Ontology of Relativistic Mass

The term “relativistic mass” defined by equation m=γm0 with γ=(1-v2/c2)-1/2 has a somewhat controversial history, based on special relativity theory, mathematics, logic, intuition, experiment, and ontology. Key is the ontological framework, specifically whether the framework does or does not include gravity. This paper examines both cases, with detailed analysis of gravitomagnetism and of relativistic mass in collisions.

Nuclear Fusion Research and Development Need New Relativistic Mass and Energy Corrections Given by the Information Relativity Theory

Hundred years after the conjecture of the British astronomer Eddington that the sun is powered by nuclear fusion of hydrogen, new physics theory may help make energy harvesting by nuclear fusion soon a reality. Researchers as well as investors funding fusion megaprojects are asked to deal with new relativistic corrections for mass and energy proposed by Suleiman in his Information Relativity Theory (IRT). These corrections were calculated in this contribution. It will help to decide whether a venture will be successful and to save big investments when in doubt. The assumed optimal kinetic energy for controlled nuclear fusion must be corrected to a somewhat higher level. At very high kinetic energy in the upper GeV range, it remains not enough baryonic mass to be transformed in energy. The fusion probability faded out to zero already at the golden limit of the recession speed of between target nucleon and projectile nucleon. Cold nuclear fusion, if ever possible, is recommended for protons rather than deuterons at highest experimental possible temperatures around 1000 (K) and needs fine-tuned kinetic nucleon energy. It would be also of interest whether a golden ratio based nuclear fuel confinement chamber could be beneficial. In this connection, also cold nuclear fusion setups should be discussed. Nature is governed by the golden ratio and criticality of physical systems influenced by it, and nuclear physics is not an exception. Computer simulations of the underlying controlled nuclear fusion processes should gain profit from IRT corrected starting information and may tackle anew possible low energy nuclear transmutations considering the wave-like dark components of matter and energy.

A New Perspective on Time and Gravity

This paper presents a hypothesis regarding the existence of time fused in spacetime, assuming that time possesses the properties of both a particle and a field. This duality is referred to as the field-particle of time (FPT). The analysis shows that when the FPT moves through matter, it causes time dilation. The FPT is also a significant element that appears in relativistic kinetic energy (KE = (γ - 1) · mc2). Accelerating matter to near the speed of light requires relativistic energy approaching infinity, which corresponds to the relativistic kinetic energy. Meanwhile, the potential energy (PE = mc2) from the rest mass remains constant. Then, the mass-energy equation can be rearranged in terms of PE and KE, as shown in E = (1 + (γ - 1)) · mc2. The relativistic energy of the FPT also directly affects the gravitational attraction of matter. It transfers energy to each other through spacetime. The analysis demonstrates that the gravitational force is inversely proportional to the distance squared, following Newton’s law of gravity, and it varies with the relative velocity of matter. The relationship equation between relative time and the gravitational constant indicates that a higher intensity of the gravitational field leads to a slower reference time for matter, in accordance with the general theory of relativity. A thought experiment presents a comparison of two atomic clocks placed in different locations. The first one is placed in a room temperature, around 25°C, on the surface of the Earth, and the second one is placed in high-density areas. The analysis, considering the presence of the FPT, shows that the reference time slows down in high-density areas. Therefore, the second clock must be noticeably slower than the first one, indicating the existence of the FPT passing through both atomic clocks at different speeds.

The Ontology of Velocity

Special relativity formulates a world partitioned into frames in relative motion;absolute motion is prohibited by axiom: no preferred frame, with consequences for the ontology of velocity. The best guide to physical reality is experiment, so ontology of velocity is investigated in the context of primordial field theory in terms of three experiments: Michelson-Morley, Michelson-Gale and Hafele-Keating experiments.

Comparative Ontology of Theories of Space and Time

With a few exceptions, physics theories are based in a conception of time and space;our two major theories, general relativity, and quantum field theory, differ in their conceptions. Key issues herein include mathematics, logic, intuition, experiment, and ontology, with emphasis on simultaneity and dimensionality of the world. The treatment is through ontological comparison of two theories, space-time theory (special relativity) and energy-time theory (local absolute space and universal time). These two theories share many of the same equations but have different ontology.