OsPPG encodes a pseudouridine-5'-phosphate glycosidase and regulates rice spikelet development

Florets are the basic structural units of spikelets,and their morphogenesis determines the yield and quality of rice grains.However,whether and how pseudouridine-5’-phosphate glycosidase participates in rice spikelet development remains an open question.In this study,we identified a novel gene,OsPPG,which encodes a peroxisome-localized pseudouridine-5’-phosphate glycosidase and regulates the development of rice spikelets.osppg mutants exhibited abnormal sterile lemma,lemma,palea,lodicule,stamens,and pistils;male sterility;shorter panicles;and reduced plant height.OsPPG was found to regulate several OsMADS genes,thereby affecting the morphogenesis of rice spikelets.Furthermore,metabolomics revealed that the OsPPG gene was involved in the decomposition of pseudouridine via the pyrimidine metabolism pathway and may affect the jasmonic acid signaling pathway.These results suggest that OsPPG is a key regulator of rice spikelet development.

Comparative proteomics analysis reveals the domesticated Lepista sordida primordium differentiation regulation mechanism and the subsequent different development patterns in the pileus and stipe

The wild Lepista sordida is a kind of precious and rare edible fungus.An excellent strain of it by artificial domestication was obtained,which was high-yield and high in iron content.In this study,high-throughput comparative proteomics was used to reveal the regulatory mechanism of its primordium differentiation in the early fruiting body formation.The mycelium before the primordium differentiation mainly expressed high levels of mitochondrial functional proteins and carbon dioxide concentration regulatory proteins.In young mushrooms,the highly expressed proteins were mainly involved in cell component generation,cell proliferation,nitrogen compound metabolism,nucleotide metabolism,glutathione metabolism,and purine metabolism.The differential regulation patterns of pileus and stipe growth to maturity were also revealed.The highly expressed proteins related to transcription,RNA splicing,the production of various organelles,DNA conformational change,nucleosome organization,protein processing,maturation and transport,and cell detoxification regulated the pileus development and maturity.The proteins related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism,large amounts of obsolete cytoplasmic parts,nutrient deprivation,and external stimuli regulated the stipe development and maturity.Multiple CAZymes regulated nutrient absorption,morphogenesis,spore production,stress response,and other life activities at different growth and development stages.

Species-specific regulatory pathways of small RNAs play sophisticated roles in flower development in Dimocarpus longan Lour.

Flower development plays vital role in horticultural plants.Post-transcriptional regulation via small RNAs is important for plant flower development.To uncover post-transcriptional regulatory networks during the flower development in Dimocarpus longan Lour.‘Shixia’,an economically important fruit crop in subtropical regions,we collected and analyzed sRNA deep-sequencing datasets and degradome libraries Apart from identifying miRNAs and phased siRNA generating loci(PHAS loci),120 hairpin loci,producing abundant sRNAs,were identified by in-house protocols.Our results suggested that 56 miRNA-target pairs,2221-nt-PHAS loci,and 111 hairpin loci are involved in posttranscriptional gene silencing during longan reproductive development.Lineage-specific or species-specific post-transcriptional regulatory modules have been unveiled,including miR482-PHAS and miRN15.miR482-PHAS might be involved in longan flower development beyond their conserved roles in plant defense,and miRN15 is a novel miRNA likely associated with a hairpin locus(HPL-056)to regulate strigolactone receptor gene DWARF14(D14)and the biogenesis of phasiRNAs from D14.These small RNAs are enriched in flower buds,suggesting they are likely involved in post-transcriptional regulatory networks essential for longan flower development via the strigolactone signaling pathway.

Research on the Constitutional,Historical and Practical Logic of the Chinese Path of Human Rights Development——From the Perspective of the Inclusion of Human Rights Clause in the Constitution

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is a concern and expression of the spirit of the Con-stitution,which has laid the institutional regulations of the fundamen-tal law for the development of human rights in China,provided the principles and value norms of the highest level of effectiveness for the legal protection of human rights,and built a profound constitutional basis for the formation and improvement of the Chinese path of human rights development.The human rights clause is not only a summariza-tion and affirmation of the historical practice of Chinese human rights development under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,but also a new starting point for the development of human rights in China under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.It marks that the development of human rights in China has entered a new era.The Party and the state have finally embarked on a path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics by formulating and implementing the Human Rights Action Plan of China,eliminating ab-solute poverty through the national poverty alleviation campaign,and promoting human rights protection through the rule of law.

Spatiotemporal Differences and Classification Regulation of Urbanization Impact on Agricultural Development in Shrinking Areas:A Case Study of 15 Shrinking Cities in Three Provinces of Northeast China

Studying the impact of urbanization on agricultural development in shrinking areas is important for maintaining food security and promoted agricultural development in China.Based on the measurement results of the shrinking cities in the three provinces of Northeast China,this paper selects 15 shrinking cities as the research object,and constructs a multi-dimensional index system to explore the impact of the urbanization level of the shrinking areas on the agricultural development in the region since 2007–2019,analyzes the influencing factors and their differences by using the geographically-weighted regression model and Geodetector,and proposes a targeted regulation strategy.The results show that:1)overall,there is a negative correlation between the urbanization level and the agricultural development level in the contracted areas of the three northeastern provinces.The urbanization level in these areas has a certain negative impact on the overall level of agricultural development;2)regarding the time dimension,the impact of urbanization level on the agricultural development level in the contracted areas of the three northeastern provinces gradually increases over time;3)regarding the spatial pattern,the overall impact of shrinking urbanization levels in the three provinces of Northeast China on the agricultural development shows a significant distribution pattern of high in the east and low in the west;4)the total population and natural population growth rate at the end of the year were the main factors influencing a certain level of urbanization on agricultural development in the shrinking cities while population density and the urban fixed asset investment rate were the secondary factors;and 5)the main reasons why the level of agricultural development in different cities was affected by the level of urbanization were different.However,they can be categorized into areas of population loss and spatial construction,which can be further divided into area of population loss in the northeast,areas of negative population growth in the west,and areas of urban spatial change in the south.According to the causes of the impact,this paper adopted targeted regulation strategies and formulated relevant policies and solutions that cater to local conditions.

Roles of miR319-regulated TCPs in plant development and response to abiotic stress

Elaborate regulation of gene expression is required for plants to maintain normal growth,development,and reproduction.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)and transcription factors are key players that control gene expression in plant regulatory networks.The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR(TCP)family comprises plantspecific transcription factors that contain a conserved TCP domain of 59 amino acids.Some members of this family are targeted by miR319,one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved miRNAs in plants.Accumulating evidence has revealed that miR319-regulated TCP(MRTCP)genes participate extensively in plant development and responses to environmental stress.In this review,the structural characteristics and classifications of TCP transcription factors and the regulatory relationships between TCP transcription factors and miRNAs are introduced.Current knowledge of the regulatory functions of MRTCP genes in multiple biological pathways including leaf development,vascular formation,flowering,hormone signaling,and response to environmental stresses such as cold,salt,and drought is summarized.This review will be beneficial for understanding the roles of the MRTCP-mediated regulatory network and its molecular mechanisms in plant development and stress response,and provides a theoretical basis for plant genetic improvement.

Commentary on “Mandible exosomal ssc-mir-133b regulates tooth development in miniature swine via endogenous apoptosis”

This report,"Mandible exosomal ssc-mir-133b regulates tooth development in miniature swine via endogenous apoptosis" by Li et al. is an important step forward in describing the factors that control tooth development in a large animal model. That many of the regulatory miRNA pathways have been elucidated in murine species have always begged the question as to how relevant they

Radial glia interact with primary olfactory axons to regulate development of the olfactory bulb

The developing olfactory system - merging of the periph- eral and central nervous systems： The olfactory system is responsible for the sense of smell and is comprised of a complex topographic map that regenerates throughout life. In rodents each olfactory sensory neuron expresses one of N 1,300 odorant receptors with the neurons being distributed mosaically within the epithelium. The axons of the sensory neurons do not maintain near-neighbour relationships and instead project to disparate topographic targets in the olfac- tory bulb within the central nervous system. The develop- ment of the targets relies on the intermingling of the sensory axons with the interneurons, glia and second order neurons of the olfactory bulb. Thus the formation of the olfactory system involves the coordinated integration of the axons of the peripheral olfactory sensory neurons with the cells of the olfactory bulb.

Major Function Oriented Zone: New Method of Spatial Regulation for Reshaping Regional Development Pattern in China

Newest planning methods implemented by Chinese government are promoting a coordinated regional development and shaping an orderly spatial structure by applying the regulation of territorial function. This article analyzes the problems of spatial planning and regional strategy caused by the wrongly-set primary goal of economic development; it states that the three-fold objective of competitiveness, sustainability, and welfare fairness shall be the principal for China to implement the spatial regulation in the new era; it discusses about theoretical thoughts and technology framework of conducting the ′Major Function Oriented Zone′ based on their different major functions that each region plays in urbanization and industrialization, ecological constructions, grain productions, and protection of natural and cultural heritages; it introduces the new concept of ′Major Function Oriented Zone′ that include the major functions category, the stereo regional equilibrium mode, the two-level zoning specification, and the territorial development intensity; it offers a zoning scheme that defines development-optimized and development-prioritized zones as regions with massive urbanization and industrialization, development-restricted zones as ecological constructing or grain producing regions, development-prohibited zones as natural and cultural heritage protecting regions; and finally it addresses the main obstacle for implementing ′Major Function Oriented Zone′, which is the institutional arrangement of the supreme goal of high GDP growth rate that is currently being implemented.

Roles and regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in kidney development and diseases

The gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein-7(BMP7) is expressed in the developing kidney in embryos and also in the mature organ in adults. During kidney development, expression of BMP7 is essential to determine the final number of nephrons in and proper size of the organ. The secreted BMP7 acts on the nephron progenitor cells to exert its dual functions: To maintain and expand the progenitor population and to provide them with competence to respond to differentiation cues, each relying on distinct signaling pathways. Intriguingly, in the adult organ, BMP7 has been implicated in protection against and regeneration from injury. Exogenous administration of recombinant BMP7 to animal models of kidney diseases has shown promising effects in counteracting inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis evoked upon injury. Although the expression pattern of BMP7 has been well described, the mechanisms by which it is regulated have remained elusive and the processes by which the secretion sites of BMP7 impinge upon its functions in kidney development and diseases have not yet been assessed. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms will pave the way towards gaining better insight into the roles of BMP7, and to achieving desired control of the gene expression as a therapeutic strategy for kidney diseases.

Negative regulation of TGF-β signaling in development

The TGF-β superfamily members have important roles in controlling patterning and tissue formation in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Two types of signal transducers, receptors and Smads, mediate the signaling to regulate expression of their target genes. Despite of the relatively simple signal transduction pathway, many modulators have been found to contribute to a tight regulation of this pathway in a variety of mechanisms. This article reviews the negative regulation of TGF-β signaling with focus on its roles in vertebrate development.

Progress in understanding hormonal regulation during the postembryonic development of Helicoverpa armigera

Lepidoptera,with 0.16 million species,is the second largest order of insecta.This order includes silk worms,butterflies,and many agricultural pests.The cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)is one of the pests in Lepidoptera that seriously harms cotton plant and other crops in China and other countries.This pest develops resistance to chemical insecticides rapidly.Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)transgenic cotton plants are developed to control H.armigera population in the field.However,duri ng the past years,the rapid evoluti on of Bt toxi n resista nee is observed in H.armigera in tran sge nic cott on fields.New approaches for the development of new envir on mentally friendly insecticides to control H.armigera have become necessary,and the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and physiological processes of this species need to be further understood.Considerable progress in the study of H.armigera development and physiology has been achieved in the last decade.This mini-review summarizes the main fin dings on the molecular mechanisms of horm onal regulation of the development of H.armigera to present new target genes for developing new approaches to control the pest.

Stage-specific nutritional management and developmental programming to optimize meat production

Over the past few decades,genetic selection and refined nutritional management have extensively been used to increase the growth rate and lean meat production of livestock.However,the rapid growth rates of modern breeds are often accompanied by a reduction in intramuscular fat deposition and increased occurrences of muscle abnor‑malities,impairing meat quality and processing functionality.Early stages of animal development set the long‑term growth trajectory of offspring.However,due to the seasonal reproductive cycles of ruminant livestock,gestational nutrient deficiencies caused by seasonal variations,frequent droughts,and unfavorable geological locations nega‑tively affect fetal development and their subsequent production efficiency and meat quality.Therefore,enrolling live‑stock in nutritional intervention strategies during gestation is effective for improving the body composition and meat quality of the offspring at harvest.These crucial early developmental stages include embryonic,fetal,and postnatal stages,which have stage‑specific effects on subsequent offspring development,body composition,and meat quality.This review summarizes contemporary research in the embryonic,fetal,and neonatal development,and the impacts of maternal nutrition on the early development and programming effects on the long‑term growth performance of livestock.Understanding the developmental and metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle,adipose,and fibrotic tissues will facilitate the development of stage‑specific nutritional management strategies to optimize production efficiency and meat quality.

Gα_s signaling controls intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development by regulating both Hedgehog and Wnt/β-catenin signaling

How osteoblast cells are induced is a central question for understanding skeletal formation. Abnormal osteoblast differentiation leads to a broad range of devastating craniofacial diseases. Here we have investigated intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development in mouse models of skeletal genetic diseases that exhibit craniofacial bone defects. The GNAS gene encodes Gαs that transduces GPCR signaling. GNAS activation or loss-of-function mutations in humans cause fibrous dysplasia(FD) or progressive osseous heteroplasia(POH) that shows craniofacial hyperostosis or craniosynostosis, respectively. We find here that, while Hh ligand-dependent Hh signaling is essential for endochondral ossification, it is dispensable for intramembranous ossification, where Gαsregulates Hh signaling in a ligand-independent manner. We further show that Gαscontrols intramembranous ossification by regulating both Hh and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, Gαsactivation in the developing cranial bone leads to reduced ossification but increased cartilage presence due to reduced cartilage dissolution, not cell fate switch. Small molecule inhibitors of Hh and Wnt signaling can effectively ameliorate cranial bone phenotypes in mice caused by loss or gain of Gnas function mutations, respectively. Our work shows that studies of genetic diseases provide invaluable insights in both pathological bone defects and normal bone development, understanding both leads to better diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of bone diseases.

The TELOMERE REPEAT BINDING proteins TRB4 and TRB5 function as transcriptional activators of PRC2-controlled genes to regulate plant development

Plant-specific transcriptional regulators called TELOMERE REPEAT BINDING proteins(TRBs)combine two DNA-binding domains,the GH1 domain,which binds to linker DNA and is shared with H1 histones,and the Myb/SANT domain,which specifically recognizes the telobox DNA-binding site motif.TRB1,TRB2,and TRB3 proteins recruit Polycomb group complex 2(PRC2)to deposit H3K27me3 and JMJ14 to remove H3K4me3 at gene promoters containing telobox motifs to repress transcription.Here,we demonstrate that TRB4 and TRB5,two related paralogs belonging to a separate TRB clade conserved in spermatophytes,regulate the transcription of several hundred genes involved in developmental responses to environmental cues.TRB4 binds to several thousand sites in the genome,mainly at transcription start sites and promoter regions of transcriptionally active and H3K4me3-marked genes,but,unlike TRB1,it is not enriched at H3K27me3-marked gene bodies.However,TRB4 can physically interact with the catalytic components of PRC2,SWINGER,and CURLY LEAF(CLF).Unexpectedly,we show that TRB4 and TRB5 are required for distinctive phenotypic traits observed in clf mutant plants and thus function as transcriptional activators of several hundred CLF-controlled genes,including key flowering genes.We further demonstrate that TRB4 shares multiple target genes with TRB1 and physically and genetically interacts with members of both TRB clades.Collectively,these results reveal that TRB proteins engage in both positive and negative interactions with other members of the family to regulate plant development through both PRC2-dependent and-independent mechanisms.

Transcriptional mechanisms regulating gene expression and determining cell fates in plant development

Transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control transcriptional regulators, target genes, and their interactions provide new insights into general development processes throughout the life cycle of the plant. Although different molecular mechanisms that regulate plant growth and development have been identified, detailed transcriptional mechanisms that control gene expression, modulate developmental programmes, and determine cell fates in plant development are not fully understood. To increase our understanding on transcriptional mechanisms regulating diverse processes in plant development, we have reviewed the regulation of transcription during the process of development including transcriptional mechanisms regulating root, stem, leaf, flower, seed, embryo, endosperm, ovule, fruit, and chloroplast development. We have summarized the interaction, expression, transport, signaling events of transcriptional regulators and their targets in a number of model plants and highlighted the involvement of hormones and microRNAs in plant development. Understanding the precise transcriptional mechanisms regulating gene expression in plant development will be valuable for plant molecular breeding.

mTOR Signaling Pathway and Its Regulation on Growth and Development

The mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved, mTOR can integrate and converge a wide range of signals, including intracellular and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, energy and stress conditions, and has a crucial role in the vertebrate growth control. This review analyzed the main components and regulated factors of TOR signaling pathway, explained functions and mechanisms of roTOR during the individual growth, the development and its dynamic role, revealed its additional functions beyond the cell growth control, and finally reviewed the tissue specificity and time specificity of mTOR signaling pathway, and its regulation on sexual differentiation, tissue differentiation and organogenesis in the individual development.

Molecular Characterization, Expression Pattern and Transcriptional Regulation of Figla During Gonad Development in Japanese Founder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The factor in the germline alpha(figla), as a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family, has been reported to be involved in ovary development in mammals and teleosts. However, the regulatory mechanisms of figla in teleosts remain unclear. Here,figla in P. olivaceus(Pofigla) was characterized with encoding a 202 amino acid protein that contains a conserved basic region and helix-loop-helix(HLH) domain. Amino acids alignment and synteny analysis revealed that Pofigla was conserved with the orthologous gene sequences in other vertebrates. The results of qRT-PCR showed Pofigla was maternally inherited during embryonic development. For tissue distribution, Pofigla showed a sexually dimorphic gene expression in the gonad of different genders, with a higher expression in ovary than in testis. In situ hybridization(ISH) results demonstrated Pofigla was specifically expressed in germ cells including oocytes, spermatogonia and spermatocytes. By screening and analyzing two proximal regions(-2966/-2126 and-772/-444) with high promoter activity, we found SOX5, LEF1, FOXP1 and GATA1 may play important roles in the transcriptional regulation of Pofigla. Furthermore, we observed the co-localization between Figla and LEF1 in HEK 293T cells. And the significant up-regulation effect of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway on the expression of Pofigla was found in cultured ovarian cells. This study provided the first evidence that figla not only has an important function in ovary development, but also plays some potential roles in testis development and/or male germ cell differentiation during early testis development in P. olivaceus. The results provide valuable reference in exploring the regulatory network of figla in teleost.

Analysis of Development Regulation in Chinese Regulatory Planning towards the Main Function Zoning Strategy

China is in a process of rapid urbanization. However, along with the dramatically economic growth, there constantly emerges environmental and social constraints which may be great challenges of China＇s future sustainable development. In order to optimize the developmental mode, the latest national plan, ＂The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan （2011-2015）＂, is establishing the ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂, which could be considered as a new prototype of national spatial plan and may cover all Chinese territories. Based on the latest ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂ stipulated in ＂The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan （2011-2015）＂, the article builds main interlinks between the spatial development strategy and urban regulatory planning. Secondly, regulation factors in Chinese regulatory planning, which may implement the task of main function zoning, have been clarified and categorized. For each regulation factor, its regulation capability is defined by applying a coding method developed by the author. Finally, according to the output of the study, the spatial regulation approaches to implementing the ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂ in Chinese regulatory planning are analyzed.

Regulation of “Checkpoint Molecule” Sheds New Light on Anti-Cancer Drug Development

The rivalry between T cells and tumor cells somewhat mimics the scene of 'Tom and Jerry,' an animated series in which Tom (a house cat) rarely succeeds in catching Jerry (a mouse), mainly because of Jerry’s cleverness and cunning abilities. In a way, tumor cells are like Jerry, in terms of their crafty and sneaky features.