Spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and bioactive components of Radix Hedysari on increasing the peak bone mass of rat

The traditional Chinese medicine of Radix Hedysari plays an important role in invigorating gas for ascending, benefiting blood for promoting production of fluid, and promoting circulation for removing obstruction in collaterals, which is consistent with the principle of treatment for osteoporosis. This study is designed to investigate the bioactive components on increasing peak bone mass (PBM) by exploring the spectrum-effect relationship between chromatography fingerprints and effect. Multiple indicators are selected to evaluate the pharmacological activity. In fingerprints, 21 common peaks are obtained, five of which are identified. Furthermore, gray relational analysis (GRA) is a quantitative method of gray system theory and is used to describe the correlation degree of common peaks and pharmacological activities with relational value. 21 components are then divided into three different regions, of which ononin and calycosin play an extremely significant role in increasing PBM. In addition, factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) are used to screen the optimal producing area for Radix Hedysari. This provides a comprehensive and efficient method to improve the quality evaluation of Radix Hedysari, confirming the bioactive components for PBM-enhancement and further develop its medicinal value.

Reciprocity Relation between the Mass Constituents of the Universe and Hardy’s Quantum Entanglement Probability

In this short contribution, a reciprocity relation between mass constituents of the universe was explained governed by Hardy’s maximum entanglement probability of φ5 = 0.09017. While well explainable through a set-theoretical argumentation, the relation may also be a consequence of a coupling factor attributed to the normed dimensions of the universe. Also, very simple expressions for the mass amounts were obtained, when replacing the Golden Mean φ by the Archimedes’ constant π. A brief statement was devoted to the similarity between the E-Infinity Theory of El Naschie and the Information Relativity Theory of Suleiman. In addition, superconductivity was also linked with Hardy’s entanglement probability.

Priority Directions of National Policy of Regulation of Mutual Relations Between Youth and Mass Media： The Theoretical and Empirical Researches

The study was concerned with the problem of the Russian youth, with a special emphasis on the history of the theoretical and empirical researches devoted to the youth issues. The research delineates the term thesaurus and its connection with the formation of youth＇s outlook. The central focus of the research is social and cultural value orientations of the young Russian. The study presents a detailed analysis of impact that mass media plays in socialization of youth, its generations, its influence on public opinion formation and priority directions of national policy of regulation of mutual relations between youth and mass media. It attempts to examine the presence of mass media in youth＇s everyday life. The research provides a detailed analysis of contemporary state of the youth＇s trust to the mass media and degree of dependence on it. The study also presents a detailed analysis of the traces of mass media＇s influence on young Russians. The completed research is fundamental for the sociological and the philosophical generalisations that underline comparative research on the youth problems in Russia, its social and cultural value orientations and the influence on public opinion formation and priority directions of national policy of regulation of mutual relations between youth and mass media.

Investigation of the relation between space-weather parameters and Forbush decreases automatically selected from Moscow and Apatity cosmic ray stations during solar cycle 23

We present the results of an investigation of the relation between space-weather parameters and cosmic ray(CR)intensity modulation using algorithm-selected Forbush decreases(FDs)from Moscow(MOSC)and Apatity(APTY)neutron monitor(NM)stations during solar cycle 23.Our FD location program detected 408 and 383 FDs from MOSC and APTY NM stations respectively.A coincident computer code employed in this work detected 229 FDs that were observed at the same Universal Time(UT)at the two stations.Out of the 229 simultaneous FDs,we formed a subset of 139 large FDs(%)≤-4 at the MOSC station.We performed a two-dimensional regression analysis between the FD magnitudes and the space-weather data on the two samples.We find that there were significant space-weather disturbances at the time of the CR flux depressions.The correlation between the space-weather parameters and decreases in galactic cosmic ray(GCR)intensity at the two NM stations is statistically significant.The implications of the present space-weather data on CR intensity depressions are highlighted.

Observed features of stable surface seawater isotopes across the Pacific, Indian and Southern oceans

The marine hydrological process is still unclear due to scarce observations.Based on stable water isotopes in surface seawater along the 33rd Chinese National Antarctic Science Expedition from November 2016 to April 2017,this study explored the hydrological processes in the Pacific,Indian and Southern oceans.The results show that the Northwest Pacific(0°–26°N)is a region with strong evaporation(theδ18O-δD slope is 6.58),while the southern Indian Ocean is a region with strong precipitation(theδ18O-δD slope is 9.57).The influence of continental runoff and water mass mixing reduces the correlation betweenδ18O and salinity in the eastern Indian Ocean.The characteristics of the isotopes and hydrological parameters indicate that the Agulhas Front and sub-Tropical Convergence do not merge in the Antarctic–Indian Ocean region.The freezing of sea ice near the Antarctic continent decreases theδ18O andδD by 0.40‰and 7.0‰,respectively,compared with those near 67°S.This study is helpful for understanding marine hydrological processes and promoting the understanding and research of the nature of ocean responses in the context of climate change.

Solution of the Nucleon Structure Problem from a Field Theory of Fermions and Bosons and the Origin of the Proton Stability

A bound state formalism derived from a fermion-boson symmetric Lagrangian has been used to calculate the nucleon masses, the charge neutrality of the neutron, the magnetic moments and the electromagnetic form factor ratios μpGEp/GMpand μnGEn/GMn. A quantitative description is obtained, assuming a mixing of a scalar bound state of 3(f f¯)fstructure with its corresponding vector (f f¯)fstate (f indicating massless elementary fermions). Only a few parameters are needed, mainly fixed by energy and momentum conservation. The nucleon stability is explained by an extra binding in the confinement potential, negative for electric and positive for magnetic binding of the proton, and opposite for the neutron. The stronger electric extra binding of the proton allows a decay of the neutron to proton and electron.

THE CONSTITUTIVE RELATION OF CRACK-WEAKENED ROCK MASSES UNDER AXIAL-DIMENSIONAL UNLOADING

An accurate and efficient numerical method for solving the crack-crack interaction problem is presented. The method is mainly by means of the dislocation model, stress superposition principle and Chebyshev polynomial expansion of the pseudo-traction. This method can be applied to compute the stress intensity factors of multiple kinked cracks and multiple rows of periodic cracks as well as the overall strains of rock masses containing multiple kinked cracks under complex loads. Many complex computational examples are given. The dependence of the crack-crack interaction on the crack configuration, the geometrical and physical parameters, and loads pattern, is investigated. By comparison with numerical results under confining pressure unloading, it is shown that the crack-crack interaction under axial-dimensional unloading is weaker than those under confining pressure unloading. Numerical results for single faults and crossed faults show that the single faults are more unstable than the crossed faults. It is found from numerical results for different crack lengths and different crack spacing that the interaction among kinked cracks decreases with an increase in length of the kinked cracks and the crack spacing under axial-dimensional unloading.

The energetic relationship among geoeffective solar flares, associated CMEs and SEPs

Major solar eruptions （flares, coronal mass ejections （CMEs） and solar energetic particles （SEPs）） strongly influence geospace and space weather. Currently, the mechanism of their influence on space weather is not well understood and requires a detailed study of the energetic relationship among these eruptive phenomena. From this perspective, we investigate 30 flares （observed by RHESSI）, followed by weak to strong geomagnetic storms. Spectral analysis of these flares suggests a new power-law relationship （r - 0.79） between the hard X-ray （HXR） spectral index （before flarepeak） and linear speed of the associated CME observed by LASCO/SOHO. For 12 flares which were followed by SEP enhancement near Earth, HXR and SEP spectral analysis reveals a new scaling law （r - 0.9） between the hardest X-ray flare spectrum and the hardest SEP spectrum. Furthermore, a strong correlation is obtained between the linear speed of the CME and the hardest spectrum of the corresponding SEP event （r - 0.96）. We propose that the potentially geoeffective flare and associated CME and SEP are well-connected through a possible feedback mechanism, and should be regarded within the framework of a solar eruption. Owing to their space weather effects, these new results will help improve our current understanding of the Sun-Earth relationship, which is a major goal of research programs in heliophysics.

The Reasons Suggesting a Close Link between Thermodynamics and Relativity

Since the advent of relativity, it is widely accepted that the law of conservation of energy must include the energy created by disintegration of matter, or converted into matter. The aim of the present paper deals with the insertion of this concept into the basic equations of thermodynamics.

An Extended Interpretation of the Concept of Entropy Opening a Link between Thermodynamics and Relativity

It is well known that thermodynamics raises conceptual difficulties. Far to be limited to students having to learn the subject, this impression is sometimes mentioned by specialists themselves who confess not being totally sure of the consistency of the thermodynamic theory, despite the fact that its practical usefulness is indisputable. The present paper deals with this interesting question and leads to the idea that there is an imperfect convergence between the way of using the thermodynamic tool and the way of understanding its significance. Illustrated by a very simple example, the discussion can be followed by every scientist having the fundamental basis in thermodynamics. The suggested hypothesis is that the Einstein mass-energy relation is closely associated to the concept of entropy, opening a link between thermodynamics and relativity.

Application of Argo Data in the Analysis of Water Masses in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

The temperature and salinity distributions, and the water mass structures in Northwest Pacific Ocean are studied using the temperature and salinity data obtained by Argo profiling floats. The T-S relation in this region indicates there exist 8 water masses, they are the North Pacific Tropical Surface Water （NPTSW）, North P, acific Subsurface Water （NPSSW）, North Pacific Intermediate Water （NPIW）, North Pacific Subtropical Water （NPSTW）, North Pacific Deep Water （NPDW） and Equatorial Surface Water （ESW）, and the South Pacific Subsurface Water （SPSSW） and South Pacific Intermediate Water （SPIW）.

Lie symmetry and the generalized Hojman conserved quantity of Nielsen equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion

Lie symmetry and the generalized Hojman conserved quantity of Nielsen equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion are studied. The determining equation of Lie symmetry of Nielsen equations for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion under the infinitesimal transformations of groups is given. The expression of generalized Hojman conserved quantity deduced directly from Lie symmetry for a variable mass holonomic system of relative motion is obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Effect of the modification of alumina supports with chloride on the structure and catalytic performance of Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x)with propene and H_(2)/propene

The effect of the modification of an alumina support with chloride on the structure and the catalytic performance of Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts(SA)was investigated for the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO using C_(3)H_(6)or H_(2)/C_(3)H_(6)as reductants.The Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalyst and Cl^(–)-modified Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts(SA-Cl)were prepared by a conventional impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm analysis,electron probe microanalysis,transmission electron microscopy,UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction.The catalytic activities in the C3H6-SCR and H_(2)/C3H6-SCR reactions were evaluated,and the reaction mechanism was studied using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectroscopy(SVUV-PIMS).We found that Cl^(-)modification of the alumina-supported Ag/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts facilitated the formation of oxidized silver species(Ag_(n)^(ᵟ+))that catalyze the moderate-temperature oxidation of hydrocarbons into partial oxidation products(mainly acetate species)capable of participating in the SCR reaction.The low-temperature promoting effect of H_(2)on the C3H6-SCR("hydrogen effect")was found to originate from the enhanced decomposition of strongly adsorbed nitrates on the catalyst surface and the conversion of these adsorbed species to–NCO and–CN species.This"H_(2)effect"occurs in the presence of Ag_(n)^(ᵟ+)species rather than the metallic Ag^(0)species.A gaseous intermediate,acrylonitrile(CH_(2)CHCN),was also identified in the H_(2)/C3H6-SCR reaction using SVUV-PIMS.These findings provide novel insights in the structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanisms of the SA-catalyzed HC-SCR reaction of NO.

A study on the dynamic spectral indices for SEP events on 2000 July 14 and 2005 January 20

We have studied the dynamic proton spectra for the two solar energetic particle(SEP)events on2000 July 14(hereafter GLE59)and 2005 January 20(hereafter GLE69).The source locations of GLE59 and GLE69 are N22 W07 and N12 W58 respectively.Proton fluxes>30 Me V have been used to compute the dynamic spectral indices of the two SEP events.Our results show that spectral indices of the two SEP events increased more swiftly at early times,suggesting that the proton fluxes>30 Me V might be accelerated particularly by the concurrent flares at early times for the two SEP events.For the GLE69 with source location at N12 W58,both flare site and shock nose are well connected with the Earth at the earliest time.However,only the particles accelerated by the shock driven by eastern flank of the CME can propagate along the interplanetary magnetic field line to the Earth after the flare.For the GLE59 with source location at N22 W07,only the particles accelerated by the shock driven by western flank of the associated CME can reach the Earth after the flare.Our results also show that there was slightly more than one hour during which the proton spectra for GLE69 are softer than that for GLE59 after the flares,suggesting that the shock driven by eastern flank of the CME associated with GLE69 is weaker than the shock driven by the western flank of the CME associated with GLE59.The results support that quasi-perpendicular shock has stronger potential in accelerating particles than the quasi-parallel shock.These results also suggest that only a small part of the shock driven by western flank of the CME associated with the GLE59 is quasi-perpendicular.

Strength and deformation characteristics of irregular columnar jointed rock mass: A combined experimental and theoretical study

The irregularity of jointed network poses a challenge to the determination of field mechanical param-eters of columnar jointed rock mass(CJRM),and a reasonable prediction of deformation and strength characteristics of CJRM is important for engineering construction.The Voronoi diagram and three-dimensional printing technology were used to make an irregular columnar jointed mold,and the irregular CJRM(ICJRM)specimens with different dip directions and dip angles were prepared.Uniaxial compression tests were performed,and the anisotropic strength and deformation characteristics of ICJRM were described.The failure modes and mechanisms were revealed in accordance with the final appearances of the ICJRM specimens.Based on the model test results,the empirical correlations for determining the field deformation and strength parameters of CJRM were derived using the dip angle and modified joint factor.The proposed empirical equations were used in the Baihetan Project,and the calculated mechanical parameters were compared with the field test results and those obtained from the tunneling quality index method.Results showed that the deformation parameters determined by the two proposed methods are all consistent with the field test results,and these two methods can also estimate the strength parameters effectively.

Proteomics: A Successful Approach to Understand the Molecular Mechanism of Plant-Pathogen Interaction

In recent years, proteomics has played a key role in identifying changes in protein levels in plant hosts upon infection by pathogenic organisms and in characterizing cellular and extracellular virulence and pathogenicity factors produced by pathogens. Proteomics offers a constantly evolving set of novel techniques to study all aspects of protein structure and function. Proteomics aims to find out the identity and amount of each and every protein present in a cell and actual function mediating specific cellular processes. Structural proteomics elucidates the development and application of experimental approaches to define the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, while functional proteomics refers to the development and application of global (proteome wide or system-wide) experimental approaches to assess protein function. A detail understanding of plant defense response using successful combination of proteomic techniques and other high throughput techniques of cell biology, biochemistry as well as genomics is needed for practical application to secure and stabilize yield of many crop plants. This review starts with a brief introduction to gel- and non gel-based proteomic techniques followed by the basics of plant-pathogen interaction, the use of proteomics in recent pasts to decipher the mysteries of plant-pathogen interaction, and ends with the future prospects of this technology.

The Distribution of Relative Light Intensity in a Peach Tree Canopy Affects Fruit Yield and Texture

Light is crucial to the uniform production of high-quality fruit since it is the driving force for leaf photosynthesis and hence overall plant nutrition.The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the distribution of relative light intensity in the peach tree(Prunus persica)canopy and the yield and texture of peach fruits.The canopy of 7-year-old‘Qiuyan’was divided into cubical volumes and the relative light intensity distribution was measured for each cube,along with yield distribution and fruit textural properties at different growing times.The relative light intensity decreased gradually from outside to inside the canopy and from top to bottom.The yield distribution and the relative light intensity were clearly correlated.The percentage of the canopy receiving<30%relative light intensity was 49.07%in May,56.02%in June,and 58.95%in July,whereas the percentage receiving>80%relative light intensity was 32.72%,17.28%,and 10.96%,respectively.Consistent with this,peaches were found in the upper and middle portions of the canopy,within 1.5-3.0 m of the top.The regression equation showed that fruit texture index correlated significantly with relative light intensity.Relative light intensity is the main factor affecting peach yield and texture and must be above 41.83%for good peach quality.Orchardists should carefully plan summer pruning strategies to adjust the number and spatial distribution of branches accordingly.

Testing the effect of solar wind parameters and geomagnetic storm indices on Galactic cosmic ray flux variation with automatically-selected Forbush decreases

Forbush decrease(FD),discovered by Scott E.Forbush about 80 years ago,is referred to as the non-repetitive short-term depression in Galactic cosmic ray(GCR)flux,presumed to be associated with large-scale perturbations in solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field(IMF).It is the most spectacular variability in the GCR intensity which appears to be the compass for investigators seeking solar-terrestrial relationships.The method of selection and validation of FD events is very important to cosmic ray(CR)scientists.We have deployed new computer software to determine the amplitude and timing of FDs from daily-averaged CR data at Oulu Neutron Monitor station.The code selected 230 FDs between 1998 and 2002.In an attempt to validate the new FD automated catalog,the relationship between the amplitude of FDs,and IMF,solar wind speed(SWS)and geomagnetic storm indices(Dst,kp,ap)is tested here.A two-dimensional regression analysis indicates significant linear relationship between large FDs(CR(%)≤-3)and solar wind data and geomagnetic storm indices in the present sample.The implications of the relationship among these parameters are discussed.

A Revised Interpretation of the Thermodynamic Theory Including the Einstein Mass-Energy Relation <i>E</i>= <i>mc</i>²

Thermodynamics being among the most synthetic theories of physics and the mass-energy relation E = mc2 among the most general equations of science, it is somewhat surprising that this latter is not explicitly present in the laws of thermodynamics. Coupling this observation with the conceptual difficulties often felt in learning thermodynamics leads to the idea that both situations may have the same cause. On the basis of these clues, this paper is intended to provide complementary arguments to a hypothesis already presented. It consists of showing the existence of an imperfect compatibility between the conventional formulations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and suggesting the need of the mass-energy relation to solving the problem.

Entanglement of the Common Eigenvector of Two Particles‘ Center—of—Mass Coordinate and Mass—Weighted Relative Momentum

We reveal that the common eigenvector of two particles' center-of-mass coordinate and mass-weightedrelative momentum is an entangled state. Its Schmidt decomposition exhibits that the entanglement involves squeezingwhich depends on the ratio of two particles' masses. The corresponding entangling operators are derived.