Epigenetic control on transcription of vernalization genes and whole-genome gene expression profile induced by vernalization in common wheat

Vernalization is necessary for winter wheat to flower.However,it is unclear whether vernalization is also required for spring wheat,which is frequently sown in fall,and what molecular mechanisms underlie the vernalization response in wheat varieties.In this study,we examined the molecular mechanisms that regulate vernalization response in winter and spring wheat varieties.For this purpose,we determined how major vernalization genes(VRN1,VRN2,and VRN3)respond to vernalization in these varieties and whether modifications to histones play a role in changes in gene expression.We also identified genes that are differentially regulated in response to vernalization in winter and spring wheat varieties.We found that in winter wheat,but not in spring wheat,VRN1 expression decreases when returned to warm temperature following vernalization.This finding may be associated with differences between spring and winter wheat in the levels of tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3(H3K27me3)and tri-methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3(H3K4me3)at the VRN1 gene.Analysis of winter wheat transcriptomes before and after vernalization revealed that vernalization influences the expression of several genes,including those involved in leucine catabolism,cysteine biosynthesis,and flavonoid biosynthesis.These findings provide new candidates for further study on the mechanism of vernalization regulation in wheat.

Telecom Regulation of Next Generation Network in China

The advent of the Next Generation Network (NGN), a new service-driven network, urges the telecom service operators to consider transforming from single-service providers to full-service providers. During the transformation, they should be concerned about the network user number and the network quality as well as the value added network information. The low threshold for service provision brings a new breed of service providers, which impacts upon the current regulation policy. To adapt to the development of the NGN, it is a necessity to improve the regulation policy in terms of service operators management, user management, Quality of Service (QoS) assurance, service monitoring, charging, and settlement. Meanwhile, regulatory authorities should establish a new body as quickly as possible to meet the trend of the NGN convergence. The new regulatory body would be responsible for regulating operators who will be awarded full-service licenses, and managing new service providers effectively to guarantee the user’s interests.

Regulations for the Protection of the Right of Communication through Information Network

Article 1 These Regulations have been formulated under the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Copyright Law) with a view to protecting the right of communication through information network enjoyed by copyright owners, performers and producers of sound recordings and video recordings (hereinafter collectively referred to as the right owners) and to encouraging creation and communication of works conducive to the building of a socialist society that is advanced ethically and materially.

Mining the key regulatory genes of chicken inosine 5'-monophosphate metabolism based on time series microarray data

IMP （inosine 5＇-monophosphate） is a compound that enhances the flavor of poultry meat. IMP has become a new breeding trait to improve poultry meat quality. We tried to identify several potential regulatory genes, and construct their predicted regulatory relationships. Time series gene expression profiles of thigh muscle tissues of Rugao chicken, a famous indigenous breed in China, were performed for analysis of genes that are co-expressed or correlated with the concentration of IMP. We found 15 crucial co-expression genes, which are Hspa2, Pten, Gabpa, Bpi, Mkll, Srf,, Cd34, Hspa4, EtvS, Bmpr2, Gdel, IgfbpS, Cd28, Pecam1 and Gja1, that may directly or indirectly regulate IMP metabolism. Eventually, we computed the correlation coefficient between 19 IMP Genes and 15 CGs （15 co-expression genes）, and we identified and constructed a predicted regulation network. In conclusion, variation of IMP concentration was primarily connected with the muscle development process. During this process, 15 CGs were identified that may have significant influence on IMP metabolism. In particular, Bmpr2, Pten and co-expression genes correlated with Entpd8 might play important roles in regulating IMP de novo synthesis, decomposition and salvage synthesis.

Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Rapid Stress Signaling Networks in Arabidopsis

As sessile organisms plants must ronmental conditions. To survive cope with ever changing enviplants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to perceive and rapidly respond to a diverse range of abiotic and biotic stresses. Central to this response is the ability to modulate gene expression at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. This review will focus on recent progress that has been made towards understanding the rapid reprogramming of the transcriptome that occurs in response to stress as well as emerging mechanisms underpinning the reprogramming of gene expression in response to stress,

Differentially expressed miRNAs in anthers may contribute to the fertility of a novel Brassica napus genic male sterile line CN12A

In Brassica napus L.(rapeseed),complete genic male sterility(GMS)plays an important role in the utilization of heterosis.Although microRNAs(miRNAs)play essential regulatory roles during bud development,knowledge of how GMS is regulated by miRNAs in rapeseed is rather limited.In this study,we obtained a novel recessive GMS system,CN12AB.The sterile line CN12A has defects in tapetal diferentiation and degradation.llumina sequencing was employed to examine the expression of miRNAs in the buds of CN12A and the fertile line CN12B.We identifed 85 known miRNAs and 120 novel miRNAs that were expressed during rapeseed anther development.When comparing the expression levels of miRNAs between CN12A and CN12B,19 and 18 known miRNAs were found to be difrentially expressed in 0.5--1.0 mm buds and in 2.5--3.0 mm buds,respectively.Among these,the expression levels of 14 miRNAs were higher and the levels of 23 miRNAs were lower in CN12A compared with CN12B.The predicted target genes of these iferentially expressed miRNAS encode protein kinases,F-box domain-containing proteins,MADS-box family proteins,SBP-box gene family members,HD ZIP proteins,floral homeotic protein APETAL A 2(AP2)。and nuclear factor Y,subunit A.These targets have previously been reported to be involved in pollen development and male sterility,suggesting that miRNAs might act as regulators of GMS in rapeseed anthers.Furthermore,RT-qPCR data suggest that one of the dffrentially expressed miRNAs,bna-miR159,plays a role in tapetal differentiation by regulating the expression of transcription factor BnMYB101 and participates in tapetal degradation and infuences callose degradation by manipulating the expression of BnA6.These findings contibute to our understanding of the roles of miRNAs during anther development and the occurrence of GMS in rapeseed.

Experimental study on f-ω regulation model under abnormal methane emission

In view of the difficulty of automatic adjustment, the recovery lag and the major accident potential of the mine ventilation system, an experimental model of the pipe net was established according to the typical one mine and one working face ventilation system of Daliuta coal mine. Using the best uniform approximation method of Chebyshev interpolation to fit the fan performance curve, we experimentally determined fan characteristics with different frequencies and establish the data base for the curves. Based on ventilation network monitoring theory, we designed a monitoring system for ventilation network parameter monitoring and fan operating frequency automatic control. Using the absolute methane emission quantity to predict the air quantity requirement of branch and fan frequency, we established a f-ω regulation model based on fan frequency and absolute methane emission quantity. After analysing methane emission and distribution characteristics, using CO_2 to simulate the methane emission characteristics from a working face, we verified the correctness and rationality of the f-ω regulation model. The fan operation frequency is adjusted by the method of air adjustment change with methane emission quantity and the curve searching method after determining air quantity requirements. The results show that the air quantity in a branch strictly changes according to the f-ω regulation model, in the airincreasing dilution by fan frequency regulation, the CO_2 concentration is limited to the set threshold value. The paper verifies the practicability of a frequency regulation system and the feasibility of the frequency adjustment scheme and provides guidance for the construction of automatic frequency conversion control system in coal mine ventilation networks.

Regulation network and expression profiles of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs and their potential target host genes in nasopharyngeal carcinomas

Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)tumorigenesis.However,the mechanism(s)connecting EBV infection and NPC remain unclear.Recently,a new class of EBV microRNAs(miRNAs)has been described.To determine how EBV miRNAs control the expression of host genes,and to understand their potential role in NPC tumorigenesis,we profiled the expression of 44 mature EBV miRNAs and potential host genes in NPC and non-tumor nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues.We found that 40 EBV miRNAs from the BART transcript were highly expressed in NPC.Analysis of potential BART miRNA target genes revealed that 3140 genes and several important pathways might be involved in the carcinogenesis of NPC.A total of 105 genes with potential EBV miRNA binding sites were significantly downregulated,suggesting that EBV miRNAs may regulate these genes and contribute to NPC carcinogenesis.An EBV miRNA and host gene regulation network was generated to provide useful clues for validating of EBV miRNA functions in NPC tumorigenesis.

Optimal Dispatch for Battery Energy Storage Station in Distribution Network Considering Voltage Distribution Improvement and Peak Load Shifting

Distribution networks are commonly used to demonstrate low-voltage problems.A new method to improve voltage quality is using battery energy storage stations(BESSs),which has a four-quadrant regulating capacity.In this paper,an optimal dispatching model of a distributed BESS considering peak load shifting is proposed to improve the voltage distribution in a distribution network.The objective function is to minimize the power exchange cost between the distribution network and the transmission network and the penalty cost of the voltage deviation.In the process,various constraints are considered,including the node power balance,single/two-way power flow,peak load shifting,line capacity,voltage deviation,photovoltaic station operation,main transformer capacity,and power factor of the distribution network.The big M method is used to linearize the nonlinear variables in the objective function and constraints,and the model is transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming problem,which significantly improves the model accuracy.Simulations are performed using the modified IEEE 33-node system.A typical time period is selected to analyze the node voltage variation,and the results show that the maximum voltage deviation can be reduced from 14.06%to 4.54%.The maximum peak-valley difference of the system can be reduced from 8.83 to 4.23 MW,and the voltage qualification rate can be significantly improved.Moreover,the validity of the proposed model is verified through simulations.

Multi-Target Recognition in Intracellular Regulation Networks

This paper presents an algorithm for identifying desirable multiple targets in an intracellular regulation network. The algorithm is based on constrained state feedback and Monte-Carlo simulations. The computational complexity of the algorithm increases linearly with increasing the number of species in a gene regulation system. An estimate is derived for the confidence level of the predicted minimum required perturbation strength when targets are prescribed a priori. The algorithm has been used to analyze the cell cycle of Xenopus frog eggs. The results agree well with available results for single target perturbations, and multitarget interference is usually not equal to the summation of the single-target interferences.

Deciphering spike architecture formation towards yield improvement in wheat

Wheat is the most widely grown crop globally,providing 20%of the daily consumed calories and protein content around the world.With the growing global population and frequent occurrence of extreme weather caused by climate change,ensuring adequate wheat production is essential for food security.The archi-tecture of the inflorescence plays a crucial role in determining the grain number and size,which is a key trait for improving yield.Recent advances in wheat genomics and gene cloning techniques have improved our understanding of wheat spike development and its applications in breeding practices.Here,we summarize the genetic regulation network governing wheat spike formation,the strategies used for identifying and studying the key factors affecting spike architecture,and the progress made in breeding applications.Additionally,we highlight future directions that will aid in the regulatory mechanistic study of wheat spike determination and targeted breeding for grain yield improvement.

Transcriptional regulation analysis reveals the complexity of metamorphosis in the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)

Many marine invertebrate phyla are characterized by indirect development.These animals transit from planktonic larvae to benthic spats via settlement and metamorphosis,which contributes to their adaption to the marine environment.Studying the biological process of metamorphosis is,thus,key to understanding the origin and evolution of indirect development.Although numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between metamorphosis and the marine environment,microorganisms,and neurohormones,little is known about gene regulation network(GRN)dynamics during metamorphosis.Metamorphosis-competent pediveligers of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were assayed in this study.By assaying gene expression patterns and open chromatin region changes of different samples of larvae and spats,the dynamics of molecular regulation during metamorphosis were examined.The results indicated significantly different gene regulation networks before,during and post-metamorphosis.Genes encoding membrane-integrated receptors and those related to the remodeling of the nervous system were upregulated before the initiation of metamorphosis.Massive biogenesis,e.g.,of various enzymes and structural proteins,occurred during metamorphosis as inferred from the comprehensive upregulation of the protein synthesis system post epinephrine stimulation.Hierarchical downstream gene networks were then stimulated.Some transcription factors,including homeobox,basic helix–loop–helix and nuclear receptors,showed different temporal response patterns,suggesting a complex GRN during the transition stage.Nuclear receptors,as well as their retinoid X receptor partner,may participate in the GRN controlling oyster metamorphosis,indicating an ancient role of the nuclear receptor regulation system in animal metamorphosis.

Starch biosynthesis in cereal endosperms: An updated review over the last decade

Starch is a vital energy source for living organisms and is a key raw material and additive in the food and non-food industries.Starch has received continuous attention in multiple research fields.The endosperm of cereals(e.g.,rice,corn,wheat,and barley)is the most important site for the synthesis of storage starch.Around 2010,several excellent reviews summarized key progress in various fields of starch research,serving as important references for subsequent research.In the past 10 years,many achievements have been made in the study of starch synthesis and regulation in cereals.The present review provides an update on research progress in starch synthesis of cereal endosperms over the past decade,focusing on new enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins involved in starch synthesis,regulatory networks of starch synthesis,and the use of elite alleles of starch synthesis-related genes in cereal breeding programs.We also provide perspectives on future research directions that will further our understanding of cereal starch biosynthesis and regulation to support the rational design of ideal quality grain.

Thermal injuries induce gene expression of endogenous c-fos,c-myc and bFGF in burned tissues

To investigate the expression sequence and distribution characteristics of the p rotooncogenes c fos, c myc and endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF ) genes in burned tissues, and to explore the possible effects of changes in the se genes' functions on wound healing Methods Partial thickness burns of 30% TBSA were established on backs of Wistar rats In situ hybridization and histological methods were used to detect expression of c fos, c myc and bFGF genes in normal and burned tissue at 3 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d , 7 d and 14 d postburn Results Although expression of c fos and c myc genes and bFGF gene could be found in n ormal skin, the expression of all three were markedly induced by burn wounds and the expression models in sequence and distribution were quite different Expre ssion of c fos gene increased and peaked at 6 h Signals were mainly localiz ed in both nuclei of dermal fibroblasts and monocytes The expression of bFGF gene increased at 6 h and peaked at 1 d postburn, and was distributed in the cyt oplasm of fibroblasts C myc gene peaked 3 d postburn and was also distributed in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts Conclusions These results indicated that thermal injury could induce the expression of c fo s, c myc and bFGF at gene level, showing phasic control and regional distributi on The phasic expression of these genes suggests that there is an interaction between protooncogenes and bFGF, which may play an important role in wound heali ng The different expressions of c fos and c myc play an inducing role in reg ulating bFGF, and in turn affect wound healing

Exosome Is an Important Novel Way of Acupuncture Information Transmission

As a physical stimulation of the body surface,the process of transmitting acupuncture information from acupoints to target organs through meridians and collaterals is complex,and network regulation is the most basic mode of acupuncture.Exosomes are membrane vesicles formed by various types of cells and secreted to the extracellular matrix through a series of regulation.We speculate that exosomes and their carriers,as important carriers of communication among neurons,endocrine cells,and immune cells,may play an important role in the process of acupuncture information transmission.Exosome in the acupoint area is an important interactive form of transformation from physical information to chemical information.Circulating exosome is an important means of delivery for acupuncture to play an important role in the network regulation.The structure and information molecules of exosomes are the important material bases for acupuncture effect.Through experimental research,it was found that acupuncture can regulate the release of exosome and may have a certain relationship with acupuncture effect.Therefore,exosome may play an important role in the process of acupuncture information transmission,which is an important new way of acupuncture information transmission.

Single-cell Transcriptomes Reveal Characteristics of MicroRNAs in Gene Expression Noise Reduction

Isogenic cells growing in identical environments show cell-to-cell variations because of the stochasticity in gene expression.High levels of variation or noise can disrupt robust gene expression and result in tremendous consequences for cell behaviors.In this work,we showed evidence from single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis that microRNAs(miRNAs)can reduce gene expression noise at the mRNA level in mouse cells.We identified that the miRNA expression level,number of targets,target pool abundance,and miRNA-target interaction strength are the key features contributing to noise repression.miRNAs tend to work together in cooperative subnetworks to repress target noise synergistically in a cell type-specific manner.By building a physical model of post-transcriptional regulation and observing in synthetic gene circuits,we demonstrated that accelerated degradation with elevated transcriptional activation of the miRNA target provides resistance to extrinsic fluctuations.Together,through the integrated analysis of single-cell RNA and miRNA expression profiles,we demonstrated that miRNAs are important post-transcriptional regulators for reducing gene expression noise and conferring robustness to biological processes.