Objective: This study investigated the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS) in adults with unilateral hypertonia following acquired brain injury. The ASAS has been sh...Objective: This study investigated the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS) in adults with unilateral hypertonia following acquired brain injury. The ASAS has been shown to be superior to other clinical tools for the assessment of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy but reliability has not been previously examined in adults. Method: Four muscle groups were rated on one occasion by four assessors using the ASAS in sixteen adults with unilateral hypertonia following acquired brain injury. Twelve participants returned one week later for reassessment by the same assessors. Results: Overall inter-rater reliability of the ASAS using a quadratic weighted Kappa was moderate (Kqw 0.58) with ranges from moderate to good (Kqw 0.42 - 0.70). Agreement between raters was greatest for soleus muscle and least for wrist flexors. Overall intra-rater reliability of each of the four raters was moderate to good (Kqw 0.48 - 0.79). Agreement within raters was greatest for soleus muscle and least for biceps muscle. Conclusions: The ASAS may represent an appropriate alternative to the clinical scales currently used to assess spasticity;however inter and intra-rater reliability data from this investigation are lower than those which have previously been reported by experienced users of the ASAS in children with cerebral palsy. Further investigation with a larger sample size is warranted before any firm conclusions may be drawn about the reliability and validity of this tool to assess spasticity in adults with acquired brain injury.展开更多
The Zhuanglang river and Baiyin Baiyangshu river faults are late Quaternary faults near Lanzhou city, which pose a threat to the safety of the city. However, the cause of medium- strong earthquakes along the fault is ...The Zhuanglang river and Baiyin Baiyangshu river faults are late Quaternary faults near Lanzhou city, which pose a threat to the safety of the city. However, the cause of medium- strong earthquakes along the fault is rather complicated and even uncertain. It is important for us how to assess the magnitudes of maximum potential earthquakes and the seismic risk of the faults. The authors make reference to the method that Wen Xueze, et ai. （2007） developed to assess the magnitudes of maximum potential earthquakes in sub-areas of moderately and weakly active faults in the eastern Chinese Mainland, and brought forward an empirical relationship between the maximum magnitudes Mmax and the at/b values of the sub-areas＇ frequency- magnitude relationships in the Lanzhou area. By using this empirical relationship, the authors have estimated the upper-limits Mu of the Zhuanglang river and Baiyin Baiyangshu river active faults near Lanzhou city as Ms6.9 and 6.3, respectively. In addition, they have assessed the average interval recurrence time and the probabilities of destructive earthquakes on the faults.展开更多
Relationship science has proliferated in the last few years.However,most of these studies have remained focused on western culture.An important reason for the lack of relationship studies in the non-western,particular...Relationship science has proliferated in the last few years.However,most of these studies have remained focused on western culture.An important reason for the lack of relationship studies in the non-western,particularly Indian context,is the lack of culturally validated scales.The present study was aimed at assessing the psychometric properties of the relationship structure(ECR-RS)scale.ECR-RS is a nine-item questionnaire used to measure attachment patterns for different relationships.It has been translated and modified in multiple languages.The study(N=223,undergraduate students,32.7%females)evaluated the Hindi version of ECR-RS scale’s psychometric properties for mother,father,close friend,and global attachment.The confirmatory factor analysis supports the presence of the two-factor model as originally theorized in ECR-RS.The findings support the reliability and validity of Hindi ECR-RS.The study contributes methodologically by providing an instrument of attachment styles,which could be a valuable resource for practitioners and researchers in the Indian context.展开更多
锂离子电池储能电站火灾事故频繁发生且损失严重,对锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险开展研究可有效预防火灾的发生。首先根据物理-事理-人理(WSR)理论,构建锂电池特性、消防设施、安全管理和人员因素4个一级指标、12个二级指标和32个三级指...锂离子电池储能电站火灾事故频繁发生且损失严重,对锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险开展研究可有效预防火灾的发生。首先根据物理-事理-人理(WSR)理论,构建锂电池特性、消防设施、安全管理和人员因素4个一级指标、12个二级指标和32个三级指标的锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价指标体系;然后运用序关系分析(G1)法确定各评价指标的主观权重,采用CRITIC法(Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation,CRITIC)确定客观权重,基于拉格朗日乘法优化后的最小信息熵原理确定组合权重,并结合云模型理论建立锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价模型。以某磷酸铁锂储能电站为例开展火灾风险等级评价,结果表明:储能电站火灾风险综合云特征值为(71.3104,1.2142,0.2568),火灾风险等级处于“中风险”,在运行环境和防火设计等方面存在较严重的问题并亟需改进。评价结果与实际火灾风险等级相符,实例证明锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价模型能够较准确地反映储能电站火灾风险情况,为锂离子电池储能电站火灾预防与风险管控提供参考。展开更多
文摘Objective: This study investigated the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale (ASAS) in adults with unilateral hypertonia following acquired brain injury. The ASAS has been shown to be superior to other clinical tools for the assessment of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy but reliability has not been previously examined in adults. Method: Four muscle groups were rated on one occasion by four assessors using the ASAS in sixteen adults with unilateral hypertonia following acquired brain injury. Twelve participants returned one week later for reassessment by the same assessors. Results: Overall inter-rater reliability of the ASAS using a quadratic weighted Kappa was moderate (Kqw 0.58) with ranges from moderate to good (Kqw 0.42 - 0.70). Agreement between raters was greatest for soleus muscle and least for wrist flexors. Overall intra-rater reliability of each of the four raters was moderate to good (Kqw 0.48 - 0.79). Agreement within raters was greatest for soleus muscle and least for biceps muscle. Conclusions: The ASAS may represent an appropriate alternative to the clinical scales currently used to assess spasticity;however inter and intra-rater reliability data from this investigation are lower than those which have previously been reported by experienced users of the ASAS in children with cerebral palsy. Further investigation with a larger sample size is warranted before any firm conclusions may be drawn about the reliability and validity of this tool to assess spasticity in adults with acquired brain injury.
基金funded by the sub-project of National Science and Technology Support Program(2006BAC13B01-0102)the State Key Project of National 10th Five-year Programentitled"Active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment of Lanzhou city"(Grant No.1-4-28)Contribution No.LZ2008020 for Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,CEA
文摘The Zhuanglang river and Baiyin Baiyangshu river faults are late Quaternary faults near Lanzhou city, which pose a threat to the safety of the city. However, the cause of medium- strong earthquakes along the fault is rather complicated and even uncertain. It is important for us how to assess the magnitudes of maximum potential earthquakes and the seismic risk of the faults. The authors make reference to the method that Wen Xueze, et ai. （2007） developed to assess the magnitudes of maximum potential earthquakes in sub-areas of moderately and weakly active faults in the eastern Chinese Mainland, and brought forward an empirical relationship between the maximum magnitudes Mmax and the at/b values of the sub-areas＇ frequency- magnitude relationships in the Lanzhou area. By using this empirical relationship, the authors have estimated the upper-limits Mu of the Zhuanglang river and Baiyin Baiyangshu river active faults near Lanzhou city as Ms6.9 and 6.3, respectively. In addition, they have assessed the average interval recurrence time and the probabilities of destructive earthquakes on the faults.
文摘Relationship science has proliferated in the last few years.However,most of these studies have remained focused on western culture.An important reason for the lack of relationship studies in the non-western,particularly Indian context,is the lack of culturally validated scales.The present study was aimed at assessing the psychometric properties of the relationship structure(ECR-RS)scale.ECR-RS is a nine-item questionnaire used to measure attachment patterns for different relationships.It has been translated and modified in multiple languages.The study(N=223,undergraduate students,32.7%females)evaluated the Hindi version of ECR-RS scale’s psychometric properties for mother,father,close friend,and global attachment.The confirmatory factor analysis supports the presence of the two-factor model as originally theorized in ECR-RS.The findings support the reliability and validity of Hindi ECR-RS.The study contributes methodologically by providing an instrument of attachment styles,which could be a valuable resource for practitioners and researchers in the Indian context.
文摘锂离子电池储能电站火灾事故频繁发生且损失严重,对锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险开展研究可有效预防火灾的发生。首先根据物理-事理-人理(WSR)理论,构建锂电池特性、消防设施、安全管理和人员因素4个一级指标、12个二级指标和32个三级指标的锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价指标体系;然后运用序关系分析(G1)法确定各评价指标的主观权重,采用CRITIC法(Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation,CRITIC)确定客观权重,基于拉格朗日乘法优化后的最小信息熵原理确定组合权重,并结合云模型理论建立锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价模型。以某磷酸铁锂储能电站为例开展火灾风险等级评价,结果表明:储能电站火灾风险综合云特征值为(71.3104,1.2142,0.2568),火灾风险等级处于“中风险”,在运行环境和防火设计等方面存在较严重的问题并亟需改进。评价结果与实际火灾风险等级相符,实例证明锂离子电池储能电站火灾风险评价模型能够较准确地反映储能电站火灾风险情况,为锂离子电池储能电站火灾预防与风险管控提供参考。
