Characteristics of Endogenous Hormone Variations in the Roots of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Cultivars of Different Fall Dormancies During Spring Regrowth Stage

Regrowth traits of alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） in spring are closely related to its fall dormancy before winter. In order to determine the relationship between fall dormancy （FD） grade and hormone variation pattern and provide academic references for the variety improvement and production of alfalfa, the variations of gibberellins （GA3）, indole-3-acetic acid （IAA）, and abscisic acid （ABA） in alfalfa roots during regrowth period in spring were examined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The study involved seven alfalfa cultivars that belonged to four fall dormant grades, i.e., 2, 4, 6, and 8. The results showed that the differences in spring regrowth among the alfalfa cultivars were partially associated with their root hormone levels. The alfalfa cultivars that belonged to the same dormancy grades presented similar variation trends in endogenous hormone content in their roots during the spring regrowth stage. At the early regrowth stage, cultivars with a higher dormant grade had a higher GA3 concent and a lower ABA content in their roots than the cultivars with a lower dormant grade; and IAA content in roots of non- and semi-fall dormancy cultivars was higher than that of fall dormancy cultivars. During the whole period of spring regrowth, the root ABA content of fall dormancy alfalfa cultivar is significantly higher than those of semi- and non-fall dormancy cultivars. GA3 contents in the roots of all cultivars under study showed a double-peak dynamic curve; root IAA contents of the studied cultivars presented a downward trend. But the trend did not significantly differed among the different fall dormant cultivars. The higher GA3 content and lower ABA content in root of non-fall dormancy alfalfa lead to its earlier regrowth. Regrowth time and rate of alfalfa can be regulated by exogenous GA3 or ABA at the early regrowth stage to meet producing requirement.

L_g=100 nm T-shaped gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Si substrates with non-planar source/drain regrowth of highly-doped n^+-GaN layer by MOCVD

High-performance Al Ga N/Ga N high electron mobility transistors（HEMTs） grown on silicon substrates by metal–organic chemical-vapor deposition（MOCVD） with a selective non-planar n-type Ga N source/drain（S/D） regrowth are reported. A device exhibited a non-alloyed Ohmic contact resistance of 0.209 Ω·mm and a comprehensive transconductance（gm） of 247 m S/mm. The current gain cutoff frequency f T and maximum oscillation frequency f MAX of 100-nm HEMT with S/D regrowth were measured to be 65 GHz and 69 GHz. Compared with those of the standard Ga N HEMT on silicon substrate, the fTand fMAXis 50% and 52% higher, respectively.

Phosphorus limitation on bacterial regrowth in drinking water

Assimilable organic carbon(AOC) test and bacterial regrowth potential(BRP) analysis were used to investigate the effect of phosphorus on bacterial regrowth in the drinking water that was made from some raw water taken from a reservoir located in northern China. It was shown that AOC of the drinking water samples increased by 43.9%—59.6% and BRP increased by 100%—235% when 50 μg/L PO 3- 4-P(as NaH 2PO 4) was added alone to the drinking water samples. This result was clear evidence of phosphorus limitation on bacteria regrowth in the drinking water. This investigation indicated the importance of phosphorus in ensuring biological stability of drinking water and offered a novel possible option to restrict microbial regrowth in drinking water distribution system by applying appropriate technologies to remove phosphorus efficiently from drinking water in China.

Fidgetin interacting with microtubule end binding protein EB3 affects axonal regrowth in spinal cord injury

Fidgetin,a microtubule-severing enzyme,regulates neurite outgrowth,axonal regeneration,and cell migration by trimming off the labile domain of microtubule polymers.Because maintenance of the microtubule labile domain is essential for axon initiation,elongation,and navigation,it is of interest to determine whether augmenting the microtubule labile domain via depletion of fidgetin serves as a therapeutic approach to promote axonal regrowth in spinal cord injury.In this study,we constructed rat models of spinal cord injury and sciatic nerve injury.Compared with spinal cord injury,we found that expression level of tyrosinated microtubules in the labile portion of microtubules continuously increased,whereas fidgetin decreased after peripheral nerve injury.Depletion of fidgetin enhanced axon regeneration after spinal cord injury,whereas expression level of end binding protein 3(EB3)markedly increased.Next,we performed RNA interference to knockdown EB3 or fidgetin.We found that deletion of EB3 did not change fidgetin expression.Conversely,deletion of fidgetin markedly increased expression of tyrosinated microtubules and EB3.Deletion of fidgetin increased the amount of EB3 at the end of neurites and thereby increased the level of tyrosinated microtubules.Finally,we deleted EB3 and overexpressed fidgetin.We found that fidgetin trimmed tyrosinated tubulins by interacting with EB3.When fidgetin was deleted,the labile portion of microtubules was elongated,and as a result the length of axons and number of axon branches were increased.These findings suggest that fidgetin can be used as a novel therapeutic target to promote axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury.Furthermore,they reveal an innovative mechanism by which fidgetin preferentially severs labile microtubules.

Vegetation regrowth trends in post forest fire ecosystems across North America from 2000 to 2010

The goal of this study was to determine whether climate has affected vegetation regrowth over the past decade (2000 to 2010) in post-fire forest ecosystems of the United States and Canada. Our methodology detected trends in the monthly MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) timeseries within forest areas that burned between 1984 and 1999. The trends in summed growing season EVI (composited to 8 km spatial resolution) within all burned area perimeters showed that nearly 1.6% post-fire forest area declined in vegetation greenness cover significantly (p < 0.05) over the past decade. Nearly 62% of all post-fire forest area showed a non significant EVI regrowth trend from 2000 to 2010. Regression results detected numerous significantly negative trend pixels in post-fire areas from 1994-1999 to indicate that forest regrowth has not yet occurred to any measurable level in many recent wildfire areas across the continent. We found several noteworthy relationships between annual temperature and precipitation patterns and negative post-fire forest EVI trends across North America. Change patterns in the climate moisture index (CMI), growing degree days (GDD), and the standardized precipitation index (SPI) were associated with post-fire forest EVI trends. We conclude that temperature warming-induced change and variability of precipitation at local and regional scales may have altered the trends of large post-fire forest regrowth and could be impacting the resilience of post-fire forest ecosystems in North America.

Tuning surface active oxygen of lanthanum oxide via partial dissolution and regrowth of crystallites

A commercial lanthanum oxide was modified into X%-La2O3 samples via partial dissolution and regrowth of crystallites, wherein the X value denotes the weight percent of the initial metal oxide powder dissolved by nitric acid. BET measurements and TEM observations indicate that the 20%-La2O3 sample has an increased specific surface area, relatively thin and small crystallites in size. TPD/TPR profiles also show that the 20%-La2O3 sample has more surface active oxygen than the 0%-La2O3 sample. Among the four X%-La2O3 samples, the highest activity for methane oxidation was obtained over the 20%-La2O3 sample. Therefore, the present work proves that the method of partial dissolution and regrowth of crystallites are effective to modify surface property of lanthanum oxide.

Detection of quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with spring regrowth in alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

Spring regrowth is an important trait for perennial plants including alfalfa,the most cultivated forage legume worldwide.However,the genetic and genomic basis of the trait is largely unknown in alfalfa due to its complex genetic background of the tetroploid genome.The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs)associated with spring regrowth using high-resolution genetic linkage maps we constructed previously.In total,36 significant additive effect QTLs for the trait were detected.Among them,10 QTLs individually explained more than 10%of the phenotypic variation(PVE)with four in P1 and six in P2.Six overlapped QTLs intervals were detected with two and four intervals distributed in P1 and P2,respectively.In P1,both overlapped genomic regions were located on homolog 7 D.In P2,the four QTLs with PVE>10%were co-localized on homolog 6 D.Meanwhile,six pairs of significant epistatic QTLs were identified in P2.Screening of potential candidate genes associated with four overlapped QTLs(q CP2019-8,q LF2019-5,q LF2020-4,and q BLUP-3)narrowed down one candidate annotated as MAIL1.The Arabidopsis homolog gene has been reported to play an important role in plant growth.Therefore,the detected QTLs are valuable resources for genetic improvement of alfalfa spring vigor using marker-assisted selection(MAS),and further identification of the associated genes would provide insights into genetic control of spring regrowth in alfalfa.

Investigation on Marking Method for Phenomenon on Regrowth Drug Resistance in Relapsed Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

A method for evaluating the regrowth drug resistance in relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) was developed. Drug sensitivity and proliferation of leukemic cells in vitro were determined using leukemic cell colony forming unit (CUF L), MTT drug sensitive test, percentage of S phase cells in cell cycle (S %), fluorescent index (FI) and drug resistant index (DRI) by detecting intracellular daunorubicin, expression of P 170 glycoprotein by APAAP assay, and abundance of Bcl XL mRNA by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) methods. First, the correlation between scoring criteria and cell drug resistance and cell proliferation was investigated in newly untreated AML patients. Second, 20 patients with relapsed AML were marked. According to each tested result, its point (s) was scored. The results showed that among the 20 cases of replased AML, 9 were diagnosed as having regrowth drug resistance. It was concluded that the scoring method for regrowth drug resistance was first developed in AML. There was regrowth drug resistance in relapsed AML; clinically circumventing it would be of extreme significance for establishment of new approaches to the treatment in AML.

Butt-joint regrowth method by MOCVD for integration of evanescent wave coupled photodetector and multi-quantum well semiconductor optical amplifier

We have realized integration of evanescent wave coupled photodetector(ECPD)and multi-quantum well(MQW)semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA)on MOCVD platform by investigating butt-joint regrowth method of thick InP/InGaAsP waveguides to deep etched SOA mesas.The combination of inductively coupled plasma etching and wet chemical etching technique has been studied to define the final mesa shape before regrowth.By comparing the etching profiles of different non-selective etchants,we have obtained a controllable non-reentrant mesa shape with smooth sidewall by applying one step 2 HBr:2 H_(3)PO_(4):K_(2)Cr_(2)O_(7)wet etching.A high growth temperature of 680℃is found helpful to enhance planar regrowth.By comparing the growth morphologies and simulating optical transmission along different directions,we determined that waveguides should travel across the regrowth interface along the[110]direction.The relation between growth rate and mask design has been extensively studied and the result can provide an important guidance for future mask design and vertical alignment between the active and passive cores.ECPD-SOA integrated device has been successfully achieved by this method without further regrowth steps and provided a responsivity of 7.8 A/W.The butt-joint interface insertion loss is estimated to be 1.05 dB/interface.

Logistic Regression for Prediction and Diagnosis of Bacterial Regrowth in Water Distribution System

This paper focuses on the quantitative expression of bacterial regrowth in water distribution system. Considering public health risks of bacterial regrowth,the experiment was performed on a distribution system of selected area.Physical,chemical,and microbiological parameters such as turbidity,temperature,residual chlorine and pH were measured over a three-month period and correlation analysis was carried out.Combined with principal components analysis(PCA) ,a logistic regression model is developed to predict and diagnose bacterial regrowth and locate the zones with high risks of microbiology in the distribution system.The model gives the probability of bacterial regrowth with the number of heterotrophic plate counts as the binary response variable and three new principal components variables as the explanatory variables.The veracity of the logistic regression model was 90%,which meets the precision requirement of the model.

Landscape Patterns of Vegetation Canopy Regrowth Following Wildfires in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

Rapid recovery of pioneer shrub and forest patch cover can reduce soil erosion, nutrient runoff and degradation of stream habitats, and promote small mammal and avian biodiversity following stand-replacing wildfires. Landsat imagery from the past 25+ years was analyzed to understand patterns and rates of vegetation recovery, focusing on high burn severity (HBS) patches, within wildfire areas dating from the late 1940s in the Sierra-Nevada region of California. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) levels indicative of recovered woody cover within HBS areas were analyzed starting in 1985 to quantify regrowth of patch dynamics. Analysis of landscape metrics showed that the percentage of total HBS area comprised by the largest patch of recovered woody cover was relatively small in all fires that occurred since 1995, but increased rapidly with time since fire. Patch complexity of recovered woody cover decreased notably after more than 50 years of regrowth, but was not readily associated with time for fires that occurred since the mid 1990s. Patch complexity of dense woody cover was consistently high in fires after 1995 and increased with the elevation of HBS areas. The aggregation level of patches with recovery of woody cover increased steadily with time since fire. The study approach using satellite remote sensing can be expanded to assess the consequences of stand-replacing wildfires in all forests of the region.

Developmental dependence for functional eye regrowth in Xenopus laevis

Introduction：A key challenge in designing tissue repair strategies is knowing whether and how developmental mechanisms are used for successful repair of mature/adult tissues.Although it is known that developmental components are used in repair,it remains mostly unclear which ones are required and whether they act similarly as during development.This issue is further complicated by the fact that it is difficult.

Frequency sensitivity of nanosecond pulse EMF on regrowth and hsp70 levels in transected planaria

Purpose: To study the effect of time varying/ pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on bio-logical systems by measuring regrowth and the induction of elevated levels of the stress protein hsp70 in the regenerative model Planaria Duge-sia dorotocethala. Objective: The outcomes of studies using electromagnetic fields (EMF) are dependent on pulse design, field strength (mG), frequency (Hz), duration and magnetic field/rise time (dB/ dt). Standardization of effective pulse design is necessary to avoid continuing confu-sion in the investigation of pulsing electro-magnetic field (PEMF) technology. Information from studies on hsp70 protein induction and regrowth in transected Planaria provides in-formation on EMF efficacy for potential clinical application in the treatment of ischemia reper-fusion injury and the eventual inclusion of EMF prophylaxis prior to surgery. Materials and methods: Planaria were transected equidistant between the tip of the head and the tip of the tail. Individual head and tail portions from the same worm were placed in pond water and exposed to 8, 16 or 72 Hertz PEMF for one hour daily post transection under carefully controlled exposure conditions. Regrowth of heads and tails was measured in PEMF-exposed and sham control. Protein lysates from PEMF-exposed and sham control transected heads and tails were ana-lyzed for hsp70 levels by Wes￥tern blot analy-ses. Conclusion: The degree of regrowth and hsp70 levels in transected heads and tails ex-posed to nanosecond PEMF exposures at 8, 16 or 72 Hz was frequency dependent. There are currently several views on the interaction mechanism involved in regrowth. Here we dis-cuss two: in one [7,8] we propose a direct effect on the DNA of the PEMF consensus sequence, nCTCTn, referred to as electromagnetic field response elements (EMRE) in the promoter re-gion of the stress response gene HSP70. In the second mechanism [28] it is proposed that EMF induce vibrations of proteins through a series of quantized low frequency phonon signals.

Lateral olfactory tract usher substance(LOTUS) protein,an endogenous Nogo receptor antagonist,converts a non-permissive to permissive brain environment for axonal regrowth

It is well known that primates,including humans,hardly recover motor function after spinal cord injury（SCI）when compared with non-primate mammals such as rodents.This limited functional recovery is in part due to a non-permissive environment of the central nervous system（CNS）inhibiting axonal regrowth.

Comparing the climate change mitigation potentials of alternative land uses:Crops for biofuels or biochar vs.natural regrowth

Using biomass from dedicated crops for energy production and natural vegetation regrowth are key elements in future climate change mitigation scenarios.However,there are still uncertainties about the mitigation potentials that can be achieved by the different land-based systems and how they perform relative to each other.In this study,we use harmonized future land use datasets to identify global land areas dedicated to second generation bioenergy crop production in 2050 under different climate scenarios.We then assess the global climate change mitigation potentials of using biomass for producing bioethanol with(BECCS)or without carbon capture and storage,biochar,or a synthetic fuel(e-methanol).For the latter,the electricity required to produce hydrogen for e-methanol synthesis is sourced from either wind power or the projected average electricity mix in 2050.Mitigation potential from natural regrowth on the identified land is also quantified.For all the cases,we modelled emissions of greenhouse gases from the life-cycle stages and use parameterized models to estimate local biomass growth rates.The identified land areas range from 1.95 to 13.8 million hectares and can provide from 30 to 178 mega ton(Mt)dry biomass annually from dedicated crops.Climate change mitigation potentials range from 11 to 257 MtCO_(2)-eq.yr^(−1),depending on technological option and land availability.The largest mitigation is delivered by BECCS,but e-methanol can achieve similar findings when hydrogen is sourced from wind power.If hydrogen is produced from grid electricity,e-methanol can result in net positive emissions.E-methanol can also deliver more final energy than bioethanol(4.04 vs.1.27 EJ yr^(−1)).Natural vegetation regrowth can generally achieve higher mitigation than bioethanol,but less than biochar.An optimal combination of BECCS and natural vegetation regrowth can achieve a larger mitigation,up to 281 MtCO_(2)-eq.yr^(−1),indicating that integrated solutions can help to achieve successful land management strategies for climate change mitigation.

Analysis and Algorithm Simulation of Forward-link CDMA Signal Spectral Regrowth

Closed-form expressions for the spectral regrowth of CDMA signal passing through a nonlinear amplifier with a digitally modulated carrier are derived using the power series and statistical methods of high-order cumulant. The technique yields an analytical expression for the autocorrelation function of the output signal as a function of the statistics of the input signal transformed by a behavioral model of the amplifier. The third-order nonlinearity is expressed in terms of IP3 to include the memory effects of the circuit in-band and out-of-band reactance. The analysis is based on a time-domain model of the signal and the model is used to derive the power spectrum density and other statistical properties of the CDMA signal. Such analytical results are useful in finding optimal operating conditions of the power Amplifier.

Chondroitinase ABC combined with Schwann cell transplantation enhances restoration of neural connection and functional recovery following acute and chronic spinal cord injury

Schwann cell transplantation is considered one of the most promising cell-based therapy to repair injured spinal cord due to its unique growth-promoting and myelin-forming properties.A the Food and Drug Administration-approved Phase I clinical trial has been conducted to evaluate the safety of transplanted human autologous Schwann cells to treat patients with spinal cord injury.A major challenge for Schwann cell transplantation is that grafted Schwann cells are confined within the lesion cavity,and they do not migrate into the host environment due to the inhibitory barrier formed by injury-induced glial scar,thus limiting axonal reentry into the host spinal cord.Here we introduce a combinatorial strategy by suppressing the inhibitory extracellular environment with injection of lentivirus-mediated transfection of chondroitinase ABC gene at the rostral and caudal borders of the lesion site and simultaneously leveraging the repair capacity of transplanted Schwann cells in adult rats following a mid-thoracic contusive spinal cord injury.We report that when the glial scar was degraded by chondroitinase ABC at the rostral and caudal lesion borders,Schwann cells migrated for considerable distances in both rostral and caudal directions.Such Schwann cell migration led to enhanced axonal regrowth,including the serotonergic and dopaminergic axons originating from supraspinal regions,and promoted recovery of locomotor and urinary bladder functions.Importantly,the Schwann cell survival and axonal regrowth persisted up to 6 months after the injury,even when treatment was delayed for 3 months to mimic chronic spinal cord injury.These findings collectively show promising evidence for a combinatorial strategy with chondroitinase ABC and Schwann cells in promoting remodeling and recovery of function following spinal cord injury.

Inactivation, reactivation and regrowth of indigenous bacteria in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection of a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were investigated in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection. Inactivation of total coliforms, Enterococcus and Salmonella showed linear correlations, with constants of 0.1384, 0.1624 and 0.057 L/（mg·min） and R 2 of 0.7617, 0.8316 and 0.845, respectively. However, inactivation of total viable cells by measurement of metabolic activity typically showed a linear correlation at lower chlorine dose （0-22 （mg·min）/L）, and a trailing region with chlorine dose increasing from 22 to 69 （mg·min）/L. Reactivation and regrowth of bacteria were most likely to occur after exposure to lower chlorine doses, and extents of reactivation decreased gradually with increasing chlorine dose. In contrast to total coliforms and Enterococcus, Salmonella had a high level of regrowth and reactivation, and still had 2% regrowth even after chlorination of 69 （mg·min）/L and 24 hr storage. The bacterial compositions were also significantly altered by chlorination and storage of reclaimed water, and the ratio of Salmonella was significantly increased from 0.001% to 0.045% after chlorination of 69 （mg·min）/L and 24 hr storage. These trends indicated that chlorination contributes to the selection of chlorine-resistant pathogenic bacteria, and regrowth of pathogenic bacteria after chlorination in reclaimed water with a long retention time could threaten public health security during wastewater reuse.

Assessing cotton defoliation, regrowth control and root rot infection using remote sensing technology

Cotton defoliation and post-harvest destruction are important cultural practices for cotton production.Cotton root rot is a serious and destructive disease that affects cotton yield and lint quality.This paper presents an overview and summary of the methodologies and results on the use of remote sensing technology for evaluating cotton defoliation and regrowth control methods and for assessing cotton root rot infection based on published studies.Ground reflectance spectra and airborne multispectral and hyperspectral imagery were used in these studies.Ground reflectance spectra effectively separated different levels of defoliation and airborne multispectral imagery permitted both visual and quantitative differentiations among defoliation treatments.Both ground reflectance and airborne imagery were able to differentiate cotton regrowth among different herbicide treatments for cotton stalk destruction.Airborne multispectral and hyperspectral imagery accurately identified root rot-infected areas within cotton fields.Results from these studies indicate that remote sensing can be a useful tool for evaluating the effectiveness of cotton defoliation and regrowth control strategies and for detecting and mapping root rot damage in cotton fields.Compared with traditional visual observations and ground measurements,remote sensing techniques have the potential for effective and accurate assessments of various cotton production operations and pest conditions.

刈割对三尖叶猪屎豆养分积累与再生性的影响

【目的】探究三尖叶猪屎豆养分积累、再生性对刈割方式(刈割时期和频次)和留茬高度的响应,为橡胶园覆盖绿肥管理提供理论和技术指导。【方法】在树龄为3年的橡胶园中设12个处理:年刈割时期和频次为营养期刈割1次和2次、花期刈割1次,每个刈割时期和频次留茬高度为20.0、30.0、40.0和50.0 cm,监测不同刈割方式和留茬高度三尖叶猪屎豆的产量及干物质、氮、磷、钾、钙和镁积累量,以及刈割后1~4个月的萌发再生情况。【结果】刈割方式对三尖叶猪屎豆产量、干物质和养分积累量均具有显著影响(P<0.05,下同),营养期刈割2次/年处理三尖叶猪屎豆的产量、干物质和养分积累量均显著高于营养期刈割1次/年和花期刈割1次/年处理,产量分别提高102.44%~159.62%和54.96%~149.71%,干物质积累量分别提高103.19%~161.44%和50.46%~142.72%,氮积累量分别提高102.44%~159.62%和53.58%~209.70%,磷积累量分别提高100.44%~161.62%和-1.52%~65.73%,钾积累量分别提高101.42%~160.64%和-14.95%~108.59%,钙积累量分别提高104.42%~157.64%和46.65%~206.53%,镁积累量分别提高99.62%~155.44%和81.62%~223.57%。留茬高度对三尖叶猪屎豆产量、干物质和养分积累量具有显著影响,其中,花期刈割1次/年处理、留茬高度30.0 cm三尖叶猪屎豆的产量、干物质和养分积累量均最高;营养期刈割2次/年处理、留茬高度40.0 cm三尖叶猪屎豆的产量、干物质和养分积累量及再生性均最佳。方差分析结果表明,刈割方式和留茬高度及其互作,对猪屎豆的干物质和养分积累量均具有极显著影响(P<0.01)。【结论】刈割方式和留茬高度均显著影响三尖叶猪屎豆的产量、干物质和养分积累量及再生性。橡胶园间种三尖叶猪屎豆的最佳刈割方式为营养期刈割2次/年,留茬高度40.0 cm。