Edge detection in the potential field using the correlation coefficients of multidirectional standard deviations

Most edge-detection methods rely on calculating gradient derivatives of the potential field, a process that is easily affected by noise and is therefore of low stability. We propose a new edge-detection method named correlation coefficient of multidirectional standard deviations（CCMS） that is solely based on statistics. First, we prove the reliability of the proposed method using a single model and then a combination of models. The proposed method is evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained by other edge-detection methods. The CCMS method offers outstanding recognition, retains the sharpness of details, and has low sensitivity to noise. We also applied the CCMS method to Bouguer anomaly data of a potash deposit in Laos. The applicability of the CCMS method is shown by comparing the inferred tectonic framework to that inferred from remote sensing（RS） data.

Correlation of pattern reversal visual evoked potential parameters with the pattern standard deviation in primary open angle glaucoma

AIM:To evaluate whether glaucomatous visual field defect particularly the pattern standard deviation(PSD)of Humphrey visual field could be associated with visual evoked potential(VEP)parameters of patients having primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).METHODS:Visual field by Humphrey perimetry and simultaneous recordings of pattern reversal visual evoked potential(PRVEP)were assessed in 100 patients with POAG.The stimulus configuration for VEP recordings consisted of the transient pattern reversal method in which a black and white checker board pattern was generated(full field)and displayed on VEP monitor(colour 14')by an electronic pattern regenerator inbuilt in an evoked potential recorder(RMS EMG EP MARK II).RESULTS:The results of our study indicate that there is a highly significant(P【0.001)negative correlation of P100 amplitude and a statistically significant(P【0.05)positive correlation of N70 latency,P100 latency and N155 latency with the PSD of Humphrey visual field in the subjects of POAG in various age groups as evaluated by Student’s t-test.CONCLUSION:Prolongation of VEP latencies were mirrored by a corresponding increase of PSD values.Conversely,as PSD increases the magnitude of VEP excursions were found to be diminished.

Impact of Different Grinding Aids on Standard Deviation in X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Cement Raw Meal

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis utilizes particle size which is resulted from milling of a material. The milling ensures uniform and fine grained powder. The finer and more uniform the particle size is, the better the result and easier it is for material quality control. To ensure uniformity in particle size and finer powder, a comparative analysis was conducted with different grinding aids and pressed pellet method was used in obtaining analysis results. Pressed pellets of cement raw meal sample milled with different grinding aids (graphite, aspirin and lithium borate) were subjected to XRF. Graphite produced better particle size uniformity with a corresponding standard deviation that made quality control of raw meal easier and better than aspirin and lithium borate.

The Arithmetic Mean Standard Deviation Distribution: A Geometrical Framework

The current attempt is aimed to outline the geometrical framework of a well known statistical problem, concerning the explicit expression of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution. To this respect, after a short exposition, three steps are performed as 1) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation, , as a function of the errors, , which, by themselves, are statistically independent;2) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, , as a function of the errors,;3) formulation of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, , as a function of the arithmetic mean standard deviation, , and the arithmetic mean rms error, . The integration domain can be expressed in canonical form after a change of reference frame in the n-space, which is recognized as an infinitely thin n-cylindrical corona where the symmetry axis coincides with a coordinate axis. Finally, the solution is presented and a number of (well known) related parameters are inferred for sake of completeness.

Numerical investigation on the caving mechanism with different standard deviations of top coal block size in LTCC

The size distribution of the broken top coal blocks is an important factor,affecting the recovery ratio and the efficiency of drawing top coal in longwall top coal caving(LTCC)mining panel.The standard deviation of top coal block size(dt)is one of the main parameters to reflect the size distribution of top coal.To find the effect of dt on the caving mechanism,this study simulates experiments with 9 different dt by using discrete element software PFC.The dt is divided into two stages:uniform distribution stage(UDS)whose dt is less than 0.1(Schemes 1–5),and nonuniform distribution stage(NDS)whose dt is more than 0.1(Schemes 6–9).This research mainly investigates the variation of recovery ratio,drawing body shape,boundary of top coal,and contact force between particles in the two stages,respectively.The results showed that with the increasing dt,the recovery ratio of the panel increases first and then decreases in UDS.It is the largest in Scheme 3,which mainly increases the drawing volume at the side of starting drawing end.However,the recovery ratio decreases first and then increases quickly in NDS,and it is the largest in Scheme 9,where the drawing volume at the side of finishing drawing end are relatively higher.In UDS,the major size of top coal is basically medium,while in NDS,the size varies from medium to small,and then to large,with a distinct difference in shape and volume of the drawing body.When the major size of top coal is medium and small,the cross-section width of the initial boundary of top coal at each height is relatively small.Conversely,when the top coal size is large,the initial boundary of top coal has a larger opening range,the rotating angle of lower boundary is relatively small in the normal drawing stage,which is conducive to the development of drawing body and reduces the residual top coal,and the maximum particle velocity and the particles movement angle are both larger.This study lays a foundation for the prediction of recovery ratio,and suggests that the uniform top coal is more manageable and has a larger recovery ratio.

Unbiased Estimation Formula of Unit Weight Standard Deviation in Regularization Solution

Regularization method is an effective method for solving ill\|posed equation. In this paper the unbiased estimation formula of unit weight standard deviation in the regularization solution is derived and the formula is verified with numerical case of 1 000 sample data by use of the typical ill\|posed equation, i.e. the Fredholm integration equation of the first kind.

The Weighted Mean Standard Deviation Distribution: A Geometrical Framework

The current attempt is aimed to extend previous results, concerning the explicit expression of the arithmetic mean standard deviation distribution, to the general case of the weighted mean standard deviation distribution. To this respect, the integration domain is expressed in canonical form after a change of reference frame in the n-space, which is recognized as an infinitely thin n-cylindrical corona where the axis coincides with a coordinate axis and the orthogonal section is an infinitely thin, homotetic (n-1)-elliptical corona. The semiaxes are formulated in two different ways, namely in terms of (1) eigenvalues, via the eigenvalue equation, and (2) leading principal minors of the matrix of a quadratic form, via the Jacobi formulae. The distribution and related parameters have the same formal expression with respect to their counterparts in the special case where the weighted mean coincides with the arithmetic mean. The reduction of some results to ordinary geometry is also considered.

How to impute study-specific standard deviations in metaanalyses of skewed continuous endpoints?

AIM： To compare four methods to approximate mean and standard deviation （SD） when only medians and interquartile ranges are provided.METHODS： We performed simulated meta-analyses on six datasets of 15, 30, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 trials, respectively. Subjects were iteratively generated from one of the following seven scenarios： five theoreti-cal continuous distributions [Normal, Normal （0, 1）, Gamma, Exponential, and Bimodal] and two real-life distributions of intensive care unit stay and hospital stay. For each simulation, we calculated the pooled estimates assembling the study-specific medians and SD approximations： Conservative SD, less conservativeSD, mean SD, or interquartile range. We provided a graphical evaluation of the standardized differences.To show which imputation method produced the best estimate, we ranked those differences and calculated the rate at which each estimate appeared as the best, second-best, third-best, or fourth-best.RESULTS： Our results demonstrated that the best pooled estimate for the overall mean and SD was provided by the median and interquartile range （mean standardized estimates： 4.5 ± 2.2, P = 0.14） or by the median and the SD conservative estimate （mean standardized estimates： 4.5 ± 3.5, P = 0.13）. The less conservative approximation of SD appeared to be the worst method, exhibiting a significant difference from the reference method at the 90% confidence level. The method that ranked first most frequently is the interquartile range method （23/42 = 55%）, particularly when data were generated according to the Standard Normal, Gamma, and Exponential distributions. The second-best is the conservative SD method （15/42 = 36%）, particularly for data from a bimodal distributionand for the intensive care unit stay variable. CONCLUSION： Meta-analytic estimates are not signi-fcantly affected by approximating the missing values ofmean and SD with the correspondent values for medianand interquartile range.

Development and Parallelization of an Improved 2D Moving Window Standard Deviation Python Routine for Image Segmentation Purposes

Two additional features are particularly useful in pixelwise satellite data segmentation using neural networks: one results from local window averaging around each pixel (MWA) and another uses a standard deviation estimator (MWSD) instead of the average. While the former’s complexity has already been solved to a satisfying minimum, the latter did not. This article proposes a new algorithm that can substitute a naive MWSD, by making the complexity of the computational process fall from O(N2n2) to O(N2n), where N is a square input array side, and n is the moving window’s side length. The Numba python compiler was used to make python a competitive high-performance computing language in our optimizations. Our results show efficiency benchmars

Improved Image Contrast Enhancement Based on Local Standard Deviation and Compared with Other Algorithms

An adaptive contrast enhancement (ACE) algorithm is presented in this paper, in which the contrast gain is determined by mapping the local standard deviation (LSD) histogram of an image to a Gaussian distribution function. The contrast gain is nonlinearly adjusted to avoid noise overenhancement and ringing artifacts while improving the detail contrast with less computational burden. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated with radiological images and compared with other algorithms.

Perceptual Gradient Similarity Deviation for Full Reference Image Quality Assessment

Perceptual image quality assessment(IQA)is one of the most indispensable yet challenging problems in image processing and computer vision.It is quite necessary to develop automatic and efficient approaches that can accurately predict perceptual image quality consistently with human subjective evaluation.To further improve the prediction accuracy for the distortion of color images,in this paper,we propose a novel effective and efficient IQA model,called perceptual gradient similarity deviation(PGSD).Based on the gradient magnitude similarity,we proposed a gradient direction selection method to automatically determine the pixel-wise perceptual gradient.The luminance and chrominance channels are both took into account to characterize the quality degradation caused by intensity and color distortions.Finally,a multi-scale strategy is utilized and pooled with different weights to incorporate image details at different resolutions.Experimental results on LIVE,CSIQ and TID2013 databases demonstrate the superior performances of the proposed algorithm.

LIMITING BEHAVIOR OF RECURSIVE M-ESTIMATORS IN MULTIVARIATE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS AND THEIR ASYMPTOTIC EFFICIENCIES

Recursive algorithms are very useful for computing M-estimators of regression coefficients and scatter parameters. In this article, it is shown that for a nondecreasing ul （t）, under some mild conditions the recursive M-estimators of regression coefficients and scatter parameters are strongly consistent and the recursive M-estimator of the regression coefficients is also asymptotically normal distributed. Furthermore, optimal recursive M-estimators, asymptotic efficiencies of recursive M-estimators and asymptotic relative efficiencies between recursive M-estimators of regression coefficients are studied.

Quantifying prosthetic gait deviation using simple outcome measures

AIM:To develop a subset of simple outcome measures to quantify prosthetic gait deviation without needing three-dimensional gait analysis(3DGA).METHODS:Eight unilateral,transfemoral amputees and 12 unilateral,transtibial amputees were recruited.Twenty-eight able-bodied controls were recruited.All participants underwent 3DGA,the timed-up-and-go test and the six-minute walk test(6MWT).The lowerlimb amputees also completed the Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire.Results from 3DGA were summarised using the gait deviation index(GDI),which was subsequently regressed,using stepwise regression,against the other measures.RESULTS:Step-length(SL),self-selected walking speed(SSWS) and the distance walked during the 6MWT(6MWD) were significantly correlated with GDI.The 6MWD was the strongest,single predictor of the GDI,followed by SL and SSWS.The predictive ability of the regression equations were improved following inclusion of self-report data related to mobility and prosthetic utility.CONCLUSION:This study offers a practicable alternative to quantifying kinematic deviation without the need to conduct complete 3DGA.

Regression Analysis of a Kind of Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers Based on a Shape Preserving Operator

Fuzzy regression provides more approaches for us to deal with imprecise or vague problems. Traditional fuzzy regression is established on triangular fuzzy numbers, which can be represented by trapezoidal numbers. The independent variables, coefficients of independent variables and dependent variable in the regression model are fuzzy numbers in different times and TW, the shape preserving operator, is the only T-norm which induces a shape preserving multiplication of LL-type of fuzzy numbers. So, in this paper, we propose a new fuzzy regression model based on LL-type of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and TW. Firstly, we introduce the basic fuzzy set theories, the basic arithmetic propositions of the shape preserving operator and a new distance measure between trapezoidal numbers. Secondly, we investigate the specific model algorithms for FIFCFO model (fuzzy input-fuzzy coefficient-fuzzy output model) and introduce three advantages of fit criteria, Error Index, Similarity Measure and Distance Criterion. Thirdly, we use a design set and two reference sets to make a comparison between our proposed model and the reference models and determine their goodness with the above three criteria. Finally, we draw the conclusion that our proposed model is reasonable and has better prediction accuracy, but short of robust, comparing to the reference models by the three goodness of fit criteria. So, we can expand our traditional fuzzy regression model to our proposed new model.

Simulation Program to Determine Sample Size and Power for a Multiple Logistic Regression Model with Unspecified Covariate Distributions

Binary logistic regression models are commonly used to assess the association between outcomes and covariates. Many covariates are inherently continuous, and have a variety of distributions, including those that are heavily skewed to the left or right. Existing theoretical formulas, criteria, and simulation programs cannot accurately estimate the sample size and power of non-standard distributions. Therefore, we have developed a simulation program that uses Monte Carlo methods to estimate the exact power of a binary logistic regression model. This power calculation can be used for distributions of any shape and covariates of any type (continuous, ordinal, and nominal), and can account for nonlinear relationships between covariates and outcomes. For illustrative purposes, this simulation program is applied to real data obtained from a study on the influence of smoking on 90-day outcomes after acute atherothrombotic stroke. Our program is applicable to all effect sizes and makes it possible to apply various statistical methods, logistic regression and related simulations such as Bayesian inference with some modifications.

基于医疗服务半径的中医类医疗机构空间配置及优化研究:以广州市增城区为例

背景随着中国传统医学纳入国际疾病分类第十一次修订本(ICD-11)编码,基层中医医疗资源的合理配置是推动中西医融合和优质医疗资源全民覆盖的保障。基层医疗机构布局和服务能力不均衡,导致城市乡镇地区普遍存在医疗资源供需错位问题。目的了解我国乡镇中医药服务开展状况,科学评价基层中医药诊疗的覆盖范围和服务可及性,为优化基层中医药服务空间资源配置提供新思路并据此提出优化策略。方法基于第七次全国人口普查数据和点状地理空间数据,引入医疗服务半径概念来计算步行模式下不同层级中医类医疗机构的诊疗范围。采用空间核密度指数、空间标准差椭圆等方法揭示中医类医疗服务供需能力的空间公平性。基于以上结果提出中医类医疗资源布局优化类型及措施。结果截至2022年增城区共计医疗机构699家,其中带有床位的中医类医疗机构18家,不同乡镇、街道的中医类医疗机构床位分布呈现出较大的差异。中滩镇千人口床位数为14.31张,在所有街道中排在第一位。永宁街道千人口床位数排在末位,仅为0.89张。增城区中医类医疗机构呈现出明显的双中心格局,中新镇中部、派潭镇北部和石滩镇西南部居民的中医药服务可获得性较弱。不同乡镇的中医药服务供给能力差别较大,中医类医疗机构空间分布同城镇居民的整体空间聚集程度还存在一定程度的不吻合,不同乡镇间的中医药服务半径存在差异。结论中医药发展战略实施以来,中国传统医学得到了保护和发展。应当采取更为科学的策略将中医药服务同城市发展和居民需求紧密结合,积极采取增加设施点、资源转移和下沉相结合、跨区域的中医药信息化联合诊疗的差异化策略,逐步实现真正意义上的全覆盖和中西医并重的战略。

Determination of basal ileal endogenous losses and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in barley fed to growing pigs

Background： Basal ileal endogenous amino acid（AA） losses（IAAend） and standardized ileal digestibility（SID） values of cereal grains, such as barley, are apparently underestimated when determined according to the nitrogen（N）-free method. Regression analysis between the dietary apparent ileal digestible content（c AID） and total crude protein（CP） and AA can be considered as alternative approach to obtain more accurate values for IAAendand SID of AA in cereal grains.Methods： Eight hulled barley genotypes were used, with barley being the only source of CP and AA in the assay diets. The diets contained 95 % as-fed of these eight barley genotypes each, ranging in CP content between 109.1 and 123.8 g/kg dry matter（DM）. Nine ileally T-cannulated barrows, average body weight（BW） 30 ± 2 kg, were allotted to a row-column design comprising eight periods with 6 d each and nine pigs. On d 5 and the night of d 6 of every period, ileal digesta were collected for a total of 12 h. The IAAend and the SID were determined by linear regression analysis between c AID and total dietary CP and AA.Results： There exist linear relationships between cA ID and total CP and AA（P 〈 0.001）. The IAAend of CP, Lys, Met, Thr and Trp amounted to 35.34, 1.08, 0.25, 1.02 and 0.38 g/kg DM intake（DMI）, respectively, which are greater compared to average IAAend determined previously under N-free feeding conditions. The SID of CP, Lys, Met, Thr and Trp was 90,79, 85, 79 and 86 %, respectively, and was greater when compared to tabulated values. Moreover, these SID values were greater than those reported in literature, based on correction of apparent ileal digestibility（AID） of CP and AA for their IAAendvalues. Summarized, the results of the present regression analysis indicate greater IAAendin barley-based diets compared to those obtained by N-free feeding.Conclusions： For low-protein feed ingredients like barley the regression method may be preferred over correction of AID values for their IAAenddetermined under N-free feeding conditions, as intercepts and slopes of the linear regression equations between cA ID and total dietary CP and AA provide direct estimates of IAAendand SID of CP and AA in the presence of the assay feed ingredient.

2000—2020年非洲耕地资源时空格局变化分析

非洲地区面临严重的粮食安全问题,研究其耕地资源时空格局变化对于保障非洲粮食安全具有重要意义.基于2000—2020年间联合国粮农组织的统计数据,通过重心迁移、标准差椭圆及局部空间自相关等方法对非洲耕地资源时空格局的变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:1)非洲耕地整体数量呈稳定上升趋势,20年间耕地面积增加了6321.92万hm^(2),增长率为53.44%,但不同国家间存在差异;2)非洲耕地在几何中心以北区域分布较多,耕地重心迁移方向先向东北后转向偏西方向,移动总距离为111.86 km,偏移速率先快后慢,从前5年的平均10.27 km/a降至后15年的平均4.00 km/a左右;3)非洲耕地分布呈西北—东南向,20年来标准差椭圆转角有向水平方向倒伏趋势,椭圆面积不断缩小,向心性不断增强;4)非洲耕地分布集聚主要出现在西非的尼日尔和尼日利亚,异常区为南非及贝宁.

顾及城市发展和生态保护均衡的宜昌市生境质量多情景模拟研究

城市发展过程中不同的发展方向与生态保护目标往往会产生不同的矛盾冲突,通过均衡城市发展和生态保护之间的关系,能够促进城市发展和生态保护的耦合协调。以宜昌市为研究对象,耦合PLUS—InVEST模型并结合标准差椭圆分析,以2020年土地利用现状数据为基础,模拟自然发展、经济发展以及生态保护3种情景下2040年宜昌市生境质量变化情况。研究结果表明:1)2000—2020年宜昌市主要发生变化的地类为耕地、林地以及建设用地,其中林地与耕地为主要的转出地类,建设用地为主要的转入地类;2)在不同模拟情景下,建设用地扩张方向均由西南向东北收缩,城市扩张强度减缓,建设用地扩张强度重心并开始由东向西进行迁徙;3)在自然发展和经济发展情景下,宜昌市生境质量在未来均呈现衰退的趋势,而在生态保护情景下,宜昌市生境质量有所恢复。通过模拟未来不同政策下土地利用方式改变来反映宜昌市生境质量变化情况,为均衡城市发展与生态保护产生的矛盾和冲突有着重要意义。

考虑风速纵、横分量的列车气动载荷变化特性

为探索侧向环境风作用下列车气动载荷变化特性,对任意风向角下随车移动点处的风速纵、横分量进行建模,研究考虑风速纵、横分量的列车气动载荷计算方法,并分析在列车速度200~400 km/h、平均风速10~35 m/s及风向角30°~150°时的列车气动载荷特性.研究发现:在不同风向角下,考虑风速横向分量后,高速列车气动载荷波动变大,作用于列车上的瞬时气动载荷极值增大;风速横向分量主要影响列车气动载荷的标准差,且影响程度与风向角有关;随着风向角接近临界风向角,风速横向分量对列车气动载荷标准差的影响逐渐变小,随着风向角远离临界风向角,风速横向分量对列车气动载荷标准差的影响逐渐变大;列车气动载荷的标准差/均值主要与侧偏角有关,且在风向角为30°及150°时较大,其次是风向角60°和120°,而在风向角90°时则较小.