Regional ecological security anddiagnosisof obstaclefactors in underdevelopedregions：acasestudy in Yunnan Province,China

In order toclarify regional ecological security status and formation mechanism of regional ecological security barriers in underdeveloped regions of China,we took Yunnan province as a case to evaluate its regional ecological security by using entropy matter-element model,comprehensive index and GIS spatial method,and we diagnosed itsobstacle factors through obstacle degree model. We found a low overall level of regional ecological security in Yunnan. Only Kunmingfell into the good level, 68% of the regions were below the critical safe level. For the vast majority of regions in Yunnan, their regional ecological security was unstable. The indexes related to per capita resources, geological and topographyenvironment, economic, and technologywere at the unsafe or dangerous level.The indexes related to urban expansion, level of income, cultivated land quality were at the level of critical safety. The indexes concerning urban management capacity, airqualityand waterenvironment were at the good or ideallevel. Yunnan's regional ecological security was not good due to natural obstructive environment itself, simultaneously lower backward economic and social level restricted the ability of ecological security response to manage ragile ecological environment. The results of the composite index wereroughly consistent with those of the entropy weight matterelement model. The mean values of the classification index,from high to low, were: the state index>the response index>the pressure index. The state index and the response index had a significant mutual promotion to each other.The regions with good composite index, state index and response index mainly distributed in the central regions of Yunnan Province. Spatial autocorrelation of regional ecological security level in Yunnan was not obvious. Water resources, economic and social development were main obstacle factors of the regional ecological security.When distinguishing with obstacle type, Kunming belonged to natural ecological environment barrier type, while other regions belonged to economic and social barrier type.

Dynamics of Saline-alkali Land and Its Ecological Regionalization in Western Songnen Plain, China

As the important reserve land resources for food production,saline-alkali land should play a significant role to ensure the national food security in the context of global food crisis. The western Songnen Plain is one of main distribution regions of saline-alkali land in China,with great potential in agricultural development. In this study,the extent,transformation,spatial distribution and temporal change of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain during 1954–2005 were investigated by using remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis methods. Saline-alkali land change was detected from a temporal series of topographic maps in 1954,satellite images of Landsat MSS in 1976,Landsat TM/ETM in 1988,2000 and 2005 through artificial visual interpretation. The results indicated a significant expansion in saline-alkali land area and aggravation in salinization. The area of saline-alkali land had increased from 401.48×103 ha in 1954 to 1 097.45×103 ha in 2005. While the ratio of light,moderate and serious salinized land areas changed from 6.72︰2.92︰1.00 to 1.25︰1.06︰1.00 in the study period. Grassland,cropland,swampland and water body were the major land use and land cover types from which saline-alkali land transformed. And the secondary salinization occured mainly in Da′an City,Tongyu County,Changling County,Daqing City,Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County and Zhaoyuan County. Finally,seven large ecoregions and 14 corresponding sub-ecoregions were delineated out based on spatio-temopral dynamic characteristics of saline-alkali land and geo-relational environmental attributes. According to the results,measures of amelioration and ways of development of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain were put forward.

Quantitative analysis of the dynamic change and spatial differences of the ecological security: a case study of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province

Using the theory and method of the ecological footprint, and combining the changes of regional land use, resource environment, population, society and economy, this paper calculated the ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus/loss in 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province. What is more, this paper has put forward the concept of ecological pressure index, set up ecological pressure index models, and ecological security grading systems, and the prediction models of different ecological footprints, ecological carrying capacity, ecological surplus and ecological safety change, and also has assessed the ecological footprint demands of 10,000 yuan GDE The results of this study are as follows： （1） the ecological carrying capacity in northern Shaanxi shows a decreasing trend, the difference of reducing range is the fastest; （2） the ecological footprint appears an increasing trend; （3） ecological pressure index rose to 0.91 from 0.44 during 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi with an increase of 47%; and （4） the ecological security in the study area is in a critical state, and the ecological oressure index has been increasing rapidlv.

Optimization of Rural Settlement Distributions Based On the Ecological Security Pattern: A Case Study of Da’an City in Jilin Province of China

Following the trends of Chinese rural transformation development, and the sustainable development goals for resources and environment, reasonable arranging the potential development space and the ecological space, so as to optimize the distributions of rural settlement would be the key challenge for rural areas in ecologically fragile regions. From the perspective of maintaining regional ecological security, this paper takes Da’an City, a typical ecological fragile region in Jilin Province, as the case area, constructing the comprehensive ecological security pattern(ESP) on basis of landscape ecology, and applying the landscape pattern indexes to quantitative analysis the spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements. Then, different optimization directions and management strategies are put forward for rural settlements in each secure zone under the comprehensive ESP. The experimental results showed that 1) the area of the low security zone, the general security zone, the moderate security zone and the extreme security zone was 1570.18 km^2, 1463.36 km^2, 1215.80 km^2 and 629.77 km^2, representing 32.18%, 29.99%, 24.92% and 12.91% of the total area of the target area, respectively. 2) The rural settlements in Da’an City were characterized by a high degree of fragmentation with a large number of small-scale patches. 3) The area of rural settlements in the ecological relocation zone, the in situ remediation zone, the limited development zone and the key development zone was 22.80 km^2, 42.31 km^2, 36.28 km^2 and 19.40 km^2, accounting for 18.88%, 35.03%, 30.04% and 16.06% of the total area of rural settlements, respectively. Then, different measures were proposed for settlements in different optimization zones in order to scientifically plan important ecological space, production space and living space in rural areas. This paper aims to provide fundamental support for rural settlements based on redistribution from the perspective of landscape ecology and provide insights for rural planning and rural habitat environmental improvement.

Study on Ecological Compensation Policy among the Micro Subjects on Water Energy Resources Development

The subjects of ecological compensation involve the nation, society, development enterprises of wa-ter-energy resources, as well as the location of resource itself. This paper systematically studies on how to make “water energy sources market compensation policy”, “the economic compensation policy for relevant interest subjects” and “the ecological compensation policy of basin ecological water.” So, it is necessary to exert the complementary function between market compensation and government compensation by the means of economic compensation and to establish the ecological compensation policy of basin ecological water, which is beneficial to coordinating the stakeholders’ interests of cross-region or inter-basin. And it is important and significant to establish constantly perfected ecological compensation policy among the micro subjects on water energy resources development, so as to coordinate interest relationships among various subjects and finally reach the aim of sustainable use of water energy resources and environmental protection as possible.

Evaluating the Ecological Security of Land Resources based on Multi-source Data in the Altay Region of China

As a material carrier contributing to human survival and social sustainable development,the ecological environment is declining in its integrity and overall health.With the rapid development of society and economy,it is currently very necessary to carry out ecological security evaluation research to provide scientific guidance and suggestions for the construction of ecological civilization and the harmonious co-existence between man and nature.Taking Altay region as the research area,this paper collected and integrated regional geological,geographical,cultural,socio-economic,and statistical data,as well as previous research results.Combined with DPSIR and EES framework model,the evaluation index system of land resource ecological security in Altay region was constructed by using the analytic hierarchy process,entropy method and linear weighted summation function method.Using this index system,the evaluation research work was carried out to determine the current state of the security situation and the major threats which should be addressed.(1)The overall ecological security situation of Altay region was relatively safe,while the local ecological security situation was relatively fragile.Among them,the areas with safe and safer ecological environment accounted for 38.72%,while the areas with critically safe status accounted for 30.83%,and the areas with a less safe and unsafe environment accounted for 30.45%.In terms of spatial characteristics,the areas with unsafe ecological environment were mainly distributed in the west and east of the study area,while the areas with good ecological environment were distributed in the north of the study area.(2)Large-scale mining activities,frequent geological disasters,large-scale reclamation and long-term cultivation of arable land,and long-term large-scale grazing activities resulting in the destruction of grassland and vegetation were the main factors leading to the prominent ecological security problems of land resources in the Altay region.Therefore,in the process of the continuous development of the urban economy,we should pay more attention to the harmony between man and nature,and also actively and effectively advocate and implement certain policies and measures,such as returning farmland to forest,returning grazing land to grassland and integrating the mining of mineral resources.

Strategies for Safe Land Use of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (Chongqing Section)——With the Restoration of Degraded Forest Landscapes as a Study Case

As a key for constructing ecologically safe scenery, forest landscape pattern in Chongqing Section of the Three Gorges has shown degradation, fragmentation and revision of varying degrees. To ensure normal and safe operation of the Three Gorges, and meet requirements of integrated development strategies for ecological and economic effects in Chongqing City on the ecological security of land use in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges, the following points should be attached more importance in making future strategies for an ecologically safe land use pattern with the restoration of degraded forest landscape as its starting point:a. Ecological effects and economic functions that can be supplied by forest landscape elements in different restoration patterns should be understood to obtain background effect of the ecological security pattern scenario of land use in the reservoir region; b. Relationship between restoration of degraded forest landscapes and serious ecological interference factors such as degradation background, artificial disturbance and engineering stress, should be simulated to figure out the influence of natural or artificial driving factors on landscape pattern, determine the future restoration mode for the degraded forest landscapes in the reservoir region, so as to facilitate the construction of great ecological-economic security pattern of the Three Gorges. The findings will provide scientific basis for the decision-making in building an ecologically safe land use pattern in the Three Gorges reservoir area (Chongqing), when using the degradation of forest landscape restoration as a carrier at present or in the future. Further, they will help realize the development goals of "Livable Chongqing, Expedite Chongqing, Forestry Chongqing, Safe Chongqing and Healthy Chongqing".

Key issues on watershed ecological security assessment

有关分水岭基于关键问题的分析包括评价的题目，内容，和方法论的生态的安全评价，这篇论文指出那生态的安全应该在不同层次动态地被估计(例如分水岭和生态系统层次) 与是的人一起主要评价题目。功能的安全和结构的安全必须在分水岭被认为生态的安全评价。以便反映分水岭的全面、及时的安全地位， PSR (pressure-state-response ) 方法应该被采用。纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 作为一个例子被研究。分水岭的一个索引系统生态的安全评价被建议了，它包括结构的索引，功能的索引，压力和反应索引，并且生态的安全的状态在云南为 LRGR 被分析省。

Urban Design of New Towns in Ethnic Areas

The urbanization process in ethnic areas is accelerating, and the urban characteristics are greatly affected. The construction of spatial planning and design methods that adapt to the national regional environment and reflect the regional characteristics of the ethnic groups is the main problem. On the basis of analysis of the characteristics and predicaments of new towns in ethnic areas, this paper put forward the urban design strategies of new towns based on security, ecology, vitality and culture and focused on the fol owing four aspects: land use layout, landscape planning, functional facilities arrangement and style and feature design to systematically construct the content and method system of urban design by combining with the actual case of Dege New Town.

基于“源地-阻力-廊道”的三江源区生态安全格局构建

三江源区是青藏高原生态屏障的重要组成部分,科学构建生态安全格局对筑牢三江源区生态安全屏障、维护可持续发展具有重要意义。耦合层次分析法(AHP)与熵权法,基于生态系统服务、形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)、景观连通性等方法识别不同等级生态源地,利用土地利用类型并综合生态敏感性与地形位指数构建生态阻力面,基于Linkage Mapper工具识别不同类别生态廊道,构建三江源区生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)三江源区生态源地约52371.30km2,占研究区总面积13.70%,多为大尺度不规则斑块,呈现东多西少的空间分布格局;其中一级生态源地面积约为48290.06km2,占生态源地总面积的92.21%,集中分布在生态系统服务重要性较高的中部与东南部地区。(2)识别生态廊道共328条,廊道分布呈现中东部密集,西部稀疏的蜘蛛网状空间格局,整体呈东西向波状延伸态势。(3)识别生态夹点1796km2、生态障碍点2490km2,主要分布于研究区中南部的杂多县;提取生态断裂点61处,集中分布于治多县东南部。(4)构建“三区三带多点”生态安全格局,以生态维育发展区、中部修复关键区、西部生态保护区为“三区”,以绿水青山维护带、生物保护关键带、河源安全建设带为“三带”,识别核心修复点为“多点”,考虑不同小区域内的生态状况,因地制宜进行生态建设。研究结果可以为三江源区生态保护地优化提供科学建议。

珠三角地区近20年城镇化与景观生态安全耦合协调分析

针对城镇化进程加快导致的珠三角地区生态景观胁迫程度日趋严峻,亟需加强区域生态保护的现状,构建新型城镇化与景观生态安全的耦合协调模型,定量测度2000—2020年珠三角地区城镇空间扩展与景观生态安全耦合协调时空格局以及发展状态,运用多元回归分析和灰色预测模型揭示其驱动机理,并预测2040年城镇空间扩展和景观生态安全耦合的发展趋势。结果表明:珠三角地区9市城镇化与景观生态安全的耦合协调度在20年间呈现缓慢波动上升的趋势,耦合协调度由2000年的0.305~0.436升至2020年的0.385~0.545,现处于拮抗耦合阶段,未来20年将继续向着协调同步、有序发展的方向前进。珠三角地区经济发展不平衡,城镇开发建设和生态环境保护难以同步发展,景观生态状况不乐观,生态环境滞后型的地市逐渐增多,尚未全面形成良好的协调发展状态。对外开放程度、经济发展水平、科技投入水平等因素对耦合协调度的影响较为显著(P<0.05),今后对于区域可持续发展需要加强耦合协调的机理研究,持续关注城镇空间拓展与景观生态安全的协调发展趋势及特征。

基于灰色关联模型的沿黄区域山东段生态安全综合评价及时空演化

以沿黄区域山东段为例,建立PSR模型构建生态安全评价指标体系,借助熵权法和灰色关联度模型对其2000—2018年展开生态安全综合评价,并进行时空演变分析。结果显示,整体上沿黄区域山东段生态安全水平呈现出波动中上升的趋势,由“不安全”向“比较安全”转变,子系统中生态响应和生态状态增加的幅度高于生态环境压力增大的幅度,生态环境有所好转;市级尺度下,山东段17地市生态安全水平有所提高,呈现出“下降-上升-下降”的倒“N”字形演变,生态安全类型以“一般安全”为主,高等级类型较少,城市生态安全问题比较严峻;城市生态安全内部空间差异明显,生态安全空间格局向东、向北转移,呈现出“东高西低”“北高南低”的高低错落分布,高等级生态安全区域从东部沿海向鲁北扩散,“临界安全”区域缩小至鲁中南和鲁西北。最后从生态环境治理与保护、优化调控三大空间、经济结构转型升级等方面提出优化路径,改善生态环境质量。

基于蓝绿基础设施的大运河四女寺枢纽区域生态安全格局构建

大运河长期参与并影响沿线人居环境建设活动,由此衍生的水利枢纽工程影响着区域生态安全的维持。文中以大运河关键水利枢纽工程区域——四女寺枢纽区域为研究对象,基于2023年土地利用数据,通过形态学空间格局分析、景观连通性评价和最小累积阻力模型,对区域蓝绿基础设施数据进行收集、分析,结果共识别出16个生态源地、15条重点潜在生态廊道与105条一般潜在生态廊道;构建“一核两心,三带四轴,多节点,多廊道”的区域生态安全格局;最后,基于区域上位规划与景观空间特点提出生态安全格局优化建议,即蓝绿整合的韧性优化、多样保护的体系优化和突破边界的协同优化。研究结果可为大运河枢纽区域文化遗产保护和生态环境保护修复提供循证依据,并为国土空间规划与生态文明建设提供参考。

基于MCR模型的长白山区域生态安全格局构建研究

生态安全格局是我国国土空间规划的重要组成部分,构建生态安全格局对寒地生态脆弱区的可持续发展与城镇建设具有重要意义。目前,关于长白山脉地区的生态保护与开发建设研究尚处于起步阶段,区域缺乏科学的规划发展引导。为此,以区域生态学为视角,结合ArcGIS空间分析对吉林省长白山脉地区生态安全格局进行研究,利用MCR模型构建区域生态安全格局并提出相应规划策略:1)规划编制方面,结合吉林省“一主六双”高质量发展战略,从不同层面为长白山周边地区城乡建设提供发展范式;2)空间优化层面,构建“一带两轴四区多廊道”生态安全格局,并提出分区规划策略和相关建议。

基于自组织特征映射模型(SOFM)网络的中国自然资源生态安全区划

自然资源生态安全是国家安全的重要组成部分,自然资源生态安全区划对保障区域可持续发展提供了重要途径。基于自然资源数据、生态环境数据和相关区划资料,从生态敏感性与生态服务重要性角度构建了自然资源生态安全评价指标体系,进而揭示了中国自然资源生态安全的空间格局;通过建立区划的原则和指标,按照一级区主要反映自然资源空间分布格局,二级区主要揭示自然资源生态安全水平的差异,采用SOFM网络制订了中国自然资源生态安全区划方案。结果显示:(1)中国自然资源生态安全水平整体偏低,以中警与重警状态区域为主,安全和较安全状态的区域仅占24.22%,其中低安全等级区多分布于400mm等降水量线以西的干旱、半干旱区,高安全等级区则集中分布于水热资源与生物资源较为丰富的东南部地区;(2)中国自然资源生态安全区划方案包括8个一级区与27个二级区,总结归纳各大区自然资源的特征和威胁生态安全的问题,并针对二级区自然资源生态安全状况提出了对策建议。研究结果可为分区、分类推进全国自然资源可持续利用和国土空间优化提供理论支持与决策依据。

“保障生态安全”的环境立法表达——以流域生态安全为中心展开

相较于一般意义的生态环境保护与治理,“保障生态安全”因更加突出的底线控制思维与短板效应视角而兼具理论价值与实践意义。缘于生态安全尚存概念不清、定位不明的学理困境,“保障生态安全”虽在环境立法中提出,但未能具体且充分展开。实现“保障生态安全”在环境立法的表达完善应首先明晰生态安全的现有表达分异,并对其内涵与定位作出明确。鉴于生态安全必须从区域尺度衡量的基本特性,以及现有环境法律体系由基本法和大量以生态空间与要素为类型的单行法构成的基本情况,选取流域这一重要且典型的自然生态区域作为主要分析对象,阐明保障流域生态安全内容的具体构成,并分析保障流域生态安全在环境立法中的应然与实然。流域生态安全立法的完善理论上应当达至层级与要素的多维度关照、价值明确与内容充实的全面化展开,反观当前立法现状,相关立法关涉流域生态安全保障的规范则处于空白与重叠并存、模糊与整体关照不足的实然境地。生态环境法典编纂是推进生态环境法律体系化的重要方式,实现“保障生态安全”在环境立法中的良好表达可以生态环境法典编纂为契机。应首先明确生态安全整体性融入生态环境法律体系的路径选择,即不制定综合性较强的生态安全法,而是以“理念指引-原则遵循-制度实施”体系贯彻,在以“纂”为主的总则编中规定“保障生态安全”的立法目的、基本原则与基本制度,在以“编”为主的分编中体系化贯彻具体制度的构建,以最终形成整体上生态安全价值理念的立法彰显。

黄河流域资源型城市碳生态安全差异测度、来源分解与时空演进

黄河流域作为我国重要的“能源流域”,分析其资源型城市碳生态安全空间差异、差异来源与动态演进,有助于优化全流域碳生态安全布局。在构建黄河流域资源型城市碳生态安全评价指标体系的基础上,选用TOPSIS模型与Dagum基尼系数,评价其2012—2021年碳生态安全水平并分析其差异来源,进一步引入核密度估计法探究时空演变特征。结果表明:黄河流域资源型城市碳生态安全水平逐年提升且呈现“小幅提升—快速上涨”的特征,上游资源型城市碳生态安全水平高于中、下游。不同地区资源型城市碳生态安全的空间非均衡显著,区域间差异是影响碳生态安全总体差异的主要来源,超变密度对其整体差异影响增强。依据核密度估计结果,不同地区资源型城市碳安全水平差异趋于缩小,但中游差异性变小不明显。结合“双碳”目标,黄河流域不同地区资源型城市应制定不同区域碳生态安全目标和举措,实现全域碳生态安全平衡。

中国式现代化场域中民族地区绿色发展愿景与实践路径

中国式现代化主张人与自然和谐共生,以绿色发展着力推动民族地区的现代化发展,能够打破西方现代化“先污染后治理”的现代化发展窠臼,使民族地区实现绿色化、低碳化、现代化的高质量发展。在中国式现代化的场域中,民族地区各族人民的需求层次表现出整体升级,尤其绿色发展愿景呈现出刚性需求和柔性需求的交汇,具体表现为政治需求、经济需求、文化需求、社会需求以及生态需求的复合叠加。然而在中国式现代化的推进过程中,民族地区绿色发展深受民族地区基层政治与地方政府治理困境、和谐社会建构两难、不平衡不充分发展难题、生态文明建设挑战等诸多影响。新时代新征程上,民族地区在全方位推进中国式现代化的过程中,需要构建民族地区良政善治的基层政治与地方政府治理体系,模铸民族地区分配正义的和谐社会,多渠道推动民族地区的平衡充分发展,打造民族地区良好的生态环境,最终实现民族地区的绿色发展,以低碳化、绿色化的发展方式着力推动中国式现代化建设取得更加辉煌的成就。

基于生态位视角的陕西省区域创新生态系统安全测度及预警

[目的]分析陕西省区域创新生态系统安全发展状况并对其安全演变趋势进行预警,为实现陕西省区域创新生态系统的经济可持续的高质量发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于生态位视角构建了一个包含开放性、生长性、协同性和可持续性4个维度的区域创新生态系统安全测度指标体系,利用生态位适宜度模型对2011—2020年陕西省区域创新生态系统安全状况进行了测度分析,并利用BP神经网络模型预测2020—2024年陕西省区域创新生态系统安全警情演变趋势。[结果]①陕西省区域创新生态系统安全水平在2011—2020年间总体呈现出稳定上升的态势,表明区域创新发展具有良好的基础和潜力。②陕西省区域创新生态系统安全警情在2020—2024年间将继续保持向好的趋势,但仍呈南北低、中部高的分布特征。[结论]陕西省区域创新生态系统安全状况整体呈现良好的演变趋势,但仍需采取相关措施进一步缩小其区域间的差距从而实现陕西省区域创新生态系统的安全发展。

基于空间关联网络结构探究黄河上游城市群生态安全演化特征及影响因素

为分析黄河上游城市群生态安全的演化特征及影响因素,采用驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(driving-pressure-state-impact-response,DPSIR)模型对2010—2021年黄河上游城市群9个城市进行生态安全评估;通过修正引力模型确定城市群内各城市的生态安全空间关联引力并构建网络;借助社会网络分析法揭示城市群生态安全空间网络结构的演变特征。用二次指派程序(quadratic assignment procedure,QAP)从空间关联网络角度探讨影响城市群生态安全的因素。结果表明,在时间上,黄河上游城市群各城市的生态安全水平正在持续提高,且逐渐达到了临界安全水平;在空间关联网络结构上,城市群内各城市生态安全关联紧密性低,但整个网络结构处于相对稳定状态,且朝着复杂的方向发展;兰州市作为核心城市对周边城市产生较大的资源溢出效应,各城市间存在“核心-边缘”特征;黄河上游城市群的生态安全关联网络结构受到地理空间邻近性、科技水平、能源供应以及可持续发展水平差异等因素的影响。该研究可为提升黄河上游城市群关联度以及城市群的生态安全治理提供科学依据和决策参考。