The Relative Deficiency of Potassium Ions in Nerve Cells Causes Abnormal Functions and Neurological and Mental Diseases

The difference of intracellular potassium (K+) and extracellular sodium (Na+) concentrations in nerve cells plays an important role in the functional activities of the nervous system. The maintenance of this difference mainly depends on the number and efficiency of Na, K-ATPase. However, due to the functional activity of nerve cells, this system often loses its balance. An undetectable phenomenon is the relative deficiency of potassium in nerve cells in specific brain regions or neural network structures, which leads to dysfunction of specific nerve cell populations or brain regions, thus leading to different types of neurological disorders or diseases. The relative deficiency of potassium ions in nerve cells may be caused by the competitive failure of nerve cells to effectively use potassium ions stored in the body, and the core reason may be related to insufficient potassium obtained through diet or effectively absorbed by the digestive system. Therefore, a simple strategy is to treat a patient by taking appropriate potassium orally. This paper presents a case with great success by using such a method to treat a patient with major depression.

Relative Deficiency of Intracellular Potassium in Relation to the Functional Changes and Diseases in Non-Nervous System

Because of the huge differences in cellular structures and functions in non-nervous system and interaction between the nervous and non-nervous systems in potassium ion absorption, storage and effective utilization, the organs, tissues and tissue cells in non-nervous system have different functional dependence on potassium ion and its characteristics in competitive distribution differences. Therefore, I propose that the relative deficiency of potassium in cells in non-nervous organs and tissues may show very different functional changes and disease characteristics. Some are susceptible to pathogenic microorganisms, some may result in decrease of cell functions, and other may have comprehensive changes such as chronic inflammation. Therefore, the core causes for the functional changes and lesions of these non-nervous organs and tissues are closely related to the relative deficiency of potassium ions in their cells, which provides important ideas for the prevention and treatment of these functional changes and diseases.

Wave growth rate in a cylindrical metal waveguide with ion-channel guiding of a relativistic electron beam

This paper addresses the formulae and numerical issues related to the possibility that fast wave may be grown when a relativistic electron beam through an ion channel in a cylindrical metal waveguide. To derive the dispersion equations of the beam-wave interaction, it solves relativistic Lorentz equation and Maxwell＇s equations for appropriate boundary conditions. It has been found in this waveguide structure that the TM0m modes are the rational operating modes of coupling between the electromagnetic modes and the betatron modes. The interaction of the dispersion curves of the electromagnetic TM0m modes and the upper betatron modes is studied. The growth rates of the wave are obtained, and the effects of the beam radius, the beam energy, the plasma frequency, and the beam plasma frequency on the wave growth rate are numerically calculated and discussed.

《中国药典》2020年版硝酸甘油片质量标准增修订建议

目的:针对《中国药典》2020年版二部硝酸甘油片质量标准中色谱条件不能有效分离4个已知杂质及游离硝酸根与辅料未能分离的问题,对该质量标准提出增修订建议。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,通过梯度洗脱的方法检查有关物质,同时通过另一色谱系统检查游离硝酸根的量。结果:按改进方法进行有关物质及游离硝酸根检查,11批硝酸甘油片的1-硝酸甘油及2-硝酸甘油均小于0.1%,1,2-二硝酸甘油及1,3-二硝酸甘油均小于0.5%,杂质总量均不过2.4%,游离硝酸根均不过6.3%。结论:本改进方法操作简单,实验结果准确可靠,为《中国药典》2020年版二部中硝酸甘油片质量标准增修订提供了参考。

盐酸丙卡特罗片有关物质的HPLC检查研究

目的:建立盐酸丙卡特罗片有关物质的HPLC测定法。方法:采用Inertsil ODS-3(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以10 mmol·L^(-1)辛烷磺酸钠溶液(用10%磷酸调节pH值至2.90)为流动相A,水-乙腈(43∶57,V∶V)为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为254 nm,柱温为40℃,流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1),进样量为50μL。结果:盐酸丙卡特罗与各有关物质色谱分离度良好,杂质A、B、C质量浓度在10~50 ng·mL^(-1)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r>0.9990),校正因子分别为0.5、1.0、0.4,平均回收率为95.0%~105.0%(n=9,RSD<3.0%)。结论:所建立的HPLC方法适用于盐酸丙卡特罗片的有关物质检查,可为盐酸丙卡特罗片现有标准的进一步完善提供参考。

The Core Mechanism of Traditional Medicine Is the Rational and Effective Use of Potassium Ions

The use of traditional medicines including natural drugs, especially traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of human diseases;however, so far, the mechanism of its prevention, health care and treatment of diseases is unclear. Here, I propose that the core mechanism of traditional medicines is to correct the relative deficiency of potassium ions in body and at the same time improve the utilization efficiency of potassium ions, so as to improve or restore cell functions in organs and tissues, and let the body return to a normal state. In order to achieve such a core goal, the therapeutic effect of natural drugs has an important relationship with the rational matching of prescriptions and the quality of drugs, with particular emphasis on the concentrations and quantum energy levels of potassium ions or their compounds in the formula. The understanding of the core effect of potassium in natural drugs has a specific and important guiding role for the artificial cultivation and rational use of natural drugs. Moreover, these ideas may also provide an important theoretical basis for the development of modern agriculture and medicine, and the rational and comprehensive utilization of potassium resources.

The Continuous Relative Deficiency of Intracellular Potassium Is a Core Mechanism for the Occurrence and Metastasis of Tumor Cancer Cells

The core mechanism for occurrence of tumor cancer cells is related to the continuous relative deficiency of potassium ions in the cells of organs and tissues, which results in embryonic like proliferation and differentiation in the affected cells. The purpose of the metastasis of cancer cells is to obtain and utilize the potassium resources in other organs in body. However, if the overall potassium storage in body is obviously insufficient, the metastatic cancer cells still fail to achieve the purpose of obtaining enough potassium and turn into normal cells, further proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells will continue, and finally will lead to functional decline in the organs and tissues affected or death. Therefore, the key means to prevent and treat tumors and cancers is to ensure the normal and balanced potassium ions in cells in various organs and tissues, so as to avoid the formation of tumors and cancer cells caused by obvious deficiency of potassium ions.

Effects of parasitic plant Cistanche deserticola on chlorophyll a fluorescence and nutrient accumulation of host plant Haloxylon ammodendron in the Taklimakan Desert

The parasitic plant Cistanche deserticola attaches to Haloxylon ammodendron, a perennial shrub with high tolerance to salinity and drought. However, little was known about the parasite-host relation between the two species. Effects of the parasite on chlorophyll a fluorescence and nutrient accumulation in the host plant （H. am- modendron） were investigated in the Taklimakan Desert. Some photosynthetic parameters of both host and non-host H. ammodendron plants were measured by in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence technology in the field. The assimilating branches of host and non-host plants were collected and nutrient and inorganic ion contents were analyzed. The results from field experiments showed that the infection of C. deserticola reduced the non-photochemical quenching of the variable chlorophyll fluorescence （NPQ） and the potential maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry （Fv/Fm） of the host. Compared with non-host plants, the host H. ammodendron had low nutrient, low inorganic ion contents （Na~ and K~） and low K~/Na~ ratios in the assimilating branches. It suggested that C. deserticola infection reduced the nutrient acquisition and caused damage to the photoprotection through thermal dissipation of the energy of the photosystem II in the host, resulting in a decrease in the tolerance to salinity and high radiation. It was concluded that the attachment of the parasite plant （C. deserticola） had negative effects on the growth of its host.

Effect of an Arbitrary Dust Size Distribution Dust Particles for Vortex-Like Ion Distribution Dusty Plasma

In order to investigate the effect of an arbitrary dust size distribution for vortex-like ion distributiondusty plasma,we use a reasonable polynomial-expressed function to represent an arbitrary dust size distribution.Thenumerical results of linear dispersion relation,nonlinear solitary wave amplitude,width and velocity for polynomialexpressed dust size distribution dusty plasma with vortex-like ion distribution have been studied.

Influence of the Beam Self-Fields on the Dispersion Characteristics of EM Waves in a Dielectric Waveguide Filled with Plasma

Considering the self-fields of relativistic electron beam （REB）, the electron beam injected in plasma will form an ion-channel, which can stably guide REB transmitted in plasma. Based on the effect of ion-channel, the EM dispersion characteristics in a dielectric waveguide filled with plasmas is studied by using linear electromagnetic （EM） hydrodynamics perturbation theory. Both the TM mode dispersion equation and the dispersion relation are derived. After that, a discussion on the conditions of Cherenkov radiation in this system is given. It was found that the betatron oscillation of the REB is one of the important factors for the slow-wave EM instability in this system. The dispersion relation is of the form of electromagnetic-electrostatic （EM-ES） hybrid mode, which is different from the case where the effect of the ion channel is neglected.

Effects of Heavy Ions on Kinetic Alfvén Waves

Kinetic Alfven Wave (KAW) is one of the low-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations that are identified extensively in space plasmas by in situ observations of satellites and has been an interesting topic for discussion widely in the fields of laboratory, space, and astrophysical plasmas because of its potential importance in plasma particle energization. Some satellite observations show that the number density ratio of the oxygen ions to the ambient plasma is 30% ～ 50%, sometimes, even as high as 80%. In this paper, effects of heavy ion species on KAWs are studied in a Iow-beta plasma. The results show that heavy ions not only considerably reduce the propagation speed of KAWs, but also remarkably influence the parallel component of perturbed electric field of KAWs (to the ambient magnetic field). The ratio of parallel to perpendicular components of perturbed field decreases (or increases) with the heavyion abundance for KAWs dominated by the electron inertial length (or by ion acoustic gyroradius). In particular, the resonant condition of KAWs with thermal electrons is modified by the heavy ion species.

Antitumor and radiosensitization effect of 12C6+heavy-ion irradiation mediated by radiation-inducible gene therapy

Radio genetic therapy which combines gene therapy with radiotherapy has shown promising results in cancer treatment. In this study, an oncolytic adenovirusbased gene therapy system regulated by radiation was constructed to improve the cancer curative effect. This gene therapy system incorporated the radiation-inducible early growth response gene(Egr-1) promoter and the anticancer gene tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL). To confirm the antitumor effect of Ad-ET combined with^12C^(6+)tion irradiation, the survival and apoptosis fraction of tumor cells HT1080 and normal cells MRC-5 in combination treatment were detected by CCK-8 assay and FACS analysis. Then the expression levels of TRAIL gene and protein were tested by real-time PCR and western blotting. The results show that^12C^(6+)tion irradiation could induce cell growth inhibition and apoptosis by activating the TRAIL gene expression in tumor cells, while exhibiting no obvious toxicity to the normal lung cell line MRC-5. Theresults also demonstrate that use of an oncolytic adenovirusbased radiation-inducible gene therapy system together with^12C^(6+)tion irradiation could cause synergistic antitumor effect specifically in tumor cells but not in normal cells. The results indicate that the novel radio genetic therapy could potentiate radiation treatment by improving the safety and efficiency of monotherapy, and provide theoretical support for clinical application of combination treatment.

ASICs——治疗神经系统相关疾病药物作用的新靶点

酸敏感离子通道(acid sensing ion channels,ASICs)是一种可以被H+激活的质子门控阳离子通道。近年来研究发现,酸敏感离子通道参与癫痫、炎症性疼痛、缺血性脑损伤等神经系统相关疾病的病理过程,它被认为是治疗神经系统相关疾病药物作用的一个新靶点。本文主要综述酸敏感离子通道在神经系统相关疾病中的调节作用,以及酸敏感离子通道相关药物的最新研究进展。

APETx2对感染后肠易激综合征小鼠内脏敏感性的作用及机制

目的探讨酸敏感离子通道3特异性拮抗剂(APETx2)对感染后肠易激综合征(PI-IBS)小鼠内脏敏感性的调控作用及其机制。方法采用旋毛虫感染NIH小鼠建立PI-IBS模型。通过测量首次排黑便的时间和6 h内收集的粪便颗粒数评估胃肠道运输功能;腹壁回撤反射(AWR)评分评估小鼠内脏敏感性;免疫组织化学法检测结肠组织中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)蛋白表达;通过实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法检测结肠组织中脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、CGRP mRNA表达。蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测脑组织中酸敏感离子通道3(ASIC3)、CGRP、瞬时受体电位香草素1(TRPV1)蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,PI-IBS组首次排黑便时间显著降低,6 h内的粪便颗粒数,AWR评分均显著升高,结肠组织中CGRP蛋白表达显著升高,BDNF、CGRP mRNA显著升高,脑组织中CGRP、ASIC3、TRPV1的蛋白表达显著升高;与PI-IBS组比较,APETx2组首次排黑便时间显著延长,6 h内的粪便颗粒数,AWR评分均显著降低,结肠组织中CGRP蛋白表达显著降低,BDNF、CGRP mRNA表达显著降低,脑组织中CGRP、ASIC3、TRPV1的蛋白表达显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论APETx2可通过下调BDNF、CGRP、ASIC3、TRPV1的表达,减轻PI-IBS小鼠的内脏敏感性并调节胃肠道运动。APETx2可能为治疗IBS提供一个新的治疗选择。

失禁相关性皮炎防治的研究进展

失禁相关性皮炎(IAD)是失禁患者常见的皮肤问题。IAD的发生虽然不会直接导致患者死亡,但会延长其住院天数,增加照护人员的负担,导致不必要的医疗支出,且患者的生活质量和心理状态也会受到严重影响。笔者通过查阅国内外文献,从患者的会阴部环境、皮肤功能、自身疾病、年龄以及性别差异等方面总结IAD的影响因素,分析目前国际常用IAD评估工具的构成内容与优缺点,归纳总结临床防治IAD的有效措施,并进行了简要综述,以期为预防和治疗IAD提供有效依据和参考。

基于嘌呤配体P2X门控离子通道型受体7的资生肾气丸镇痛机制研究

目的:探索资生肾气丸对醋酸致小鼠扭体模型的镇痛作用。方法:将42只小鼠随机分为7组,分别给予相应药液灌胃,末次灌胃1 h后造模,建立醋酸致小鼠扭体模型。观察小鼠扭体次数,计算其扭体抑制率,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各组小鼠血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、前列腺素E 2(PGE 2)、神经生长因子(NGF)含量,采用实时PCR(RT-PCR)检测嘌呤配体P2X门控离子通道型受体7(P2X7R)mRNA、Nod样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)mRNA、NIMA相关激酶7(NEK7)mRNA的表达情况。结果:与模型组比较,随着时间的增加,资生肾气丸低剂量、中剂量、高剂量均可抑制小鼠扭体反应,降低扭体次数,增加小鼠扭体抑制率,降低小鼠血清中IL-1β、PGE_(2)、NGF的含量,降低P2X7RmRNA、NLRP3mRNA、NEK7mRNA的表达以抑制疼痛反应,以高剂量效果最优(P<0.05),与吲哚美辛、痛风舒片疗效相近。结论:资生肾气丸高剂量对小鼠血清疼痛因子的降低效果显著,其机制可能与嘌呤配体P2X门控离子通道型受体7信号通路有关。

北京市大气细粒子的质量浓度特征研究

大气能见度的降低是当今国际上比较突出的城市环境问题。北京近年的监测结果表明 ,大气中通过消光作用使大气能见度下降的气溶胶细粒子的污染程度呈现上升趋势。从 2 0 0 1年对北京市气溶胶细粒子 (空气动力学直径小于 2 .5μm的粒子 ) 4个季节的采样监测结果分析 (有效采样天数为 50d)得出 ,北京市细粒子质量浓度年平均值已超过美国国家标准的 7倍以上。研究发现细粒子的质量浓度不仅与环境条件有关 ,而且与气象条件也有着密切的关系。文中以细粒子的观测数据为基础 。

不同灸质、灸量对动物血中5－羟色胺、组织胺含量的影响

对健康家兔、利血平化类似＂脾阳虚＂大鼠采用不同灸质、灸量刺激＂足三里＂穴后，观察血中５－羟色胺、组织胺含量的变化。结果：各种灸刺激对健康家兔血中５－羟色胺、组织胺含量无明显影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），而对＂脾阳虚＂大鼠血中５－羟色胺、组织胺含量有明显调节作用，其调节功能的强弱又与灸质、灸量有关。提示：灸效的产生除腧穴特性外，与机体功能状态、灸质、灸量等密切相关。

低氮低热量肠外营养与传统氮热量肠外营养对术后患者血糖、感染相关并发症、住院时间、费用等影响的比较(100例随机、对照、多中心临床研究)

目的评价经外周静脉给予低氮低热量肠外营养与传统的氮热量肠外营养支持对手术后患者血糖、感染相关并发症、费用等影响。方法采用前瞻、随机、对照、多中心临床研究。符合入选标准的消化道术后患者100例,随机分为对照组(n=50)和研究组(n=50),对照组按常规氮/热量摄入,研究组采用低氮(0.1g·kg-1·d-1)、低热量18～20kcal·kg-1·d-1摄入。术后连续5d经外周静脉提供肠外营养支持。比较两组血糖、肝肾功能指标、与感染有关并发症、住院时间、费用等差异。结果对照组术后1、3、6d血糖水平均高于研究组(P=0.02);术后住院日也较研究组为长(P=0.006);静脉炎发生率、营养药相关费用、营养液配制费用、营养液配制时间等均显著高于研究组(P=0.0001)。两组患者的BMI及肝肾功能的变化,差异均无显著性。结论术后5d经外周静脉应用低氮低热量营养支持,比传统的氮热量肠外营养支持的血糖水平低;与营养有关药物的费用、术后住院日、静脉炎发生率、营养液配制时间均明显降低。