrostatic energy in the middle-upper atmospheric layers. （4） The ecological engineering in West China affects significantly the regional climate in Northwest China, North China and the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River; there are obvious effects in South, Northeast, and Southwest China, but minor effects in Tibet.

Physical characteristics of high concentrated gas hydrate reservoir in the Shenhu production test area,South China Sea

High concentrated and heterogeneous distribution of gas hydrates have been identified in the gas hydrate production test region in the Shenhu area,South China Sea.The gas hydrate-bearing sediments with high saturation locate at two ridges of submarine canyon with different thickness and saturations just above the bottom simulating reflection.The crossplots of gamma ray,acoustic impedance(P-impedance)and porosity at four sites show that the sediments can be divided into the upper and lower layers at different depths,indicating different geotechnical reservoir properties.Therefore,the depositional environments and physical properties at two ridges are analyzed and compared to show the different characteristics of hydrate reservoir.High porosity,high P-wave velocity,and coarse grain size indicate better reservoir quality and higher energy depositional environment for gas hydrate at Sites W18 and W19 than those at Sites W11 and W17.Our interpretation is that the base of canyon deposits at Sites W18 and W19 characterized by upward-coarsening units may be turbidity sand layers,thus significantly improving the reservoir quality with increasing gas hydrate saturation.The shelf and slope sliding deposits compose of the fine-grained sediments at Sites W11 and W17.The gas hydrate production test sites were conducted at the ridge of W11 and W17,mainly because of the thicker and larger area of gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs than those at Sites W18 and W19.All the results provide useful insights for assessing reservoir quality in the Shenhu area.

新疆乌尔禾地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向研究

乌尔禾地区位于哈萨克斯坦板块准噶尔微板块的西北缘,达拉布特断裂的东南侧。本文以研究区1∶5万水系沉积物测量的15种元素数据为基础,统计分析了研究区的元素富集特征、元素离散特征、元素相关性及元素地球化学场特征等,查明了单元地质体内的元素富集规律,同时利用变化系数大小对富集元素进行了成矿可能性预测。依据研究区地质背景和地球化学显示的元素组合特征,研究分析认为研究区金、铜、钼为主要成矿元素,其余元素为成矿指示元素和伴生元素。

龙燕1号燕麦新品种的选育

为了选育高产、优质、适应东北三省及内蒙古地区种植的燕麦新品种,试验于2015年采用母本边锋和父本牧乐思进行种间杂交,并通过系统衍生法进行选育,对选育得到的燕麦新品种进行品种比较试验、区域试验及生产试验。结果表明:经选育得到龙燕1号燕麦,其2019—2020年两年平均干草产量及种子产量分别为15 100.0 kg/hm^(2)、4 760.3 kg/hm^(2),较对照牧乐思、白燕7号分别增产16.84%、11.71%和14.96%、11.11%,差异显著(P<0.05);两年(2022,2023年)多点(齐齐哈尔市、哈尔滨市、双鸭山市、绥化市)的平均干草产量龙燕1号最高,达9 857.14 kg/hm^(2),分别比对照青海444、青引2号增产18.11%、45.30%,差异极显著(P<0.01);在4个试验区哈尔滨市、兰西县、杜蒙县、肇东市的两年平均干草产量分别达到11 812.73 kg/hm^(2)、9 602.57 kg/hm^(2)、12 263.64 kg/hm^(2)和11 961.97 kg/hm^(2),比对照白燕7号分别增产11.57%、11.92%、12.60%、11.24%。说明饲用燕麦新品种龙燕1号燕麦相较亲本具有更好的生产性能,在东北三省均可种植。

6个橡胶树新品种在德宏州的区域性试验研究

为筛选出适宜德宏植胶区的橡胶树新品种,引进了热研879、热垦628、热研73397、IAN873、热垦525、湛试32713这6个橡胶树新品种,在瑞丽市进行生产性试种,并对引进品种的茎围、产量、干胶含量、死皮率、抗寒性等指标进行了评价。结果表明:(1)开割前热垦628、热研73397、IAN873的茎围增粗表现较好,第8年达开割标准;开割后湛试32713,热垦628、热研73397和热垦525的茎围平均净增粗较高、速生特性好。(2)平均株次干胶产量表现为热研879极显著高于对照,热垦628显著高于对照;单位面积干胶产量以热垦628与热研879较高,均与对照之间差异极显著;热垦628的平均干胶含量较低,显著低于对照,其他品种与对照之间差异不显著。(3)死皮率表现为热垦628>湛试32713>IAN873>热研879>热研525>云研77-4(CK)>热研73397,4、5级死皮率表现为热垦525>热垦628>热研73397>IAN873>热研879>湛试32713>云研77-4(CK)。(4)热垦628和湛试32713的抗寒性表现较好,IAN873、热研879和热垦525的抗寒性表现较差。鉴于6个橡胶品种在德宏州种植的综合表现,立地环境较好林段可优先选择种植高产品种热研879,以往有轻微寒害发生的林段可选择高产抗寒品种热垦628。

DTOPSIS法在谷子区试综合评价中的应用研究

运用DTOPSIS法对参加2021年河南省谷子区试的18个谷子品种(系)进行了综合评价,为区试试验鉴定和谷子品种(系)区试评价提供新的方法。结果表明,谷子的生育期、株高、穗长、穗粗、单穗重、穗粒重、出谷率、千粒重和产量分别赋予0.0500、0.0500、0.0500、0.0500、0.1000、0.0500、0.0500、0.1000、0.5000的权重值。DTOPSIS法计算出的结果排名与产量排名有所差异,DTOPSIS排名和产量排名在前4位的谷子品种相同,但位次有所变化;其中3个谷子品种在DTOPSIS排名和产量排名中结果一致,其他谷子品种有所变化。DTOPSIS评价方法可以作为谷子新品种区试评价的一种方法。

2022-2023年江苏省豇豆区域筛选试验(盐城点)

为筛选适宜江苏省种植的高产、优质的豇豆新品种,2022-2023年承担了江苏省豇豆区域试验。盐城点两年的试验结果表明,13个参试品种中,苏豇17-35总产量最高,比对照增产29.29%,其次是帮达夏龙,比对照增产27.80%,第3名是盐豇5号,比对照增产26.19%。对照苏豇3号产量最低,其他12个参试品种都比对照有不同幅度的增产,综合性状优良,建议继续进行生产试验,进一步鉴定品种的丰产性和稳定性。

机器学习在人工增雨效果统计检验中的应用

利用福建省古田人工增雨试验基地2014年1月—2023年1月小时自然降水数据,结合线性拟合、多项式回归和样条回归等多种数学统计方法,开展决策树、支持向量机(SVM)和卷积神经网络(CNN)3种机器学习方法在估测目标区自然降水中的应用研究。目标区和对比区自然雨量关系模型对比结果表明:以区域平均面雨量为统计变量时,CNN和四项式回归效果相对较好,其中CNN的确定系数为0.516,均方根误差为1.097 mm;对平均面雨量进行六次方根变换后,各模型的精准度大幅提升,CNN表现最优,确定系数为0.658,其次为SVM;为克服目标区和对比区雨量时间序列效应及空间分布不均等问题,以面雨量空间格点数据作为研究对象,采用CNN 3种优化器(自适应矩估计、均方根传递和梯度随机下降)算法进行对比,发现基于自适应矩估计优化器建立目标区和对比区雨量关系模型最优,其降水估测值与实测值更接近,均方根误差最小,为0.61 mm。因此,利用CNN方法能够进一步优化目标区和对比区雨量关系模型,可为定量评估人工增雨效果提供参考。

2022年辽宁省水稻中熟组区试铁岭点参试品种的农艺性状与产量的相关分析

选择2022年辽宁省水稻中熟组区试铁岭点参试的14个品种,通过观测其株高、总粒数、穗长、每穴穗数、结实率、千粒重及产量,采用相关性分析、差异显著性分析等方法研究参试品种的农艺性状与产量的关系。结果表明:每穗总粒数与穗长正相关,每穗总粒数与每穴穗数负相关,产量与千粒重负相关。铁岭地区选择分蘖数适中的每穗总粒数多的大穗小粒品种可能更容易高产,但是也容易出现穗下部二次枝梗籽粒灌浆变差、结实率降低的情况,需要改良水稻种植方法与栽培技术,提高结实率,可以更进一步的提高水稻产量。

窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁负弯矩下抗弯性能试验研究

为改善钢-混凝土组合梁负弯矩下的受力性能,提出一种新型窄幅钢箱-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)组合梁。通过6根试验梁的反向静力加载试验,得到试验梁受力全过程跨中荷载-挠度、荷载-应变、荷载-最大裂缝宽度关系曲线、裂缝发生发展及破坏形态等,基于简化塑性理论推导出了组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式。结果表明:窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁在负弯矩下具有良好的受力性能;提高配筋率、钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚都可在一定程度上改善组合梁延性,提高其极限抗弯承载力;翼板配筋率对承载力影响较大,配筋率由1%增加至2%时,其极限抗弯承载力提高了15%;钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚对初始开裂荷载影响较大,钢纤维掺量从1%增加到2%时,初始开裂荷载提高32%,UHPC相对板厚由0增加到0.5时,初始开裂荷载提高56%;增加钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚可有效控制裂缝宽度,减少结构主裂缝数量,改善组合梁耐久性;组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式计算值与试验值吻合较好,表明塑性理论适用于窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁的承载力计算。

2019-2023年度陕西省科企联合体小麦区试 品种抗病性鉴定与评价

为掌握陕西省科企联合体小麦区试品种抗病性水平,对2019—2023年度连续5年参加联合体区试的114份品种,采用大田人工接种的方法进行小麦条锈病、白粉病、赤霉病、叶锈病和纹枯病等5种病害的抗性鉴定与评价。结果表明,供试的114份品种对鉴定的5种病害抗性程度差异较大,表现为对条锈病抗性水平较高,对白粉病和赤霉病抗性水平最差。供试品种中,对条锈病表现免疫-中抗的品种61份,占供试品种的53.51%;对白粉病表现免疫-中抗的品种27份,占供试品种的23.68%;对赤霉病表现抗-中抗的品种21份,占供试品种的18.42%;同时鉴定出2份对5种病害均表现抗病的品种,分别为西农968和金麦207。对21份高感条锈病的品种均按陕西省区试品种试验要求终止了试验。

陇东旱地冬小麦区域试验品系农艺性状及抗逆性分析

【目的】分析陇东片区区域试验小麦品系的农艺性状变异规律和抗逆性综合表现,为陇东旱地小麦品种改良提供依据。【方法】以2005—2022年陇东旱地区域试验共192份冬小麦品系(不含对照)为试验材料,通过相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析和聚类分析对参试品系的产量、生育期、基本苗、总茎数、有效穗数、株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重等主要农艺性状进行综合分析,同时,对参试品系的抗逆性(抗寒性、耐旱性、抗倒伏、条锈病、叶锈病、白粉病)进行评价。【结果】参试品系产量为2791.65~5979.29 kg/hm^(2),均产4635.75 kg/hm^(2)。农艺性状的变异系数排序为:产量(17.16%)>有效穗数(14.40%)>株高(11.37%)>穗粒数(9.65%)>千粒重(9.54%)>穗长(9.47%)>总茎数(8.55%)>基本苗(8.08%)>生育期(1.21%),产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和株高均随参试年份的推进而缓慢提高,生育期则缓慢降低。相关分析结果表明,产量与穗粒数(r=0.645)、千粒重(r=0.594)和株高(r=0.475)呈显著正相关,有效穗数与穗粒数(r=0.729)呈极显著正相关。多元回归分析表明,穗长、穗粒数和千粒重决定了产量66%的变异。通径分析结果表明,千粒重对产量的直接作用(P=0.485)和综合作用(P=0.615)最大,穗粒数次之(P=0.471,P=0.543)。聚类分析将参试小麦品系分为5类,其中第一类群的品系产量高,千粒重较高,其余农艺性状较协调,占比7.29%,是选育优良品系(种)的理想材料。抗逆性分析表明,超过66%的参试品系具有较强的抗寒性、耐旱性和抗倒伏特性,同时,超过55%的参试品系对条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病表现为免疫或高抗。【结论】参试品系的产量整体水平低而不稳,产量与有效穗数受环境影响较大,穗粒数和千粒重是影响陇东旱地小麦产量的主要因素,可通过同时增加穗粒数和千粒重提高产量,而且高产广适型冬小麦品种应具备较强的抗寒旱等综合抗逆性。

基于高隔振指标要求的船舶泵组区域隔振模块设计研究

为满足某静音型船舶对于机舱泵组的隔振指标及布置空间的高要求,该文利用区域隔振模块设备间布置紧凑、空间利用率高、隔振效果好等优点,开展该船机舱泵组区域隔振模块的设计研究。从区域隔振模块总体布置、有限元建模、中间筏架模态分析、模块模态分析、模块静力学分析、模块谐响应分析等方面入手,建立了高隔振性能区域隔振模块的设计计算分析流程,完成了该型区域隔振模块的设计及隔振指标计算评估,并对其隔振性能进行测试。结果表明,该型区域隔振模块的隔振性能可满足此类静音型船舶对于机舱泵组高隔振指标的设计要求。

顺北超深断溶体储层典型试井曲线特征及类别

顺北地区超深断溶体储层主要发育有裂缝及片状洞穴,采用可横向穿越缝洞储集体的水平井进行开发,其试井曲线形态特征复杂多变。依据井筒和表皮效应结束后的中期试井曲线的典型特征,将顺北地区实测试井曲线分成了3个大类。该3大类试井曲线特征直接反映了井与缝洞储集体的不同接触关系。再根据后期的试井形态特征,将顺北地区实测试井曲线细分成了9个亚类,不同的亚类试井曲线特征明显不同,是井外围缝洞发育状况变化的试井曲线响应。最后,提出了与试井曲线特征相对应的3大类9个亚类的试井解释评价物理模型。本文研究成果可用于指导顺北地区的试井分析与试井研究工作,亦可为其他深层断溶体储层的试井研究提供借鉴与参考。

用不同方法评估山西地震台网的监测能力

基于山西数字地震台网2015—2019年记录的地震目录及观测报告数据,采用“基于概率的完整性震级”PMC方法、震级—序号法、最优拟合度(GFT)法和最大曲率法等多种方法分别评估山西地震台网的监测能力。结合山西测震台网的实际情况和不同评估方法的计算原理进行对比分析,结果显示,部分台站围限的区域能监测到M L1.0及以下的地震外,其余区域的监测能力下限为M L1.5;“基于概率的完整性震级”方法更适合用于评估山西地震台网的监测能力。随着预警台网的正式运行,建议采用该方法对地震预警台网的实际监测能力重新评估。