Retrieval and Regional Distribution Analysis of Ammonia,Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in the Urban Environment Using Ultraviolet DOAS Algorithm

Aiming at the in situ and mobile observation of urban environmental air pollution,a portable instrument using ultraviolet spectrum retrieval algorithm was developed based on the basis of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(DOAS)and multiple-pass cell technique.Typical trace gas pollutants,NH3,SO2,and NO2,were explored using their optical spectral characteristics in deep ultraviolet wavelength range from 210 to 215 nm.The gas concentration was retrieved by Lambert-Beer’s law and nonlinear least square method.With an optimized optical alignment,the detection limits of NH3,SO2,NO2 were estimated to be 2.2,2.3,and 36.2 ppb,respectively.The system was used in carrying out some cruise observations in Chengdu,China.During the entire period,the polluted gases showed varied distribution and typical daily average concentrations ofNH3,SO2,NO2 were 23.2,3.5,and 106.0 ppb,respectively.The contributions from different sources were analyzed combined with the HYSPLIT model.Results show that the portable DOAS system is a convenient and effective tool for regional distribution measurement and pollution source monitoring.

Effect of Pore Morphology and Regional Distribution of Liquid Diffusion Directionality in Nonwoven Fabrics

The effect of pore morphology and regional distribution on liquid diffusion directionality in nonwoven fabrics was investigated in this study.Pore orientation angle(POA) and pore aspect ratio(PAR) were proposed to characterize the pore morphology,and α-region,β-region,and αβ-region were used to describe the characteristics of the pore regional distribution.The directional characteristics of macroscopic diffusion of liquid in nonwoven fabrics were characterized by the indicator of primary diffusion orientation angle(PDOA).Ten kinds of spunlaced nonwoven fabrics were selected.Firstly,the data of pore characteristic indices of each sample were obtained through scanning electron microscope(SEM) and the image processing technology as well,and the pore regional distribution map of each sample was further acquired.Then,the PDOA of each sample was obtained through the droplet method and image processing technology.Based on the data and statistical analysis,it was found that the PDOA of a certain volume of liquid in the nonwoven fabrics presented a significant linear relationship with the average POA of the nonwoven fabrics.And the characteristics of pore distribution affected the directionality of liquid diffusion in the nonwoven fabrics.The samples with a large proportion of α-region and good distribution had prominent liquid diffusion along the direction of laying-up,and the difference in liquid diffusion of the samples was more obvious between the directions of laying-up and vertical laying-up.

Regional Distribution of Cotton Fiber Quality in China

The fiber quality status is very important for super quality cotton production and diverse requirements of textile industry in China.In this study,the quality of cotton fiber samples which are collected from 13 major cotton production provinces between 2001 to 2005 were analyzed.Eight quality

Chinese hair arsenic content background and its regional distribution

Some 1313 hair samples from about 200 sample sites are collected. These sites cover 103 counties with different types of natural conditions and are far from cities (towns) or polluted areas.The hair As contents are analysed by hydro-atomic fluorescence spetrophotometry and the data are calculated by SPSS. The results show that Chinese hair As contents are between 0.004 and 9.999 μu/g.The median is 0.56μg/g. The arithmetic mean is (0.927±1.213) μg/g and the geometric mean is 0.571 μg/g. There are no significant differences between sexes and ages. The results of Pelson X2 and Shapio-Wilk W tests show that the As content in the same physical geographical area has a logarithm normal distribution. Hair As contents in southern China are significantly higher than that in the northern.The geometric means are 0.2~0.4 μg/g in medium-temperate zone and 0.4~0.6 μg/g in warm-temperate zone. In north-subtropical zone the hair As geometric mean increase up to 0.767 μg/g and in medium-subtropical zone, south-subtropical zone and tropical zone, it is higher than 1.00 μg/g. There is no difference between areas in the same physical geographical zone. Hair As content in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area is also lower (the geometric mean is 0.267 μg/g). The standard level of hair As content for determining chronic Arsenism areas in China is also discussed.

GIS Based Aroma Characteristic for Regional Distribution of Tobacco Using Kriging Interpolation Method Set in Henan Province of China

To study the regional distribution features of aroma characteristics, the regional distribution maps of aroma characteristics of 225 tobacco leaf samples from Henan Province were drawn by Kriging interpolation method in ArcGIS. The results showed that:(1) the aroma quality of flue-cured tobacco from Henan Province tobacco-growing areas ranged from better to slightly better and aroma quantity ranged from just a little to much. The ability of diffusiveness expressed slight to a little strong and the raw green odour, immature odour and ligneous odour were tiny;(2) there were significant differences between the aroma quality and scorched odour and no statistical differences among the aroma quantity, diffusiveness, raw green odour, ligneous odour and immature odour from different counties;(3) there were trends that scale of aroma quality increased from southwest to both north and east, aroma quantity showed a patchy distribution in space, diffusiveness decreased from east to west, scorched odour increased from west to both north and south, ligneous odour increased from north to south and green odour increased from south to north.

Neural stem cell-derived exosomes promote mitochondrial biogenesis and restore abnormal protein distribution in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.We previously showed that neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles improved mitochondrial function in the cortex of AP P/PS1 mice.Because Alzheimer’s disease affects the entire brain,further research is needed to elucidate alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in the brain as a whole.Here,we investigated the expression of several important mitochondrial biogenesis-related cytokines in multiple brain regions after treatment with neural stem cell-derived exosomes and used a combination of whole brain clearing,immunostaining,and lightsheet imaging to clarify their spatial distribution.Additionally,to clarify whether the sirtuin 1(SIRT1)-related pathway plays a regulatory role in neural stem cell-de rived exosomes interfering with mitochondrial functional changes,we generated a novel nervous system-SIRT1 conditional knoc kout AP P/PS1mouse model.Our findings demonstrate that neural stem cell-de rived exosomes significantly increase SIRT1 levels,enhance the production of mitochondrial biogenesis-related fa ctors,and inhibit astrocyte activation,but do not suppress amyloid-βproduction.Thus,neural stem cell-derived exosomes may be a useful therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease that activates the SIRT1-PGC1αsignaling pathway and increases NRF1 and COXIV synthesis to improve mitochondrial biogenesis.In addition,we showed that the spatial distribution of mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors is disrupted in Alzheimer’s disease,and that neural stem cell-derived exosome treatment can reverse this effect,indicating that neural stem cell-derived exosomes promote mitochondrial biogenesis.

THE DISTRIBUTION REGION AND THE DISTRIBUTIVE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY THRESHOLD OF OSIER WEEVIL IN CHINA

A distribution map of osier weevil (Crytorrynchus lapathi L.) was drown up based on widely collecting information and field survey. The results showed that Osier weevil has a widespread in China, stretching from 33°21' to 51°42' N latitude and 83°00' to 132°58' E longitude, and distributes in forms of big or small patches or sports uncontinously. According to the analysis of meteorological data, the temperature and humidity threshold for osier weevil's distribution were determined by methods of PCA (Principle Component Analysis) and RA(Relativity Analysis): January temperature is -30~ 0℃. Annual temperature -4~13℃, Annual precipitation from 411~ 1,136 min.The areas with January temperature under 0℃, annual temperature above 0℃ and annual precipitation of 400~ 800 mm are the optimum distributing places for osier weevil in China.

Study on the regional deviation of the mac-roscopic epicenters from relevant epicenters by rapid determination in Chinese mainland

The primary results have been obtained by the analyses on the deviation of macroscopic epicenters from relevant microscopic epicenters determined rapidly after the 139 earthquake events occunrred during 1989-2004. Further study has proved the normal distributions exist in both the east and west parts of Chinese mainland partitioned along meridian 105°E. The empirical two-dimensional normal distribution functions for the deviations are presented in the paper. The results are of significance in reducing uncertainty of losses assessment immediately after a destroyed earthquake.

Ecological Distribution and Significance of Metadiaptomus asiaticus Uljanirs,a Copepod Recently Found on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

1 Introduction In 2006,plankton investigation was carried out in the lakes in Ali district,Tibet.7 planktonic crustaceans were identified and reported.Metadiaptomus asiaticus Uljanirs was reported for the first time on the QTP(Yuan et al.,2007).However,detailed data on this species,especially its ecological significance,were not mentioned.In this

Urban Expansion of China from the 1970s to 2020 Based on Remote Sensing Technology

Based on Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) technology,urban expansion of 75 cities in China from the 1970s to 2020 was reconstructed by visual-interpretation method,which described the growing process of urban lands and its influences on local land use structures synchronously.By employing annual expansion area per city and urban expansion density,spatial-temporal characteristics and macro patterns of urban expansion were analyzed from the aspects of regional-distributions,administrative-levels and population-sizes comprehensively.Results indicate that:1) urban expansion in China was universal,distinct,persistent,periodic and fluctuating.In the past five decades,urban lands of 75 monitored cities in China expanded dramatically from 3606.26 km2 to 30 521.13 km2.2) Though urban expansion presented significant differences from the aspects of regional distribution,administrative levels,and population sizes,it exhibited a deceleration trend in the 13th Five-Year Plan among all kinds of cities.3) Cultivated lands were the first land resource for urban expansion,and 55.17% of newly-expanded urban lands appeared by encroaching this land use type.China’s urban expansion has caused sustained pressure on cultivated land protection,especially in super megacities,and the contradiction between urban expansion and cultivated land protection will always exist.4) The compactness of urban lands in China increased before 1987 and reduced in the next three decades,which was consistent with the implementation of major policies and the deployment of national strategies,and is expected to become compact with a stopping declining or even rebounding after the 13th Five-Year Plan.

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Wave Energy Resources in Sri Lankan Waters over the Past 30 Years

For the survival and development of‘One Belt,One Road’,the present work aimed to evaluate the current situation of wave energy resources around Sri Lankan(SL)waters.Thirty-year ERA-Interim wind data were used to drive the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-III,and the seasonal and regional distribution characteristics of wave energy resources in SL waters were analyzed.Furthermore,the optimal season and region that contribute most to wave power in the study area were determined.On the basis of 30-year hindcast wave data,the significant wave height and wave power density,the occurrence of available SWH and rich WPD,the effective storage of wave energy,and the contribution and stability of wave energy were also analyzed.Results show that extremely optimistic wave energy resources are found at the western,southern,and southeastern waters of SL;moreover,the period of June,July,August(JJA)has great advantages in terms of the overall level of WPD,wave energy effective storage,and the contribution rate of wave energy.In addition,the wave energy during JJA is more stable than that of other periods and thus is benefi-cial to the transformation and development of wave energy.This study also provides important guiding value for disaster prevention and reduction,coastal zone management,and coastal development in the crucial region of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.

Epidemiological characteristics of 369 tuberculosis patients with multidrug resistance inHainan Island: A cross-sectional study

Objective:To investigate the epidemic characteristics of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Hainan,China,to provide basic information and theories for the prevention and control of multidrug resistant tuberculosis.Methods:A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study was conducted.Data of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Hainan Island from January 1,2014 to December 31,2019 were collected for statistical analysis.The counting data were described by frequency(percentage),and the measurement data were described by mean±standard deviation.Chi square test was used to compare the differences between different groups.If P<0.05,the difference was statistically significant.Results:From 2014 to 2019,the multidrug resistant rate of tuberculosis in Hainan Island was 24.9%(369/1484),8.0%(63/791)in newly-treated tuberculosis,and 44.2%(306/693)in retreatedmultidrug resistant rate of tuberculosis in Hainan Island was 24.9%(369/1484),8.0%(63/791)in newly-treatedtuberculosis,and 44.2%(306/693)in retreated tuberculosis.The multidrug resistant rate of newly-treated tuberculosis decreased by 0.05%per year,while that of retreated tuberculosis increased by 0.03%per year.multidrug resistant tuberculosis was mainly distributed in the city of Haikou(83 cases),Danzhou(44 cases),Wenchang(42 cases),Wanning(37 cases)and Dongfang(32 cases),accounting for 64.5%of all multidrug resistant tuberculosis.Among 369 multidrug resistant tuberculosis,81.0%were male.The proportion of newly-treated cases was 17.1%(63/369),while the proportion of retreated cases was 82.9%(306/369),which was significantly higher than that of newly-treated cases.The multidrug resistant rate of tuberculosis in different years was different.Conclusion:The drug resistance rate of tuberculosis in Hainan Island is higher than the national average level,which needs attention.The epidemiological characteristics of multidrug resistant tuberculosis with different treatment history were different.

Compilation of hydrogeological map of China

Hydrogeological map is one of the important carriers of groundwater related information.It directly reflects the hydrogeological conditions and previous investigation and research results of a mapping area.The hydrogeological map of China is a map reflecting the characteristics of hydrogeology and groundwater dynamics on a national scale.On the basis of the hydrogeological map of China(1:4000000)compiled in 1988,this map compilation attempted to update and enhance the existing map,with the latest survey results from the project of National Investigation and Evaluation of Groundwater Resources and Environmental Problems led by China Geological Survey.Task of the mapping program included redefining groundwater types,quantifying the classification standard of the groundwater and adding the pore-fissure water in laterite layer of hilly basin.The multilayer structures for porous,karst and porous-fractured groundwater and their water-rich grades are reflected on the map.Based on the comprehensive summary of the latest hydrogeological data of China,this research conducts an in-depth analysis of the regional distribution characteristics of groundwater in China,utilizes a digital mapping process and establishes a cartographic database for the purpose of further use.With the enrichment of the content and the continuous improvement of cognitive level,mapping content can be updated quickly,which has practical significance for the concept of surveying and mapping and scientific popularization.

Upper Mantle Heterogeneity in Ore-Forming Elements and Its Bearing on Metallogenesis in Qinling Belt and East China

This paper presents the results of our recent studies on the upper mantle composition in the Qinling Belt and East China . It discusses the methods of estimating the upper mantle composition, its selected elements and its constitution characteristics .The results indicate that ore-forming elements on ore types and their distribution in this area are strongly controlled by the upper mantle heterogeneity .

STUDY ON THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE OF SBR BY ^(13)C-NMR METHOD Ⅱ. PEAK ASSIGNMENT FOR ALIPHATIC CARBONS SPECTRA

The study on ^(13)C-NMR spectra of aliphatic carbon region of emuision-processed and solution-processed (by lithium catalyst) SBR was carried out. The assignments for more than thirty odd peaks observed experimentally were made by using 'corresponding analysis' method, combined with the empirical parameters reported in literature. The peak intensifies were calculated based on BemouUian statistic assumption.

Analysis of the negative effects of groundwater exploitation on geological environment in Asia

This paper summarizes the negative effects on geological environment caused by groundwater exploitation and its distribution. There are seven main types of the geological environment negative effects, which are generally as follows:(1) Constant decrease of groundwater level is mainly distributed in China(East Asia), India(South Asia), Tajikistan(Central Asia) and Saudi Arabia(West Asia);(2) land subsidence occurs mainly in eastern plains of East Asia and west Siberian Plain of North Asia;(3) seawater intrusion occurs mainly in China, Japan and South Korea in East Asia, Philippines and Indonesia in Southeast Asia, the Indian coastal areas in South Asia;(4) groundwater level decline caused by groundwater exploitation in oil fields;(5) mining collapse is mainly in 50° to 70° north latitude band;(6) the total area of karst collapse in China of East Asia is as much as 197.05 km^2; and(7) ground fracture is mainly distributed in the North China Plain, Fenwei Plain and the Yangtze River Delta. Asia can be divided into 6 zones in terms of the geological environment negative effect caused by groundwater exploitation. According to analysis, with the increasing intensity of human activities, geological environment issues become more and more serious, therefore it is vital to control the human activities within the scope of 5× 10~5 people/km^2 to 9.9× 10~5 people/km^2 for the effective control of the size of the affected area by geological environment problems.

Uncertainties in estimation of extrapolated annual occurence rate of earthquakes using logical tree

he logical tree methods are used for evaluate quantitatively relationship between frequency and magnitude, and deduce uncertainties of annual occurrence rate of earthquakes in the periods of lower magnitude earthquake. The uncertainties include deviations from the self-similarity of frequency-magnitude relations, different fitting methods, different methods obtained the annual occurrence rate, magnitude step used in fitting, start magnitude, error of magnitude and so on. Taking Xianshuihe River source zone as an example, we analyze uncertainties of occurrence rate of earthquakes M4, which is needed in risk evaluation extrapolating from frequency-magnitude relations of stronger earthquakes. The annual occurrence rate of M4 is usually required for seismic hazard assessment.The sensitivity analysis and examinations indicate that, in the same frequencymagnitude relations fitting method, the most sensitive factor is annual occurrence rate, the second is magnitude step and the following is start magnitude. Effect of magnitude error is rather small.Procedure of estimating the uncertainties is as follows:①Establishing a logical tree described uncertainties in frequencymagnitude relations by available data and knowledge about studied region.② Calculating frequencymagnitude relations for each end branches. ③ Examining sensitivities of each uncertainty factors, amending structure of logical tree and adjusting original weights. ④ Recalculating frequencymagnitude relations of end branches and complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) in each magnitude intervals.⑤ Obtaining an annual occurrence rate of M4 earthquakes under given fractiles.Taking fractiles as 20% and 80%, annual occurrence rate of M 4 events in Xianshuihe seismic zone is 0.643 0. The annual occurrence rate is 0.631 8 under fractiles of 50%, which is very close to that under fractiles 20% and 80%.

Aspects of Regional and Worldwide Mineral Resource Prediction

The purpose of this contribution is to highlight four topics of regional and worldwide mineral resource prediction:(1)use of the jackknife for bias elimination in regional mineral potential assessments;(2)estimating total amounts of metal from mineral potential maps;(3)fractal/multifractal modeling of mineral deposit density data in permissive areas;and(4)worldwide and large-areas metal size-frequency distribution modeling.The techniques described in this paper remain tentative because they have not been widely researched and applied in mineral potential studies.Although most of the content of this paper has previously been published,several perspectives for further research are suggested.

Regional moment-independent sensitivity analysis with its applications in engineering

Traditional Global Sensitivity Analysis（GSA） focuses on ranking inputs according to their contributions to the output uncertainty.However,information about how the specific regions inside an input affect the output is beyond the traditional GSA techniques.To fully address this issue,in this work,two regional moment-independent importance measures,Regional Importance Measure based on Probability Density Function（RIMPDF） and Regional Importance Measure based on Cumulative Distribution Function（RIMCDF）,are introduced to find out the contributions of specific regions of an input to the whole output distribution.The two regional importance measures prove to be reasonable supplements of the traditional GSA techniques.The ideas of RIMPDF and RIMCDF are applied in two engineering examples to demonstrate that the regional moment-independent importance analysis can add more information concerning the contributions of model inputs.

SIMULATION OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CLIMATIC ELEMENTS IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS

In this paper,an effective method of simulating the spatial distribution of climatic elements in mountainous areas by using the semi-empirical theory is presented.As an example,the spatial distributions of temperature, vapor pressure,relative humidity,wind speed and precipitation in the Jianyang region and the Shaxi basin of Fujian Province are computed with this method,and the simulated results are in good agreement with the observations.