To explore the mechanism of Yigong San anti-gastric cancer and immune regulation

BACKGROUND Yigong San(YGS)is a representative prescription for the treatment of digestive disorders,which has been used in clinic for more than 1000 years.However,the mechanism of its anti-gastric cancer and regulate immunity are still remains unclear.AIM To explore the mechanism of YGS anti-gastric cancer and immune regulation.METHODS Firstly,collect the active ingredients and targets of YGS,and the differentially expressed genes of gastric cancer.Secondly,constructed a protein-protein interaction network between the targets of drugs and diseases,and screened hub genes.Then the clinical relevance,mutation and repair,tumor microenvironment and drug sensitivity of the hub gene were analyzed.Finally,molecular docking was used to verify the binding ability of YGS active ingredient and hub genes.RESULTS Firstly,obtained 55 common targets of gastric cancer and YGS.The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes screened the microtubule-associated protein kinase signaling axis as the key pathway and IL6,EGFR,MMP2,MMP9 and TGFB1 as the hub genes.The 5 hub genes were involved in gastric carcinogenesis,staging,typing and prognosis,and their mutations promote gastric cancer progression.Finally,molecular docking results confirmed that the components of YGS can effectively bind to therapeutic targets.CONCLUSION YGS has the effect of anti-gastric cancer and immune regulation.

Contract Mechanism of Water Environment Regulation for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Based on Optimal Control Theory

The small and scattered enterprise pattern in the county economy has formed numerous sporadic pollution sources, hindering the centralized treatment of the water environment, increasing the cost and difficulty of treatment. How enterprises can make reasonable decisions on their water environment behavior based on the external environment and their own factors is of great significance for scientifically and effectively designing water environment regulation mechanisms. Based on optimal control theory, this study investigates the design of contractual mechanisms for water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises. The enterprise is regarded as an independent economic entity that can adopt optimal control strategies to maximize its own interests. Based on the participation of multiple subjects including the government, enterprises, and the public, an optimal control strategy model for enterprises under contractual water environmental regulation is constructed using optimal control theory, and a method for calculating the amount of unit pollutant penalties is derived. The water pollutant treatment cost data of a paper company is selected to conduct empirical numerical analysis on the model. The results show that the increase in the probability of government regulation and public participation, as well as the decrease in local government protection for enterprises, can achieve the same regulatory effect while reducing the number of administrative penalties per unit. Finally, the implementation process of contractual water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises is designed.

Cu-based materials for electrocatalytic CO_(2) to alcohols:Reaction mechanism,catalyst categories,and regulation strategies

Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)technology,which enables carbon capture storage and resource utilization by reducing CO_(2) to valuable chemicals or fuels,has become a global research hotspot in recent decades.Among the many products of CO_(2)RR(carbon monoxide,acids,aldehydes and alcohols,olefins,etc.),alcohols(methanol,ethanol,propanol,etc.)have a higher market value and energy density,but it is also more difficult to produce.Copper is known to be effective in catalyzing CO_(2) to high valueadded alcohols,but with poor selectivity.The progress of Cu-based catalysts for the selective generation of alcohols,including copper oxides,bimetals,single atoms and composites is reviewed.Meanwhile,to improve Cu-based catalyst activity and modulate product selectivity,the modulation strategies are straighten out,including morphological regulation,crystalline surface,oxidation state,as well as elemental doping and defect engineering.Based on the research progress of electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction for alcohol production on Cu-based materials,the reaction pathways and the key intermediates of the electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR to methanol,ethanol and propanol are summarized.Finally,the problems of traditional electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR are introduced,and the future applications of machine learning and theoretical calculations are prospected.An in-depth discussion and a comprehensive review of the reaction mechanism,catalyst types and regulation strategies were carried out with a view to promoting the development of electrocatalytic CO_(2)RR to alcohols.

Comparative proteomics analysis reveals the domesticated Lepista sordida primordium differentiation regulation mechanism and the subsequent different development patterns in the pileus and stipe

The wild Lepista sordida is a kind of precious and rare edible fungus.An excellent strain of it by artificial domestication was obtained,which was high-yield and high in iron content.In this study,high-throughput comparative proteomics was used to reveal the regulatory mechanism of its primordium differentiation in the early fruiting body formation.The mycelium before the primordium differentiation mainly expressed high levels of mitochondrial functional proteins and carbon dioxide concentration regulatory proteins.In young mushrooms,the highly expressed proteins were mainly involved in cell component generation,cell proliferation,nitrogen compound metabolism,nucleotide metabolism,glutathione metabolism,and purine metabolism.The differential regulation patterns of pileus and stipe growth to maturity were also revealed.The highly expressed proteins related to transcription,RNA splicing,the production of various organelles,DNA conformational change,nucleosome organization,protein processing,maturation and transport,and cell detoxification regulated the pileus development and maturity.The proteins related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism,large amounts of obsolete cytoplasmic parts,nutrient deprivation,and external stimuli regulated the stipe development and maturity.Multiple CAZymes regulated nutrient absorption,morphogenesis,spore production,stress response,and other life activities at different growth and development stages.

Mechanisms and active substances of targeting lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis regulation

Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and it is implicated in various diseases,such as liver disease,acute kidney injury,cardiovascular disease,neurodegenerative disease and cancer.Lipid-based reactive oxygen species(ROS),particularly lipid hydroperoxides in the cellular membrane can lead to membrane disruption and cell death mediated by ferroptosis.There are three necessary stages involving in the process of lipid peroxidation regulation in ferroptosis,including the synthesis of membrane phospholipids,initiation of lipid peroxidation and clearance of lipid peroxides.In this review,we summarized the molecular modulation mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis from the above three stages,as well as various ferroptosis modulators targeting lipid peroxidation,including commonly used products,natural bioactive compounds and selenocompounds.Collectively,these findings suggest the vital role of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis,and targeting lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis is potential to treat ferroptosis-associated diseases.

Evolutionary analysis of green credit and automobile enterprises under the mechanism of dynamic reward and punishment based on government regulation

To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of gov-ernment,commercial banks,and automobile enterprises;introduced a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism;and analyzed the development process of the three parties’strategic behavior under the static and dynamic reward and punish-ment mechanism.Vensim PLE was used for numerical simulation analysis.Our results indicate that the system could not reach a stable state under the static reward and punishment mechanism.A dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can effectively improve the system stability and better fit real situations.Under the dynamic reward and punishment mechan-ism,an increase in the initial probabilities of the three parties can promote the system stability,and the government can im-plement effective supervision by adjusting the upper limit of the reward and punishment intensity.Finally,the implementa-tion of green credit by commercial banks plays a significant role in promoting the green development of automobile enter-prises.

Pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and autophagy in spinal cord injury:regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targets

Regulated cell death is a form of cell death that is actively controlled by biomolecules.Several studies have shown that regulated cell death plays a key role after spinal cord injury.Pyroptosis and ferroptosis are newly discovered types of regulated cell deaths that have been shown to exacerbate inflammation and lead to cell death in damaged spinal cords.Autophagy,a complex form of cell death that is interconnected with various regulated cell death mechanisms,has garnered significant attention in the study of spinal cord injury.This injury triggers not only cell death but also cellular survival responses.Multiple signaling pathways play pivotal roles in influencing the processes of both deterioration and repair in spinal cord injury by regulating pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and autophagy.Therefore,this review aims to comprehensively examine the mechanisms underlying regulated cell deaths,the signaling pathways that modulate these mechanisms,and the potential therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury.Our analysis suggests that targeting the common regulatory signaling pathways of different regulated cell deaths could be a promising strategy to promote cell survival and enhance the repair of spinal cord injury.Moreover,a holistic approach that incorporates multiple regulated cell deaths and their regulatory pathways presents a promising multi-target therapeutic strategy for the management of spinal cord injury.

Compartmentalized regulation of organelle integrity in neurodegenerative diseases:lessons from the Drosophila motor neuron

Neurons are highly polarized,morphologically asymmetric,and functionally compartmentalized cells that contain long axons extending from the cell body.For this reason,their maintenance relies on spatiotemporal regulation of organelle distribution between the somatodendritic and axonal domains.Although some organelles,such as mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum,are widely distributed throughout the neuron,others are segregated to either the somatodendritic or axonal compartment.For example,Golgi outposts and acidified lysosomes are predominantly present in the somatodendritic domain and rarely distributed along the axon,whereas newly formed autophagosomes and synaptic vesicles are mainly distributed in the distal axon(Britt et al.,2016).

Contribution of mechanical forces to structural synaptic plasticity:insights from 3D cellular motility mechanisms

Cells,tissues,and organs are constantly subjected to the action of mechanical forces from the extracellular environment-and the nervous system is no exception.Cell-intrinsic properties such as membrane lipid composition,abundance of mechanosensors,and cytoskeletal dynamics make cells more or less likely to sense these forces.Intrinsic and extrinsic cues are integrated by cells and this combined information determines the rate and dynamics of membrane protrusion growth or retraction(Yamada and Sixt,2019).Cell protrusions are extensions of the plasma membrane that play crucial roles in diverse contexts such as cell migration and neuronal synapse formation.In the nervous system,neurons are highly dynamic cells that can change the size and number of their pre-and postsynaptic elements(called synaptic boutons and dendritic spines,respectively),in response to changes in the levels of synaptic activity through a process called plasticity.Synaptic plasticity is a hallmark of the nervous system and is present throughout our lives,being required for functions like memory formation or the learning of new motor skills(Minegishi et al.,2023;Pillai and Franze,2024).

Cell polarization in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and advances

Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease associated with high mortality and disability rates. Since the inflammation and immune response play a central role in driving ischemic damage, it becomes essential to modulate excessive inflammatory reactions to promote cell survival and facilitate tissue repair around the injury site. Various cell types are involved in the inflammatory response, including microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils, each exhibiting distinct phenotypic profiles upon stimulation. They display either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory states, a phenomenon known as ‘cell polarization.’ There are two cell polarization therapy strategies. The first involves inducing cells into a neuroprotective phenotype in vitro, then reintroducing them autologously. The second approach utilizes small molecular substances to directly affect cells in vivo. In this review, we elucidate the polarization dynamics of the three reactive cell populations(microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils) in the context of ischemic stroke, and provide a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in their phenotypic switching. By unraveling the complexity of cell polarization, we hope to offer insights for future research on neuroinflammation and novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.

Decoding molecular mechanisms:brain aging and Alzheimer's disease

The complex morphological,anatomical,physiological,and chemical mechanisms within the aging brain have been the hot topic of research for centuries.The aging process alters the brain structure that affects functions and cognitions,but the worsening of such processes contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders,such as Alzheimer's disease.Beyond these observable,mild morphological shifts,significant functional modifications in neurotransmission and neuronal activity critically influence the aging brain.Understanding these changes is important for maintaining cognitive health,especially given the increasing prevalence of age-related conditions that affect cognition.This review aims to explore the age-induced changes in brain plasticity and molecular processes,differentiating normal aging from the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease,thereby providing insights into predicting the risk of dementia,particularly Alzheimer's disease.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals putative osmoregulation mechanisms in the kidney of euryhaline turbot Scophthalmus maximus responded to hypo-saline seawater

Turbot harbor a relatively remarkable ability to adapt to opposing osmotic challenges and are an excellent model species to study the physiological adaptations of flounder associated with osmoregulatory plasticity.The kidney transcriptome of turbot treated 24 h in water of hypo-salinity(salinity 5)and seawater(salinity 30)was sequenced and characterized.In silico analysis indicated that all unigenes had significant hits in seven databases.The functional annotation analysis of the transcriptome showed that the immune system and biological processes associated with digestion,absorption,and metabolism played an important role in the osmoregulation of turbot in response to hypo-salinity.Analysis of biological processes associated with inorganic channels and transporters indicated that mineral absorption and bile secretion contributed to iono-osmoregulation resulting in cell volume regulation and cell phenotypic plasticity.Moreover,we analyzed and predicted the mechanisms of canonical signaling transduction.Biological processes involved in renin secretion,ECM-receptor interaction,adherens junction,and focal adhesion played an important role in the plasticity phenotype in hypo-stress,while the signal transduction network composed of the MAPK signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway with GABAergic synapse,worked in hypoosmoregulation signal transduction in the turbot.In addition,analysis of the tissue specificity of targeted gene expression using qPCR during salinity stress was carried out.The results showed that the kidney,gill,and spleen were vital regulating organs of osmotic pressure,and the osmoregulation pattern of euryhaline fish dif fered among species.

Mechanisms of MYB-bHLH-WD40 Complex in the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Plants

Anthocyanins are main coloring substances in plants with various functions such as antioxidant , preventing cardiovascular diseases , and inhibiting oncogenesis. The regulation of transcriptional levels plays a decisive role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Studies have shown that the transcriptional levels of an- thocyanins are mainly regulated by MYB-bHLH-WD40 ternary complex. This paper summarized the structure characteristics of MYB-bHLH-WD40 ternary complex and its regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, focusing on the regulation mechanism of several important model plants by MYB-bHIM-WD40 complex.

Studies on the Evaporation Regulation Mechanisms of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products

Various concepts for oil evaporation prediction are summarized. Models can be divided into those models that use the basis of air-boundary-regulation or those that do not. Experiments were conducted to determine if oil and petroleum evaporation is regulated by the saturation of the air boundary layer. Experiments included the examination of the evaporation rate with and without wind, in which case it was found that evaporation rates were similar for all wind conditions and no-wind conditions. Experiments where the area and mass varied showed that boundary-layer regulation was not governing for petroleum products. Under all experimental and environmental conditions, oils or petroleum products were not found to be boundary-layer regulated. Experiments on the rate of evaporation of pure compounds showed that compounds larger than Decane were not boundary-layer regulated. Many oils and petroleum products contain few compounds smaller than decane, and this explains why their evaporation is not air boundary-layer limited. Comparison of the air saturation levels of various oils and petroleum products shows that the saturation concentration of water, which is strongly air boundary-regulated, is significantly less than that of several petroleum hydrocarbons. Lack of air boundary-layer regulation for oils is shown to be a result of both this higher saturation concentration as well as a low (below boundary-layer value) evaporation rate.

Molecular regulation mechanism of intestinal stem cells in mucosal injury and repair in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease with complex causes.The main pathological changes were intestinal mucosal injury.Leucinerich repeat-containing G protein coupled receptor 5(LGR5)-labeled small intestine stem cells(ISCs)were located at the bottom of the small intestine recess and inlaid among Paneth cells.LGR5+small ISCs are active proliferative adult stem cells,and their self-renewal,proliferation and differentiation disorders are closely related to the occurrence of intestinal inflammatory diseases.The Notch signaling pathway and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway are important regulators of LGR5-positive ISCs and together maintain the function of LGR5-positive ISCs.More importantly,the surviving stem cells after intestinal mucosal injury accelerate division,restore the number of stem cells,multiply and differentiate into mature intestinal epithelial cells,and repair the damaged intestinal mucosa.Therefore,in-depth study of multiple pathways and transplantation of LGR5-positive ISCs may become a new target for the treatment of UC.

Study on the Whole Process Simulation and Regulation Mechanism of Urban Green Ecological Rainwater Drainage System

In view of the frequent waterlogging caused by rapid urbanization and the public’s dissatisfaction with the drainage system,the article based on the concept of the green ecological drainage system,constructed the urban green ecological drainage comprehensive simulation research system,and quickly evaluated pipe network operation and surface water of an industrial park under typical rainfall conditions.The results showed that the drainage capacity of the designed green ecological rainwater drainage system reached 100%,and there was no ponding phenomenon,which indicated that the green ecological rainwater drainage system could effectively solve the practical problems of urban drainage.The green ecological rainwater comprehensive simulation research system had good adaptability.The research results provided the scientific theoretical basis and reference significance for planning,designing,constructing,operating,and managing urban rainwater system scientifically and systematically.

Molecular regulation mechanism of oocyte maturation in beef cattle

Bovine oocytes are one of the indispensable cells in cattle reproduction and have become a research hot spot in cattle reproduction in recent years.The maturation process of oocytes is mainly regulated by enzymes,hormones,cytokines,and other molecules.The factors affecting cattle oocyte maturation have been previously studied to clarify the molecular mechanisms of cattle oocyte maturation.In this review article,phospholipid protein-3-kinase/protein kinase B,mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription,epidermal growth factor receptor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase,and other signaling pathways related to oocyte maturation are discussed.In addition,the molecular mechanisms of some coding genes(JY-1,FGF-10,CDC20,etc.)and non-coding genes(miRNA,lncRNA,and circRNA)regulating oocyte maturation have been reviewed to provide new ideas for high reproductive performance molecular breeding of high-quality cattle.

Aggregator-based demand response mechanism for electric vehicles participating in peak regulation in valley time of receiving-end power grid

With the increase in the power receiving proportion and an insufficient peak regulation capacity of the local units, the receiving-end power grid struggles to achieve peak regulation in valley time. To solve this problem while considering the potential of the large-scale charge load of electric vehicles(EVs), an aggregator-based demand response(DR) mechanism for EVs that are participating in the peak regulation in valley time is proposed in this study. In this aggregator-based DR mechanism, the profits for the power grid’s operation and the participation willingness of the EV owners are considered. Based on the characteristics of the EV charging process and the day-ahead unit generation scheduling, a rolling unit commitment model with the DR is established to maximize the social welfare. In addition, to improve the efficiency of the optimization problem solving process and to achieve communication between the independent system operator(ISO) and the aggregators, the clustering algorithm is utilized to extract typical EV charging patterns. Finally, the feasibility and benefits of the aggregator-based DR mechanism for saving the costs and reducing the peak-valley difference of the receiving-end power grid are verified through case studies.

Recent Advances in the Comprehension and Regulation of Lattice Oxygen Oxidation Mechanism in Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Water electrolysis,a process for producing green hydrogen from renewable energy,plays a crucial role in the transition toward a sustainable energy landscape and the realization of the hydrogen economy.Oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is a critical step in water electrolysis and is often limited by its slow kinetics.Two main mechanisms,namely the adsorbate evolution mechanism(AEM)and lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism(LOM),are commonly considered in the context of OER.However,designing efficient catalysts based on either the AEM or the LOM remains a topic of debate,and there is no consensus on whether activity and stability are directly related to a certain mechanism.Considering the above,we discuss the characteristics,advantages,and disadvantages of AEM and LOM.Additionally,we provide insights on leveraging the LOM to develop highly active and stable OER catalysts in future.For instance,it is essential to accurately differentiate between reversible and irreversible lattice oxygen redox reactions to elucidate the LOM.Furthermore,we discuss strategies for effectively activating lattice oxygen to achieve controllable steady-state exchange between lattice oxygen and an electrolyte(OH^(-)or H_(2)O).Additionally,we discuss the use of in situ characterization techniques and theoretical calculations as promising avenues for further elucidating the LOM.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated SNAC9 mutants reveal the positive regulation of tomato ripening by SNAC9 and the mechanism of carotenoid metabolism regulation

NAC transcriptional regulators are crucial for tomato ripening.Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)of SNAC9(SlNAC19,Gene ID:101248665)affects tomato ripening,and SNAC9 is involved in ethylene and abscisic acid(ABA)metabolic pathways.However,the function of SNAC9 in pigment metabolism in tomatoes remains unclear.This work seeks to discover the mechanism of SNAC9 involvement in pigment metabolism during tomato ripening by establishing a SNAC9 knockout model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology.The results indicated that fruit ripening was delayed in knockout(KO)mutants,and SNAC9 mutation significantly affected carotenoid metabolism.The chlorophyll(Chl)degradation rate,total carotenoid content,and lycopene content decreased significantly in the mutants.The transformation rate of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in mutants was slower,which was related to the carotenoid content.Furthermore,SNAC9 changed the expression of critical genes(PSY1,PDS,CRTISO,Z-ISO,SGR1,DXS2,LCYE,LCYB,and CrtR-b2)involved in pigment metabolism in tomato ripening.SNAC9 knockout also altered the expression levels of critical genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and ABA.Accordingly,SNAC9 regulated carotenoid metabolism by directly regulating PSY1,DXS2,SGR1,and CrtR-b2.This research provides a foundation for developing the tomato ripening network and precise tomato ripening regulation.