Analysis of Regional Difference of Agricultural Land Productivity in Heilongjiang Province

The sustenance of humanity is contingent upon the production of food.The foundation of this production is agriculture,which in turn is dependent upon the cultivation of the land.As a fundamental element of agricultural advancement,the rational development and utilization of land play a pivotal role in the process of rural revitalization.Agricultural land productivity serves as a principal indicator of the efficacy of land utilization and the extent of agricultural advancement.Nevertheless,there is a paucity of research examining the productivity of agricultural land,particularly a lack of specialized research on large agricultural provinces.In light of the aforementioned considerations,this paper presents a comprehensive examination of agricultural land productivity and its regional variations in Heilongjiang Province in 2022,with the aid of pertinent statistical data.The findings of the analysis indicate that among the prefecture-level cities,Daqing and Suihua exhibit the highest levels of agricultural land productivity.Additionally,Zhaodong City,Zhaozhou,Qinggang,Wangkui,and Lanxi counties exhibit high levels of agricultural land productivity within their respective prefecture-level cities.There are notable disparities in agricultural land productivity across various regions,including Yichun,Heihe,Harbin,Daqing,Hegang,and Suihua.In contrast,other regions demonstrate a more balanced spatial distribution.In order to facilitate the prosperous development of the agricultural industry in Heilongjiang Province,it is essential to optimize the spatial planning of the land,to investigate the potential for agricultural development in each region,to establish effective collaboration between resources and industries,and to create a development synergy that will collectively advance rural revitalization.

Present Situation of Rural Regional Development and Agricultural Extension Policy

The formulation of agricultural extension policy and the development of rural regional economy present the relationship of mutual existence,mutual influence and mutual promotion.Therefore,it is necessary to study the agricultural extension policy according to the current situation of rural regional development.Agricultural technology extension system is an organization set up at county and township levels to provide farmers with scientific research achievements and practical technical services on planting,animal husbandry,fishery,forestry,agricultural machinery and water conservancy,and it is an important carrier for implementing the strategy of developing agriculture through science and technology.On the basis of expounding the value and significance of rural regional economic development,this paper analyzes the problems existing in China s rural regional development from the aspects of rural infrastructure and public services,rural labor force s cultural and scientific level,rural grass-roots extension system,etc.,and puts forward corresponding measures against the problems.This study has certain theoretical reference value for promoting the all-round development of China s rural economy and realizing the great strategy of rural revitalization in China.

Regional Evaluation on Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Tibet Based on Cluster Analysis

To understand the spatial difference of agricultural sustainability in Tibet,this paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation model of agricultural sustainability to calculate the score of agricultural sustainability of 7 areas in 2013 in Tibet. By using cluster analysis,this paper conducts the regional evaluation of Tibet's agricultural sustainability. The results show that 7 cities' regional difference of agricultural sustainability was obvious in 2013,the agricultural sustainability index value was 0. 4232- 0. 6937,and the value was in the order of Nyingchi > Lhasa > Shannan > Ali > Shigatse > Qamdo > Nagqu. According to the agricultural sustainable development level,Tibet can be divided into three regions: the first type is the area with the highest level of sustainable development of agriculture,including Nyingchi and Lhasa; the second type is the area with the average level of sustainable development of agriculture,including Shigatse and Shannan; the third type is the area with the low level of sustainable development of agriculture,including Qamdo,Ali and Nagqu.

Priorities of State Support of the Russian Agriculture on Federal and Regional Levels under Volatile Economic Growth

The state support of the agriculture is increasing with the globalization of Russia, the need to shape level and instruments in accordance with the WTO requirements. For Russia, rational state support of agriculture is topical according to the domestic economic problems： insufficient financing in Russia, in the regions; degradation of production facilities; turnover acreage reduction; reduction in livestock; and according to the external economic factors： the accession to the WTO, the transition to the Common Economic Space, and subsequently, the Eurasian Economic Union, global change conditions in the global food market, an increase in the world population, increasing demand for food resources, a significant increase in food prices on world markets, the increased activity of Russian agricultural producers in the world markets of grain products; ensuring of economic stability systems, critical analysis of the tools and the effectiveness of economic policy. According to the IMF, the economic has slowed down despite the state support for agriculture should stay a priority in the government＇s economic policy, in the regions.

Importance of sustainable development of Ecological agriculture regional economic

China kept sustained and rapid economic growth in 30 years, at the same time, bringing a high consumption of resources and greatly damaged ecological environment, so that the resource application and ecological environment which support China ＇ s economic growth are deteriorating, the situation in the vast western region is particularly prominent. Therefore, you must carefully study the new sustainable development model of economic theory under the guidance of scientific concept of development, from the strategic height of a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable economic and social development and the characterized situation of China＇ s regional economic reality.

Optimized Allocation Model for Regional Agricultural Fertilizer Resources in Southern Xinjiang from the Perspective of Sustainable Development

[Objective] This study was to establish an optimized model for the allocation of agricultural fertilizer resources in Southern Xinjiang from the perspective of sustainable development.[Method] An optimized model for the allocation of agricultural fertilizer resources was established based on their allocation structure.Combined with the actual agricultural production in Aksu areas of Southern Xinjiang,by establishing a rational evaluation index system,under the premise of considering the planting area constraints,the total water resources constraints and the security constraints of food production,we established the empirical optimal allocation model of the regional agricultural fertilizer resources in Aksu area of Southern Xinjiang.Moreover,we solved the model by using the search algorithm of computer and lingo programming.[Result] The increased economic benefit was near to 1.8 billion Yuan by adopting the optimal allocation methods,with a relative increment of about 34.4%.[Conclusion] Our results provided theoretical basis for achieving the sustainable development of agricultural economy in Southern Xinjiang.

Investigation on the Regional Branding Mode of Modern Agriculture in Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone——From the Perspective of Country-of-origin Image

The theory of the country-of-origin image is discussed and the natural relations between county-of-origin image and the regional brand are explored.The paper points out that the dispersion of agriculture has intensified the natural relations to a large extent.The paper probes into the branding status of agriculture in Guanzhong-Tianshui economic zone and points out the problems of it.In the first place,the agricultural industrial system is complete but there is no unified agricultural regional brand;in the second place,the weak awareness on protecting brand leads to the irrational behaviors on damaging brand.From the perspective of the image of the country of origin,the branding mode of agriculture is established and the countermeasures on improving the competitiveness of agricultural products are put forward.Firstly,the leading role of the government should be fully displayed;secondly,the image protection of original production place and regional brand promotion of the agricultural region should be intensified;thirdly,the functions of local pillar industries in protecting image and regional branding should be fully made use of.

Regional disparity in the changes of agricultural land use intensity in China during 1980-2002

Based on the cost-benefit data （1980-2002） of farm products and China Agriculture Yearbooks, this paper studies the regional disparity in the changes of the agricultural land use in China during the period 1980-2002 from three aspects such as the degree of intensity, the sown area and the abandoned farmland. The results show that： （1） The degree of intensity of land use in the westena region during 1980-2000 has a strong uptrend, but in the eastern and central regions the degree of intensity descends obviously and has shown a continuous downtrend since 1997. （2） The total sown area shrinks notably in the eastern region, while it enlarges constantly in the western region. （3） The sown area in the eastern, central and western regions has gone through a similar cyclic process： down （1980-1985）-up （1985-1991）-down （1991-1994）-up （1994-1999）-down （1999-2002）. However, there are obvious differences in amplitude variation and tendency among them. The sown area has shrunk in the eastern region and expanded in the central and western regions especially before 1999. （4） The most cases of abandoned farmland are reported in the central region, the second in the eastern region and the least in the western region. The abandonment phenomena chiefly occurred during 1992-1995 in the eastern region, and during 1998-2002 in the central region.

Sustainable Agriculture Evaluation for Red Soil Hill Region of Southeast China

Agricultural sustainability for economic development is important and a complex issue throughout the world; however,it is difficult to synthetically evaluate its use in the policy making process. The objective of this study was to evaluate sustainable agriculture in the red soil hill region of Southeast China through a newly proposed method combining four separate sub-systems: regional population (P), resource (R), environmental (E), and socio-economic (S). This new index system was proposed to appraise synthetically the agricultural sustainability of the red soil hill region from 1988 to 1996 with a two-step method assessing: a) the agricultural sustainability in each province independently and b) the relative sustainability of each province to the whole region. The first step only provided a development trend for each province based on its original situation, while the second step provided additional information on the comparative status of each province in agricultural development to the region as a whole. Higher index scores were found for the economy and resource categories denoting improvement. However, lower scores in the environment category indicated the improvement was achieved at the cost of deteriorating ecological surroundings due to an increasing population that demanded more from the agro-ecosystem and put heavier pressures on it. Results also showed that water and soil losses in this region were the major obstacles encountered in sustainable agriculture development. The assessment results were verified when compared with results from another method. This suggested that the new assessment system was reliable and credible in evaluating agricultural sustainability on a regional scale.

Harmony Coefficient and Regional Agricultural Systems

The regional agricultural system （RAS） can be divided into three subsystems： ecological, economic, and social. This article examines the use of the harmony coefficient （HC）, efficacy coefficient, rank of the harmony coefficient （RHC）, and its appraising index system within the RAS. The harmony coefficient function was developed using a variance coefficient and then applied to Ziyang District, Yiyang City in Hunan Province （ZYH）, China, as a test case. From 1995 to 2002, the HC of RAS increased from 0.2982 to 0.4826 and the RHC increased from 3 to 5, although the HC trend was an ＂n＂ type in general. This suggests that the HC was weakly maladjusted and the RAS was not harmonious. The HC of the ecological subsystem decreased from 0.3898 to 0.2850, and its RHC from 4 to 3, with the HC trend following the ＂n＂ type. For the economic subsystem, the HC value increased from 0.5767 to 0.7458 and the RHC from 6 to 8. However, the trend in HC for the economic subsystem was of the ＂U＂ type. The HC of the social subsystem increased slightly from 0.4948 to 0.4663, and the RHC did not change in value. From the HC trends, the HC curve of the economic subsystem is above the HC curve of ZYH and the HC curve of the ecological subsystem is below the HC curve of ZHY. Hence, the ZHY environment has been destroyed by economic development. Environment and social building should be regarded as important issues in the future and promoting RAS harmony development should be considered. The results of the theoretical analysis match fairly closely with reality, and suggest that the harmony theory is feasible in appraising RAS development phases.

Analysis on the Status of Farmers, Agriculture and Countryside, and Development Strategies and Measures in Tibet Autonomous Region

Coordinated and sustainable development of farmers, agriculture and countryside (FAC) is key to realize the national objective of comprehensively developed well-off society. Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet, outstanding achievements have been made in FAC work. However, compared with East and Middle China, there still exists a big gap. The farmers’ net income per capita in 2001 was 1,404 yuan, 962 yuan lower than the nation’s average. In late 90’s the farmers’ income growth slowed down. Agricultural industrialization is at low level, technologies play a small role in agricultural development, rural infrastructure is weak, the rural grass root organization is much underdeveloped, and construction of towns is behind the other regions of China. Based on the problems of FAC development there, this paper proposes FAC development strategies and measures for accelerating rural development in Tibet.

PRESSURE OF WATER SHORTAGE ON AGRICULTURE IN ARID REGION OF CHINA

The arid areas in China are mainly located in North China and NorthwestChina. The North China is the main region for food production. There is 31. 19% of the totalfarmland and 26. 01% of the total population, but only 6. 14% of the available water resources ofChina. Groundwater is over pumped (6. 53 X 10~9m^3 every year) in the regions of Beijing, Tianjin,and Hebei Province, so water supply could not meet the water demand there. The distribution of waterin Northwest China is uneven, some inland rivers and lakes are dried up, and desertification hasexpanded since river water in the upper and middle reaches is diverted for irrigation. Up to 2050,population will be up to 1. 6 X 10~9 in China, and industry will be developed fast, therefore 50% ofthe water supply will be used by industry and resident, and water for agriculture will be decreasedyear by year. In the coming 50 years, water demand for agriculture will be increased by 5. 6 x10^9m^3 in the Huanghe (Yellow) River valley, and by 1. 7 x 10~9m^3 in the Northwest China. It willbe impossible for the Huanghe River to meet the water demand, because it always dried up in the coldhalf year since 1984. To avoid water shortage of agriculture in the arid regions, it is necessaryto divert water from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River in the south of China, and to use waterefficiently. It is the best way to use drip irrigation in agriculture, recycle water in industry andresident use, and control water pollution. Otherwise water shortage in the arid regions willrestrict the development of agriculture in China.

A primary study of nitrous oxide emission in agriculture region of Northern China

Significance of nitrous oxide in atmospheric chemistry is reviewed briefly. Background concentration of N2O at Wudaoliang in Qinghai Province of Western China has been measured by collecting gas samples and analysing them with electron capture-gas chromatography. The atmospheric concentration fluctuates in the range of 303-315 ppb with the mean value of 308 ppb. The emission rate of N2O in agriculture region of Northern China has been studied primarily. Fertilization, rain and temperature of soil appear conductible to N2O emission. The interactions between greenhouse effect and N2O emission have been discussed. The catalytic action of N2O in stratospheric ozone depletion processes and the effect of high N2O concentration on ozone depletion in stratosphere have been considered and discussed.

Impact of rainfed and irrigated agriculture systems on soil carbon stock under different climate scenarios in the semi-arid region of Brazil

Understanding the dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC) is of fundamental importance in land use and management, whether in the current researches or in future scenarios of agriculture systems considering climate change. In order to evaluate SOC stock of the three districts(Delmiro Gouveia, Pariconha, and Inhapi districts) in the semi-arid region of Brazil in rainfed and irrigated agriculture systems under different climate scenarios using the Century model, we obtained RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios derived from the Eta Regional Climate Model(Eta-Had GEM2-ES and Eta-MIROC5) from the National Institute for Space Research, and then input the data of bulk density, p H, soil texture, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and rainfall into the soil and climate files of the Century model. The results of this study showed that the Eta-Had GEM2-ES model was effective in estimating air temperature in the future period. In rainfed agriculture system, SOC stock under the baseline scenario was lower than that under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, while in irrigated agriculture system, SOC stock in the almost all climate scenarios(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and models(Eta-Had GEM2-ES and Eta-MIROC5) will increase by 2100. The results of this study will help producers in the semi-arid region of Brazil adopt specific agriculture systems aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

Research on the Development Model of Ecological Agriculture in Loess Hilly-Gully Region of Northern Shannxi, China

On the Loess Plateau of China, facing the vulnerable environment, local people have to try their best to guarantee the security of food, and at the same time, to control the most serious soil erosion in the world. The paper introduces two typical models of ecological agriculture: ecological agriculture with commodity and agri- culture with soil and water conservation. According to the local natural condition, the model of eco-agriculture with commodity could be characterized by the structure of “agriculture-byproduct”, “agriculture-fruit” or “agri- culture-forestry-husbandry”. The development of agriculture with soil and water conservation has decreased the soil erosion rate from 12,184 ton/km2 in 1980 to 458.4 ton/km2 in 1999, while the farmers’ income has increasingly risen. Analyses on the two models’ benefits both in terms of ecological and agricultural economy show that there is a great possibility to construct or restore good eco-environment with comprehensive control in the hilly-gully area of north Shannxi. Further more, the paper points out the potential problems of foodstuff production and stockbreeding development in forming ecological agriculture and eco-environmental restoration.

Strategic Agricultural Commodity Value Chains in Africa for Increased Food: The Regional Approach for Food Security

The challenge Africa faces the most is how to feed the 2.4 billion people in 2050. This will require a transformational agriculture. Africa doesn’t need subsistence agriculture, but rather agriculture linked to the market where market demand and the consuming habits are taken in consideration. Agriculture evolves in an environment where small holders are linked to markets (national and regional), where economies of complementarity and economies of scale are taken advantage of by producers and private sector. In short, Africa will need a paradigm shift to industrialise and commercialise its agriculture sector in order to increase food production, and income and to create jobs in and outside the sector. Africa needs agribusiness and agro-industries to domesticate the benefits of the sector, to create wealth in the sector and retain that wealth in the continent. Agricultural commodities regional value chains for increased food should be the target for Africa. The continent remains the region with the highest prevalence of under-nourishment. Since agriculture remains the mainstay of most African economies except the mineral producers, the sector deserves a close attention from leaders. It accounts for 65% of employment and 40% of Africa’s export earnings and accounts for 17% of the GDP. This shows how important the sector is. Agriculture needs to be seen as a conduit for farmers to get connected to markets, a conduit for revenue, for jobs and for transformation. Africa needs to come back on the international scene as food sufficient continent and even food exporter. This can be achieved only with a stable, productive agricultural resource base. Thus, achieving and sustaining food security and economic prosperity in Africa will require significant efforts to modernize the continent’s agriculture sector through injection of agribusiness and agro-industries and through the application of science and technology in agriculture. In essence, agriculture needs to be viewed as knowledge based entrepreneurial activity. Smart investments in agriculture will have multiplier effects for the whole economy and hence induce prosperity to other sectors. In recent years, a renewed focus on agriculture has been evident in policy and development agendas across the African continent. This paper outlines the status of agriculture, agribusiness and agro-industries in Africa, their role in the agenda of agricultural transformation and economic transformation and the focus on regional value chain to increase food production, transformation and trade. The paper adopts a new thinking in agriculture, which reflects a regional value chain approach. The author covers such issues as: need for agricultural transformation, the role of value chain in agricultural sector, the need for regional value chain for increased income and increased food, the role of markets and the common denominator of all, the regional integration to push forward the African agriculture agenda. Evidence shows that it is agricultural growth, through its leverage effects on the rest of the economy that typically enables poor countries, poor regions and ultimately poor households to take the first steps toward economic transformation. Therefore agricultural productivity, at the small holder’s level, has the potential to lift millions of Africa’s vulnerable out of poverty and provide sustainable jobs. Other factors, namely “the rapid urbanization” and “increased population growth”, are quoted to be of critical importance. Africa population is projected to double, attaining the 2.3 billion people mark over the next 40 years representing half of the globe’s total population. This could trigger competition for resources and can have devastating effects on natural resources if not rightly channelled.

Discussion on an Eco-Agriculture Model in the Semi-Arid Region of China

The semi-arid region of China covers an area of 2.2 x106km2. Water shortage in this region is the core but not the only one factor for the sustainable development of agriculture. Effective application of the energy and all kinds of resources and overall maintenance of the balance of ecological environment must be emphasized for sustainable development of the agriculture in the region. The extensive development of rural yard-economy is the only way to realize the intensive agricultural development there. A model is developed on the basis of our studies in recent years.

Analysis on the Mode of Trans-Regional Allocation of Agricultural Machinery

With the continuous progress of agricultural technology, agricultural mechanization presents a good development trend after half a century development. But agricultural machinery equipment and the level of agricultural mechanization are imbalances in different regions; the structure of agricultural machinery equipment is unreasonable; there are great differences in agricultural mechanization level of different operations and different crops and the whole level of agricultural mechanization social service is not high. Through cross regional allocation of existing agricultural machinery to improve the working efficiency of agricultural machinery;we can extend the operation time of the agricultural machinery and improve the operation effect and income of agricultural machinery.

Assessing Post-Conflict Challenges and Opportunities of the Animal-Agriculture System in the Alpine Region of Uvira District in Sud-Kivu Province, D. R. Congo

The Alpine region of Uvira District in South-Kivu Province faces low agricultural productivity challenges largely due to human population pressure on the natural resource base. During the dry season, conflicts between crop farmers and livestock breeders are common. This region is located 2500 - 3020 m a.s.l. and is almost inaccessible due to poor road infrastructure. To understand the interactions between natural resources (forests, pastures, soils) and sedentary agriculture, and to propose solutions for sustainable natural resource management, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) sessions covering three farmer group interviews were conducted in July 2010 in Marungu, Kitembe and Kahololo location. The livelihoods of the Banyamulenge have been transformed from pastoralism to a sedentary system with the introduction of crop cultivation after 1980. Maize, bush beans and Irish potatoes are cultivated with limited success because of late crop maturity under the prevailing climatic conditions. Livestock, mainly cattle, sheep and goats is managed under extensive system, relying on natural pasture far from the human settlements. Livestock plays an important role to define people’s wealth and is mainly managed by men. There is a real need of forages during the dry season;however, cultivation of forages is unknown. On the other hand, pastures appear to be degenerating due to overgrazing. Access by farmers to efficient and effective agricultural extension services is fundamental in order to promote locally adapted and profitable crop and livestock production while at the same time, sustaining the productive resource base and security.

Mechanism Research of Regional Brand Enhancement Based on Agricultural Industry Clusters

This article makes an integral and comprehensive study on the process of regional brand enhancement based on agricultural industry clusters using the theories of industrial clusters and regional brands.By analyzing the key determinants in the process of regional brand enhancement based on agricultural industry clusters,we establish a systemic theory system.The results show that as an important mediator in the process of regional brand enhancement based on agricultural industry clusters,the construction of value chain system is of vital importance.Other factors, such as the government guidance and service,the promotion of industry associations and professional cooperatives,play a key regulating role in this process.