Crop Insurance, Premium Subsidy and Agricultural Output

This paper studied the effects of crop insurance on agricultural output with an economic growth model. Based on Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans （RCK） model, a basic model of agriculture economic growth was developed. Extending the basic model to incorporate uncertainty and insurance mechanism, a risk model and a risk-insurance model were built to study the inlfuences of risk and crop insurance on agricultural output. Compared with the steady states of the three models, the following results are achieved：（i） agricultural output decreases if we introduce uncertainty into the risk-free model;（ii） crop insurance promotes agriculture economic growth if insurance mechanism is introduced into the risk model;（iii） premium subsidy constantly improves agricultural output. Our contribution is that we studied the effects of crop insurance and premium subsidy from the perspective of economic growth in a dynamic framework, and proved the output promotion of crop insurance theoretically.

Is the “One Province One Rate” premium policy reasonable for Chinese crop insurance? The case in Jilin Province

Crop insurance in China is currently adopting the premium pricing strategy of "One Province One Rate", which appears to be in line with the systematic risk characteristics within crop insurance. This research aims to investigate the theoretical rationalization of this pricing strategy and its implications using the spatial lag model and the county-level data from the 45 corn plant counties of Jilin Province, China. Results corroborate that:(1) the spatial spillover effect of the corn yield risk is significant in Jilin but decreases rapidly when the risk unit includes more than eight counties; and(2) separating Jilin Province into eight risk zones for corn insurance will significantly reduce the high cross-subsidy phenomenon arising from the "One Province One Rate" strategy and shall benefit poor peasants in the region as well. This paper not only proves the existence of a systematic risk of crop insurance but also reveals that the spatial correlation and systemic features of the crop yield risk do not create a solid foundation for the current pricing strategy of "One Province One Rate". These conclusions will undoubtedly provide important references and empirical evidence for the role of China’s crop insurance in poverty alleviation.

Study on Reasonable Premium Rate of Pension Insurance in China

By analyzing the cause of too high premium rate of pension insurance at present and discussing the current practice of Chinese Pension Insurance System, three models to determine the reasonable paying level of premium, returning level of retirement pay and premium rate are established. Comparatively speaking, these models solve the problem of the determination of the premium rate more scientifically and offer an effective analyzing means to the improvement of the Chinese Pension Insurance System.

Setting of Agricultural Insurance Premium Rate and the Adjustment Model

First,using the law of large numbers,I analyze the setting principle of agricultural insurance premium rate,and take the case of setting of adult sow premium rate for study,to draw the conclusion that with the continuous promotion of agricultural insurance,increase in the types of agricultural insurance and increase in the number of the insured,the premium rate should also be adjusted opportunely.Then,on the basis of Bayes' theorem,I adjust and calibrate the claim frequency and the average claim,in order to correctly adjust agricultural insurance premium rate;take the case of forest insurance for premium rate adjustment analysis.In setting and adjustment of agricultural insurance premium rate,in order to make the expected results well close to the real results,it is necessary to apply the probability estimates in a large number of risk units;focus on the establishment of agricultural risk database,to timely adjust agricultural insurance premium rate.

European Insurance Markets＇ Size and Trends in Regulatory Environment in the Context of Its Complexity

In today＇s globalized world, regulatory issues are heatedly debated, and experts can be divided into two groups based on their attitudes towards these issues. In the first group, representatives are in favor of stricter regulation, and representatives of the second group are in favor of removing legislative barriers in the markets of financial services. An important objective of the European Commission in recent years is to integrate the individual segments of the financial services into a whole so as to ensure the proper functioning of the whole to satisfy all the member states. The aim of this paper is to show the complexity of the regulatory environment, to point out the large number of institutions that cooperate in the creation of legislative measures, and also to highlight the different approaches to regulation in individual member countries and these issues do not ease the situation.

Explainable AI and Interpretable Model for Insurance Premium Prediction

Traditional machine learning metrics(TMLMs)are quite useful for the current research work precision,recall,accuracy,MSE and RMSE.Not enough for a practitioner to be confident about the performance and dependability of innovative interpretable model 85%–92%.We included in the prediction process,machine learning models(MLMs)with greater than 99%accuracy with a sensitivity of 95%–98%and specifically in the database.We need to explain the model to domain specialists through the MLMs.Human-understandable explanations in addition to ML professionals must establish trust in the prediction of our model.This is achieved by creating a model-independent,locally accurate explanation set that makes it better than the primary model.As we know that human interaction with machine learning systems on this model’s interpretability is more crucial.For supporting set validations in model selection insurance premium prediction.In this study,we proposed the use of the(LIME and SHAP)approach to understand research properly and explain a model developed using random forest regression to predict insurance premiums.The SHAP algorithm’s drawback,as seen in our experiments,is its lengthy computing time—to produce the findings,it must compute every possible combination.In addition,the experiments conducted were intended to focus on the model’s interpretability and explain its ability using LIME and SHAP,not the insurance premium charge prediction.Three experiments were conducted through experiment,one was to interpret the random forest regression model using LIME techniques.In experiment 2,we used the SHAP technique to interpret the model insurance premium prediction(IPP).

Based on the human capital perspective to explore the social insurance premium is influence on the behavior of enterprises to participate in social insurance

To participate in social insurance is a major social responsibility of enterprises, even it is a mandatory social policy, companies still escaped pay society insurance. The serious consequences of this phenomenon become increasingly prominent.it not only damaged the justice of labor market, but also violated the staffs interest. Various factors influence enterprise to participate in social insurance behavior .Human capital is the impact of insurance companies. This paper is mainly focusing on the theory analysis of different human capital participating behavior of enterprises. From the perspective of human capital, using the cost-benefit theory and rational choice theory in economics to explore participating behavior, enterprise employees of different human capital differences in attitude to attend social insurance. No matter enterprises with higher or lower human capital, enterprises and employees choose to participate in social insurance act consistently. But, it can improve participate of low human capital enterprise behavior when payment rate reduced. So, it is suggested that establishing a lower level of social insurance system is helpful to expand coverage, it can through e^tahllgh the sunnlementarv insurance system meet the needs of more people.

Factors Hindering Pakistani Farmers' Choices Towards Adoption of Crop Insurance

This study was conducted to analyze the factors that negatively influence Pakistani farmers＇ willingness to participate in crop insurance. Probit model was applied to identify the significant factors which influenced our dependent variable ＂not willing to participate＂. The results of the analyses showed that crop insurance premium was the most influencing factor which had positive and significant impact on dependent variable. Similarly dissatisfaction with crop loan insurance scheme, lacking of knowledge about crop insurance, believing of being against Islamic rules and time taking process was also found to be positive and significantly influenced the dependent variable. While limited decision power and limited perils were not found to be significant in the results.

Review of Agricultural Insurance Development in the New Period in China

Agricultural insurance is a great support for agricultural modernization in the new period. It plays a role of " stabilizer" in consecutive increase of yield and constant increase of farmers' income. This paper elaborated current situation of agricultural insurance development in China in the new period,analyzed existing problems,and came up with pertinent recommendations.

China's Agricultural Insurance is Catching Up

China’s agricultural insurance premium,which experienced a sharp annual increase of27.4%to RMB30.7 billion,only represented about0.5%of Chinese agricultural GDP in2013.China is one of the largest agricultural economies globally.According to the Statistics Reoort for 2013published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China in February 2014and data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,by the end of 2013,China’s cereal,cotton,meat and aquatic production reached 601.9 million tons,6.3 million tons,85.4 million tons and 61.7 million tons,representing 23%,25%,28%and37%of the world’s annual production respectively.As of the end of 2013,the number of people employed by the agricultural sector was approximately241.7 million,or 31.4%of China’s total work force.China is among the few countries most affected by natural disasters to which agricultural sector is particularly venerable.

A Research on Whole Life Insurance

The formulas of premiums and premium reserves of a kind of mixed whole life insurance were obtained by the methods of actuarial science. Then we take a typical policy of whole life insurance in present Chinese market as an example to analyze its expense design and predict its market prospects.

Corporate Governance,Government Regulation and Bank Stability

By using the data collected from the years 2006 to 2012 of16 listed banks as samples,an empirical test was set up to analyze the impacts of corporate governance and government regulation towards bank stability. The results show that the nature and percentage of ownership of the largest shareholder,as well as the top10 shareholders, have no significant impact on bank stability.Supervision of board of directors increases bank stability, while independent directors could not play the role of supervision. Higher executive compensation increases bank stability,while shareholding of executives does not show much incentive function. Franchise value has self-regulatory effects. Capital regulation also improves bank stability. Implicit insurance covers the entire banking system.Improving corporate governance and government regulation to increase bank stability are put forward.

On the Role of Consumer Preferences in the Coordination among Health Insurers under Regulated Competition

This paper addresses the coordination problem of price and quality setting insurers, arising on the health insurance market under regulated competition, as introduced, for instance, in the Netherlands in 2006. We use an experimental study to gain novel insights on the impact of the uncertainty about consumer preferences on the coordination problem. This fundamental uncertainty implies uncertainty about the identity of the payoff dominant equilibrium, while the risk dominant equilibrium is independent of the state of the world. The experimental results show that insurers are more likely to coordinate on the payoff dominant equilibrium under incomplete information. When insurers face not only strategic but also fundamental uncertainty in the coordination problem, they delay the response to the risk dominant strategy, and persist longer in trying to coordinate on the payoff dominant equilibrium. For the market we study, this implies that the co-ordination under incomplete information will result in consumers paying higher prices, in contrast to the original objectives of the regulated competition.

Insurance ratemaking method for risk of construction diversion project

Based on analyzing risk factors of diversion project,synthetic risk rate and engineering insurance period,the frequency and distribution law of loss are researched on the grounds that foundation pit is submerged after diversion project ceases to be effective.And then,the standpoint that these total loss is subject to non-homogeneous compound Poisson processes is put forward.Furthermore,the collective risk model of the total loss about engineering insurance is established on the basis of construction diversion project risk.Ultimately,insurance ratemaking method for construction engineering risk and its mathematical expression are presented,which provides theoretical method for the insurance ratemaking of hydropower engineering to some extent.

Development of the Insurance Industry in Europe in Economic and Financial Crisis

This paper analyzes the evolution of the insurance sector in Europe, focuses on the European Union （EU） member states, and considers the impact of economic and financial crisis on that sector. The European private insurance market is a developed market having an investment portfolio of 7,740 billion euros in 2011, an amount corresponding to 55% of the gross domestic product （GDP） of the 32 European markets members of Insurance Europe. Therefore, the importance of this sector as a long-term investor and major employer is obvious for the stability and growth of European economy. However, the insurance sector has been considerably affected since 2009 due to the global economic and financial crisis, which has had negative effects not only on the evolution of the value of insurance premiums underwritten, but also on the return on investment of the insurance companies.

Performance Evaluation of Motor Insurance Companies: Panel Data Evidence from Nigeria

This paper evaluated performance of motor insurance companies in Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the following: 1) significant effects of claims settlements on motor insurance firms’ earned premium;2) differences in managerial/technological capabilities among the companies and 3) effects of policy (or time effect) on insurance firms’ output within the study period. Panel data obtained for this study comprised operational data on premium earned and direct claims settlement by these companies over a period of six (6) years. Using panel data statistical models, we found that direct claims settlement negatively affected insurance companies’ earned premium. Also, significant differences in technological and managerial capabilities were found to exist among the companies, though only one company exhibited this heterogeneity. Besides, there were no policy impacts (or time effect) on vehicle insurance firms’ output in the study period. Policy implications of the results were discussed.

基于Premium PLC的PI_B调节器在变频恒压供水系统中的应用

针对传统供水系统普遍存在的迟滞性和非线性特点,设计了一种基于Premium PLC的变频恒压供水控制系统,以变频器与PLC为核心,采用一拖一的配置方式,通过变频器输出频率值控制水泵的转速,实现了恒压供水的目的。介绍了压力传感器的滤波设置以及PI_B调节器的实现。通过实践证明该系统具有较高的稳定性与可靠性。

碳排放权交易价格保险产品设计探索——基于“保险+期货”模式

国际上碳保险产品随着碳交易的兴起而兴起,已有近十年历史。我国碳保险产品目前还处于起步阶段,但前景广阔。借鉴农产品“保险+期货”模式创新碳期货保险产品,以其中4种保险产品为例在蒙特卡洛方法下进行定价及敏感性分析,最后对A企业进行个案分析。研究发现:保险产品的避险效果明显,其中我国碳交易市场保险费率最低,欧盟碳交易市场保险费率最高。目标价格和市场波动率对4种保险费率影响明显;无风险利率的影响较小;障碍期权“触碰式”敲出价格和价差期权托底赔付价对保险费率影响明显,而封顶结算价影响较小。

“三驾马车”和“三支柱”监管——美国保险业监管模式的实践与启示

美国保险业监管框架特点鲜明,其职能分工呈现各州、联邦政府、美国保险监督官协会“三驾马车”并行的特征。具体到保险监管操作上,美国保险业监管以公司治理、偿付能力和市场行为监管“三支柱”统筹协调保险业市场。美国各州的保险业监管规则差异较大,联邦与州的监管之间存在持续博弈,同时也展现出明显关注企业行为的趋势。对美国保险业监管现状展开分析研究,对我国保险业监管进一步增强统筹协调、开展多层协同、丰富监管层次具有借鉴意义。

加密数字货币市场模糊性溢价检验及其驱动因素研究

在加密数字货币市场与现代金融经济联结程度不断深化的背景下,本文聚焦同时具备高创新性与高风险性的加密数字货币市场模糊性溢价问题进行研究,利用不确定概率条件下的预期效用理论(EUUP)测度模糊性,借助比特币的日内5分钟高频交易数据、向量自回归及规则回归的方法检验加密数字货币市场模糊性溢价的存在,并分析其驱动因素。研究发现,加密数字货币市场确实存在模糊性溢价,且其大小和方向受市场有利收益概率的影响;从市场整体状况来看,投资者情绪对市场的模糊性溢价有着很强的解释力。区分市场收益状况的异质性分析说明,若市场状况较好,则恐惧情绪会对其模糊性溢价产生显著抑制作用;若市场状况较差,则贪婪情绪会对其模糊性溢价产生显著抑制作用。本文从市场监管及投资者行为等角度提出政策建议,为加密数字货币市场的稳定发展与风险防范提供了新的解读。