Low Carbon Economic Dispatch of Integrated Energy System Considering Power Supply Reliability and Integrated Demand Response

Integrated energy system optimization scheduling can improve energy efficiency and low carbon economy.This paper studies an electric-gas-heat integrated energy system,including the carbon capture system,energy coupling equipment,and renewable energy.An energy scheduling strategy based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed to minimize operation cost,carbon emission and enhance the power supply reliability.Firstly,the lowcarbon mathematical model of combined thermal and power unit,carbon capture system and power to gas unit(CCP)is established.Subsequently,we establish a low carbon multi-objective optimization model considering system operation cost,carbon emissions cost,integrated demand response,wind and photovoltaic curtailment,and load shedding costs.Furthermore,considering the intermittency of wind power generation and the flexibility of load demand,the low carbon economic dispatch problem is modeled as a Markov decision process.The twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient(TD3)algorithm is used to solve the complex scheduling problem.The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the simulation case studies.Compared with TD3,SAC,A3C,DDPG and DQN algorithms,the operating cost is reduced by 8.6%,4.3%,6.1%and 8.0%.

Comparative Study on Telecommunications Base Stations＇ Power Supply Systems on Remote Sites in the Northern Part of Cameroon

The TBS （telecommunications base stations） on remote sites in the northern part of Cameroon are mainly supplied by a system of two generating units. Only a few TBS located in the Waza and Benue National Parks are powered by a PV （photovoltaic） solar system to avoid any disturbance to wildlife. It is against this background that we decided to do a comparative study on these two systems. This study focuses on the reliability of electrical quantities, the environmental impact and the installation and operating costs of these two major systems namely the GU （generating unit） system comprising two generating units and the PV system. In conducting this study, we took a sample of TBS including those located in the Badjouma and Waza localities. After collecting data from mobile telephony operators, measurements of electrical quantities on the sites for twelve consecutive months and updating costs, their operation reveal indicators that are surprising, to say the least. Concerning the reliability index, the PV system is estimated at 99.9% as against 97.8% for the GU system. As for environmental impact, the mass of CO2 released by the GU system reached 1,707.5 tons in 25 years for a single TBS while the PV system produced no emissions. In addition to its contribution to climate change, the GU system pollutes its immediate environment through the spillage of waste and production of deafening noise. On the other hand, economic analysis shows mixed results. The GU system has a lower installation cost of $6,640 as against $174,550 for the PV system, whose investment cost is its main handicap. Regarding operating costs, the GU system peaks at $923,940 in 25 years while the PV system requires only $487,550 for the same duration.

An Optimal Expansion Planning of Electric Distribution Network Incorporating Health Index and Non-network Solutions

The health status of distribution equipment and networks is not considered directly in existing distribution network planning methods.In order to effectively consider the health status and deal with the risk associated with load and renewable generation uncertainties,this paper presents a new optimal expansion planning approach for distribution network(EPADN)incorporating equipment’s health index(HI)and non-network solutions(NNSs).HI and relevant risk are used to help develop the optimal equipment replacement strategy and temporary NNSs are considered as promising options for handling the uncertainties of load growth,reliability requirements of power supply and output of distributed energy resources(DERs)at a lower cost than network alternatives.An EPADN model using network solutions(NSs)and NNSs is proposed.The planning objectives of the proposed model are safety,reliability,economy,and‘greenness’that are also the meaning of distribution network HI.A method integrating an improved niche genetic algorithm(INGA)and a spanning tree algorithm(STA)is fitted to solve the model presented here for real sized networks with a manageable computational cost.Simulation results of an actual 22-node distribution network in China,illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Analysis of the Quantity and Causes of Outages in LV/MV Electric Grids

The paper considers the quantity and causes of outages in electric grids of low and medium voltages using the example of an electric grid of a regional power supply company.The main types of damage to the equipment of power lines and transformer substations were identified.Data on other areas of rural and urban electric grids are also analyzed.The main directions for reducing the quantity of outages in electric grids are proposed based on this analysis.Among them,there are the use of isolated wires in power transmission lines,the improvement of design of switching devices,switches and terminals of transformers,the application of technical condition diagnostics,the disaggregating of power lines and the increase of protection sensitivity of power lines.Most of the causes of equipment damage can be prevented by increasing the maintenance level of this equipment.