Lepidoptera,with 0.16 million species,is the second largest order of insecta.This order includes silk worms,butterflies,and many agricultural pests.The cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)is one of the pests i...Lepidoptera,with 0.16 million species,is the second largest order of insecta.This order includes silk worms,butterflies,and many agricultural pests.The cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)is one of the pests in Lepidoptera that seriously harms cotton plant and other crops in China and other countries.This pest develops resistance to chemical insecticides rapidly.Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)transgenic cotton plants are developed to control H.armigera population in the field.However,duri ng the past years,the rapid evoluti on of Bt toxi n resista nee is observed in H.armigera in tran sge nic cott on fields.New approaches for the development of new envir on mentally friendly insecticides to control H.armigera have become necessary,and the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and physiological processes of this species need to be further understood.Considerable progress in the study of H.armigera development and physiology has been achieved in the last decade.This mini-review summarizes the main fin dings on the molecular mechanisms of horm onal regulation of the development of H.armigera to present new target genes for developing new approaches to control the pest.展开更多
How osteoblast cells are induced is a central question for understanding skeletal formation. Abnormal osteoblast differentiation leads to a broad range of devastating craniofacial diseases. Here we have investigated i...How osteoblast cells are induced is a central question for understanding skeletal formation. Abnormal osteoblast differentiation leads to a broad range of devastating craniofacial diseases. Here we have investigated intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development in mouse models of skeletal genetic diseases that exhibit craniofacial bone defects. The GNAS gene encodes Gαs that transduces GPCR signaling. GNAS activation or loss-of-function mutations in humans cause fibrous dysplasia(FD) or progressive osseous heteroplasia(POH) that shows craniofacial hyperostosis or craniosynostosis, respectively. We find here that, while Hh ligand-dependent Hh signaling is essential for endochondral ossification, it is dispensable for intramembranous ossification, where Gαsregulates Hh signaling in a ligand-independent manner. We further show that Gαscontrols intramembranous ossification by regulating both Hh and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, Gαsactivation in the developing cranial bone leads to reduced ossification but increased cartilage presence due to reduced cartilage dissolution, not cell fate switch. Small molecule inhibitors of Hh and Wnt signaling can effectively ameliorate cranial bone phenotypes in mice caused by loss or gain of Gnas function mutations, respectively. Our work shows that studies of genetic diseases provide invaluable insights in both pathological bone defects and normal bone development, understanding both leads to better diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of bone diseases.展开更多
IEEE 1012 [1] describes the SDLC phase activities for software independent verification and validation (IV & V) for nuclear power plant in truly general and conceptual manner, which requires the upward and/or down...IEEE 1012 [1] describes the SDLC phase activities for software independent verification and validation (IV & V) for nuclear power plant in truly general and conceptual manner, which requires the upward and/or downward tailoring on its interpretation for practical IV & V. It contains crucial and encompassing check points and guidelines to analyze the design integrity, without addressing the formalized and the specific criteria for IV & V activities confirming the technical integrity. It is necessary to list up the inspection viewpoint via interpretation of the standard that is practical review points checking design consistency. For fruitful IV & V of Control Element Driving Mechanism Control System (CEDMCS) software for Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant unit 3 & 4, the specific viewpoints and approach are necessary based on the guidelines of IEEE 1012 to enhance the system quality by considering the level of implementation of the theoretical and the practical IV & V. Additionally IV & V guideline of IEEE 1012 does not specifically provide the concrete measure considering the system characteristics of CEDMCS. This paper provides the seven (7) characteristic criteria for CEDMCS IV & V, and by applying these viewpoints, the design analysis such as function, performance, interface and exception, backward and forward requirement traceability analysis has been conducted. The requirement, design, implementation, and test phase were only considered for IV & V in this project. This article also provides the translation of code to map theoretical verification and validation into practical verification and validation. This paper emphasizes the necessity of the intensive design inspection and walkthrough for requirement phase to resolve the design faults because the IV & V of early phase of SDLC obviously contributes to find out most of critical design inconsistency. Especially for test phase IV & V, it is strongly recommended to prepare the test plan document which is going to be the basis for the test coverage selection and test strategy. This test plan document should be based on the critical characteristics of function and performance of CEDMCS. Also to guarantee the independency of V & V organization participating in this project, and to acquire the full package of design details for IV & V, the systematic approach and efforts with an aspect of management is highlighted among the participants.展开更多
目的:通过比较绒毛膜促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)降调节时间的不同对卵泡直径、子宫内膜厚度以及血卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)水平的影响,从而寻求体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)超促排卵相对合适的启动时间。方法...目的:通过比较绒毛膜促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)降调节时间的不同对卵泡直径、子宫内膜厚度以及血卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)水平的影响,从而寻求体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)超促排卵相对合适的启动时间。方法:选择2009年在我中心进行IVF-ET的患者42例,全部采用黄体中期GnRH-a降调节的长方案。①根据GnRH-a降调节时间的不同分为降调节10、15、18 d 3组,分别进行B超监测卵泡的直径、子宫内膜厚度,抽血测定FSH、LH、E2水平,比较降调节时间的不同对卵泡直径、内膜厚度、性激素水平的影响。②降调节后的1、7、10、14 d,分别比较注射GnRH-a前以及注射后2、3 h血FSH、LH的变化。结果:①降调节10、15、18 d不同直径卵泡所占百分比:3～4 mm:16.8%vs 7.09%vs 10.38%;4.5～7.0 mm:80.24%vs89.55%vs 84.62;7.5～10 mm:2.96%vs 3.36%vs 5%。3～4 mm直径的卵泡在降调节10 d所占比例,与15、18 d有显著差异(P<0.05);4.5～7 mm直径的卵泡在15 d所占比例与10、18 d有显著差异(P<0.05);②降调节10、15、18 d内膜厚度(mm):7.73±2.48 vs 5.41±0.79 vs 5.24±0.85,降调节10 d内膜明显厚于15、18 d,有显著差异(P<0.05);③降调节10、15、18 d血FSH(mIU/ml):3.70±1.10 vs 3.51±0.72 vs 3.47±0.61;血LH(mIU/ml):1.23±1 vs 1.09±0.47 vs 1.22±0.72;E2:41.84±36.81 vs 32.84±14.32 vs 9.50±8.23,无显著差异。研究2:降调节后的1、7、10、14 d,注射GnRH-a后2、3 h,血FSH、LH都有升高,其中D1 d升高幅度最大,1.87±1.49 vs 13.33±7.81;1.06±1.13 vs 47.40±29.97,有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:在IVF-ET超促排卵长方案中,当GnRH-a降调节10 d,子宫内膜厚度、血FSH、LH、E2已趋于稳定,无很大波动;而卵泡直径在降调节15 d,4.5～7.0 mm的卵泡所占比例较10 d组增加,继续降调节至18 d,该组卵泡数并不增多,但3～4 mm的小卵泡数有所增加。因此,适当延长GnRH-a降调节时间可以改善卵泡发育的同步性。展开更多
基金This study received the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31730083 and 31572328).
文摘Lepidoptera,with 0.16 million species,is the second largest order of insecta.This order includes silk worms,butterflies,and many agricultural pests.The cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)is one of the pests in Lepidoptera that seriously harms cotton plant and other crops in China and other countries.This pest develops resistance to chemical insecticides rapidly.Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)transgenic cotton plants are developed to control H.armigera population in the field.However,duri ng the past years,the rapid evoluti on of Bt toxi n resista nee is observed in H.armigera in tran sge nic cott on fields.New approaches for the development of new envir on mentally friendly insecticides to control H.armigera have become necessary,and the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and physiological processes of this species need to be further understood.Considerable progress in the study of H.armigera development and physiology has been achieved in the last decade.This mini-review summarizes the main fin dings on the molecular mechanisms of horm onal regulation of the development of H.armigera to present new target genes for developing new approaches to control the pest.
基金supported by the NIH grants R01DE025866 from NIDCRR01AR070877 from NIAMSsupported by the 111 Project, MOE (B14038), China
文摘How osteoblast cells are induced is a central question for understanding skeletal formation. Abnormal osteoblast differentiation leads to a broad range of devastating craniofacial diseases. Here we have investigated intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development in mouse models of skeletal genetic diseases that exhibit craniofacial bone defects. The GNAS gene encodes Gαs that transduces GPCR signaling. GNAS activation or loss-of-function mutations in humans cause fibrous dysplasia(FD) or progressive osseous heteroplasia(POH) that shows craniofacial hyperostosis or craniosynostosis, respectively. We find here that, while Hh ligand-dependent Hh signaling is essential for endochondral ossification, it is dispensable for intramembranous ossification, where Gαsregulates Hh signaling in a ligand-independent manner. We further show that Gαscontrols intramembranous ossification by regulating both Hh and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, Gαsactivation in the developing cranial bone leads to reduced ossification but increased cartilage presence due to reduced cartilage dissolution, not cell fate switch. Small molecule inhibitors of Hh and Wnt signaling can effectively ameliorate cranial bone phenotypes in mice caused by loss or gain of Gnas function mutations, respectively. Our work shows that studies of genetic diseases provide invaluable insights in both pathological bone defects and normal bone development, understanding both leads to better diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of bone diseases.
文摘IEEE 1012 [1] describes the SDLC phase activities for software independent verification and validation (IV & V) for nuclear power plant in truly general and conceptual manner, which requires the upward and/or downward tailoring on its interpretation for practical IV & V. It contains crucial and encompassing check points and guidelines to analyze the design integrity, without addressing the formalized and the specific criteria for IV & V activities confirming the technical integrity. It is necessary to list up the inspection viewpoint via interpretation of the standard that is practical review points checking design consistency. For fruitful IV & V of Control Element Driving Mechanism Control System (CEDMCS) software for Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant unit 3 & 4, the specific viewpoints and approach are necessary based on the guidelines of IEEE 1012 to enhance the system quality by considering the level of implementation of the theoretical and the practical IV & V. Additionally IV & V guideline of IEEE 1012 does not specifically provide the concrete measure considering the system characteristics of CEDMCS. This paper provides the seven (7) characteristic criteria for CEDMCS IV & V, and by applying these viewpoints, the design analysis such as function, performance, interface and exception, backward and forward requirement traceability analysis has been conducted. The requirement, design, implementation, and test phase were only considered for IV & V in this project. This article also provides the translation of code to map theoretical verification and validation into practical verification and validation. This paper emphasizes the necessity of the intensive design inspection and walkthrough for requirement phase to resolve the design faults because the IV & V of early phase of SDLC obviously contributes to find out most of critical design inconsistency. Especially for test phase IV & V, it is strongly recommended to prepare the test plan document which is going to be the basis for the test coverage selection and test strategy. This test plan document should be based on the critical characteristics of function and performance of CEDMCS. Also to guarantee the independency of V & V organization participating in this project, and to acquire the full package of design details for IV & V, the systematic approach and efforts with an aspect of management is highlighted among the participants.
文摘目的:通过比较绒毛膜促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)降调节时间的不同对卵泡直径、子宫内膜厚度以及血卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)水平的影响,从而寻求体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)超促排卵相对合适的启动时间。方法:选择2009年在我中心进行IVF-ET的患者42例,全部采用黄体中期GnRH-a降调节的长方案。①根据GnRH-a降调节时间的不同分为降调节10、15、18 d 3组,分别进行B超监测卵泡的直径、子宫内膜厚度,抽血测定FSH、LH、E2水平,比较降调节时间的不同对卵泡直径、内膜厚度、性激素水平的影响。②降调节后的1、7、10、14 d,分别比较注射GnRH-a前以及注射后2、3 h血FSH、LH的变化。结果:①降调节10、15、18 d不同直径卵泡所占百分比:3～4 mm:16.8%vs 7.09%vs 10.38%;4.5～7.0 mm:80.24%vs89.55%vs 84.62;7.5～10 mm:2.96%vs 3.36%vs 5%。3～4 mm直径的卵泡在降调节10 d所占比例,与15、18 d有显著差异(P<0.05);4.5～7 mm直径的卵泡在15 d所占比例与10、18 d有显著差异(P<0.05);②降调节10、15、18 d内膜厚度(mm):7.73±2.48 vs 5.41±0.79 vs 5.24±0.85,降调节10 d内膜明显厚于15、18 d,有显著差异(P<0.05);③降调节10、15、18 d血FSH(mIU/ml):3.70±1.10 vs 3.51±0.72 vs 3.47±0.61;血LH(mIU/ml):1.23±1 vs 1.09±0.47 vs 1.22±0.72;E2:41.84±36.81 vs 32.84±14.32 vs 9.50±8.23,无显著差异。研究2:降调节后的1、7、10、14 d,注射GnRH-a后2、3 h,血FSH、LH都有升高,其中D1 d升高幅度最大,1.87±1.49 vs 13.33±7.81;1.06±1.13 vs 47.40±29.97,有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:在IVF-ET超促排卵长方案中,当GnRH-a降调节10 d,子宫内膜厚度、血FSH、LH、E2已趋于稳定,无很大波动;而卵泡直径在降调节15 d,4.5～7.0 mm的卵泡所占比例较10 d组增加,继续降调节至18 d,该组卵泡数并不增多,但3～4 mm的小卵泡数有所增加。因此,适当延长GnRH-a降调节时间可以改善卵泡发育的同步性。
