Remaining Useful Life Prediction Method for Multi-Component System Considering Maintenance:Subsea Christmas Tree System as A Case Study

Maintenance is an important technical measure to maintain and restore the performance status of equipment and ensure the safety of the production process in industrial production,and is an indispensable part of prediction and health management.However,most of the existing remaining useful life(RUL)prediction methods assume that there is no maintenance or only perfect maintenance during the whole life cycle;thus,the predicted RUL value of the system is obviously lower than its actual operating value.The complex environment of the system further increases the difficulty of maintenance,and its maintenance nodes and maintenance degree are limited by the construction period and working conditions,which increases the difficulty of RUL prediction.An RUL prediction method for a multi-omponent system based on the Wiener process considering maintenance is proposed.The performance degradation model of components is established by a dynamic Bayesian network as the initial model,which solves the uncertainty of insufficient data problems.Based on the experience of experts,the degree of degradation is divided according to Poisson process simulation random failure,and different maintenance strategies are used to estimate a variety of condition maintenance factors.An example of a subsea tree system is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Electrothermal Model Based Remaining Charging Time Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries against Wide Temperature Range

Battery remaining charging time(RCT)prediction can facilitate charging management and alleviate mileage anxiety for electric vehicles(EVs).Also,it is of great significance to improve EV users’experience.However,the RCT for a lithiumion battery pack in EVs changes with temperature and other battery parameters.This study proposes an electrothermal model-based method to accurately predict battery RCT.Firstly,a characteristic battery cell is adopted to represent the battery pack,thus an equivalent circuit model(ECM)of the characteristic battery cell is established to describe the electrical behaviors of a battery pack.Secondly,an equivalent thermal model(ETM)of the battery pack is developed by considering the influence of ambient temperature,thermal management,and battery connectors in the battery pack to calculate the temperature which is then fed back to the ECM to realize electrothermal coupling.Finally,the RCT prediction method is proposed based on the electrothermal model and validated in the wide temperature range from-20℃to 45℃.The experimental results show that the prediction error of the RCT in the whole temperature range is less than 1.5%.

Accurate and efficient remaining useful life prediction of batteries enabled by physics-informed machine learning

The safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion batteries necessitates the accurate prediction of remaining useful life(RUL).However,this task is challenging due to the diverse ageing mechanisms,various operating conditions,and limited measured signals.Although data-driven methods are perceived as a promising solution,they ignore intrinsic battery physics,leading to compromised accuracy,low efficiency,and low interpretability.In response,this study integrates domain knowledge into deep learning to enhance the RUL prediction performance.We demonstrate accurate RUL prediction using only a single charging curve.First,a generalisable physics-based model is developed to extract ageing-correlated parameters that can describe and explain battery degradation from battery charging data.The parameters inform a deep neural network(DNN)to predict RUL with high accuracy and efficiency.The trained model is validated under 3 types of batteries working under 7 conditions,considering fully charged and partially charged cases.Using data from one cycle only,the proposed method achieves a root mean squared error(RMSE)of 11.42 cycles and a mean absolute relative error(MARE)of 3.19%on average,which are over45%and 44%lower compared to the two state-of-the-art data-driven methods,respectively.Besides its accuracy,the proposed method also outperforms existing methods in terms of efficiency,input burden,and robustness.The inherent relationship between the model parameters and the battery degradation mechanism is further revealed,substantiating the intrinsic superiority of the proposed method.

A Hybrid Approach for Predicting the Remaining Useful Life of Bearings Based on the RReliefF Algorithm and Extreme Learning Machine

Accurately predicting the remaining useful life(RUL)of bearings in mining rotating equipment is vital for mining enterprises.This research aims to distinguish the features associated with the RUL of bearings and propose a prediction model based on these selected features.This study proposes a hybrid predictive model to assess the RUL of rolling element bearings.The proposed model begins with the pre-processing of bearing vibration signals to reconstruct sixty time-domain features.The hybrid model selects relevant features from the sixty time-domain features of the vibration signal by adopting the RReliefF feature selection algorithm.Subsequently,the extreme learning machine(ELM)approach is applied to develop a predictive model of RUL based on the optimal features.The model is trained by optimizing its parameters via the grid search approach.The training datasets are adjusted to make them most suitable for the regression model using the cross-validation method.The proposed hybrid model is analyzed and validated using the vibration data taken from the public XJTU-SY rolling element-bearing database.The comparison is constructed with other traditional models.The experimental test results demonstrated that the proposed approach can predict the RUL of bearings with a reliable degree of accuracy.

Remaining oil distribution characteristics in an oil reservoir with ultra-high water-cut

An accurate mapping and understanding of remaining oil distribution is very important for water control and stabilize oil production of mature oilfields in ultra-high water-cut stage.Currently,the Tuo-21 Fault Block of the Shengtuo Oilfield has entered the stage of ultra-high water cut(97.2%).Poor adaptability of the well pattern,ineffective water injection cycle and low efficiency of engineering measures(such as workover,re-perforation and utilization of high-capacity pumps)are the significant problems in the ultra-high water-cut reservoir.In order to accurately describe the oil and water flow characteristics,relative permeability curves at high water injection multiple(injected pore volume)and a semiquantitative method is applied to perform fine reservoir simulation of the Sand group 3e7 in the Block.An accurate reservoir model is built and history matching is performed.The distribution characteristics of remaining oil in lateral and vertical directions are quantitatively simulated and analyzed.The results show that the numerical simulation considering relative permeability at high injection multiple can reflect truly the remaining oil distribution characteristics after water flooding in an ultrahigh water-cut stage.The distribution of remaining oil saturation can be mapped more accurately and quantitatively by using the‘four-points and five-types’classification method,providing a basis for potential tapping of various remaining oil types of oil reservoirs in late-stage of development with high water-cut.

Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Rail Based on Improved Pulse Separable Convolution Enhanced Transformer Encoder

In order to prevent possible casualties and economic loss, it is critical to accurate prediction of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) in rail prognostics health management. However, the traditional neural networks is difficult to capture the long-term dependency relationship of the time series in the modeling of the long time series of rail damage, due to the coupling relationship of multi-channel data from multiple sensors. Here, in this paper, a novel RUL prediction model with an enhanced pulse separable convolution is used to solve this issue. Firstly, a coding module based on the improved pulse separable convolutional network is established to effectively model the relationship between the data. To enhance the network, an alternate gradient back propagation method is implemented. And an efficient channel attention (ECA) mechanism is developed for better emphasizing the useful pulse characteristics. Secondly, an optimized Transformer encoder was designed to serve as the backbone of the model. It has the ability to efficiently understand relationship between the data itself and each other at each time step of long time series with a full life cycle. More importantly, the Transformer encoder is improved by integrating pulse maximum pooling to retain more pulse timing characteristics. Finally, based on the characteristics of the front layer, the final predicted RUL value was provided and served as the end-to-end solution. The empirical findings validate the efficacy of the suggested approach in forecasting the rail RUL, surpassing various existing data-driven prognostication techniques. Meanwhile, the proposed method also shows good generalization performance on PHM2012 bearing data set.

A Dear Price to Regret Over:On Mr.Stevens’Dignity and Professionalism in The Remains of the Day

The Remains of the Day is one of Kazuo Ishiguro’s renowned novels.The protagonist Stevens is an English butler whose life is deeply entwined with the concepts of dignity and honor.Set against the backdrop of post-World War II Britain and reflecting on the interwar period,the novel examines Stevens’devotion to his role and the traditional values of English aristocracy.The essay discusses how Stevens’identity is shaped by his unwavering commitment to professionalism and his admiration for British gentleman culture and highlights the identity crisis Stevens faces as he realizes the flawed nature of his employer and the outdated ideals he upheld.Through Stevens’journey of self-reassessment and eventual epiphany,the essay delves into the complexities of his internal struggle to reconstruct his identity,ultimately advocating for a more authentic understanding of dignity and honor.

The development of machine learning-based remaining useful life prediction for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used energy storage devices,for which the accurate prediction of the remaining useful life(RUL)is crucial to their reliable operation and accident prevention.This work thoroughly investigates the developmental trend of RUL prediction with machine learning(ML)algorithms based on the objective screening and statistics of related papers over the past decade to analyze the research core and find future improvement directions.The possibility of extending lithium-ion battery lifetime using RUL prediction results is also explored in this paper.The ten most used ML algorithms for RUL prediction are first identified in 380 relevant papers.Then the general flow of RUL prediction and an in-depth introduction to the four most used signal pre-processing techniques in RUL prediction are presented.The research core of common ML algorithms is given first time in a uniform format in chronological order.The algorithms are also compared from aspects of accuracy and characteristics comprehensively,and the novel and general improvement directions or opportunities including improvement in early prediction,local regeneration modeling,physical information fusion,generalized transfer learning,and hardware implementation are further outlooked.Finally,the methods of battery lifetime extension are summarized,and the feasibility of using RUL as an indicator for extending battery lifetime is outlooked.Battery lifetime can be extended by optimizing the charging profile serval times according to the accurate RUL prediction results online in the future.This paper aims to give inspiration to the future improvement of ML algorithms in battery RUL prediction and lifetime extension strategy.

Remaining Useful Life Prediction With Partial Sensor Malfunctions Using Deep Adversarial Networks

In recent years,intelligent data-driven prognostic methods have been successfully developed,and good machinery health assessment performance has been achieved through explorations of data from multiple sensors.However,existing datafusion prognostic approaches generally rely on the data availability of all sensors,and are vulnerable to potential sensor malfunctions,which are likely to occur in real industries especially for machines in harsh operating environments.In this paper,a deep learning-based remaining useful life(RUL)prediction method is proposed to address the sensor malfunction problem.A global feature extraction scheme is adopted to fully exploit information of different sensors.Adversarial learning is further introduced to extract generalized sensor-invariant features.Through explorations of both global and shared features,promising and robust RUL prediction performance can be achieved by the proposed method in the testing scenarios with sensor malfunctions.The experimental results suggest the proposed approach is well suited for real industrial applications.

A Hybrid Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Early Prediction of Battery Remaining Useful Life

Accurate estimation of the remaining useful life(RUL)of lithium-ion batteries is critical for their large-scale deployment as energy storage devices in electric vehicles and stationary storage.A fundamental understanding of the factors affecting RUL is crucial for accelerating battery technology development.However,it is very challenging to predict RUL accurately because of complex degradation mechanisms occurring within the batteries,as well as dynamic operating conditions in practical applications.Moreover,due to insignificant capacity degradation in early stages,early prediction of battery life with early cycle data can be more difficult.In this paper,we propose a hybrid deep learning model for early prediction of battery RUL.The proposed method can effectively combine handcrafted features with domain knowledge and latent features learned by deep networks to boost the performance of RUL early prediction.We also design a non-linear correlation-based method to select effective domain knowledge-based features.Moreover,a novel snapshot ensemble learning strategy is proposed to further enhance model generalization ability without increasing any additional training cost.Our experimental results show that the proposed method not only outperforms other approaches in the primary test set having a similar distribution as the training set,but also generalizes well to the secondary test set having a clearly different distribution with the training set.The PyTorch implementation of our proposed approach is available at https://github.com/batteryrul/battery_rul_early_prediction.

Machine learning techniques for prediction of capacitance and remaining useful life of supercapacitors: A comprehensive review

Supercapacitors are appealing energy storage devices for their promising features like high power density,outstanding cycling stability,and a quick charge–discharge cycle.The exceptional life cycle and ultimate power capability of supercapacitors are needed in the transportation and renewable energy generation sectors.Hence,predicting the capacitance and lifecycle of supercapacitors is significant for selecting the suitable material and planning replacement intervals for supercapacitors.In addition,system failures can be better addressed by accurately forecasting the lifecycle of SCs.Recently,the use of machine learning for performance prediction of energy storage materials has drawn increasing attention from researchers globally because of its superiority in prediction accuracy,time efficiency,and costeffectiveness.This article presents a detailed review of the progress and advancement of ML techniques for the prediction of capacitance and remaining useful life(RUL)of supercapacitors.The review starts with an introduction to supercapacitor materials and ML applications in energy storage devices,followed by workflow for ML model building for supercapacitor materials.Then,the summary of machine learning applications for the prediction of capacitance and RUL of different supercapacitor materials including EDLCs(carbon based materials),pesudocapacitive(oxides and composites)and hybrid materials is presented.Finally,the general perspective for future directions is also presented.

End-cloud collaboration method enables accurate state of health and remaining useful life online estimation in lithium-ion batteries

Though the lithium-ion battery is universally applied,the reliability of lithium-ion batteries remains a challenge due to various physicochemical reactions,electrode material degradation,and even thermal runaway.Accurate estimation and prediction of battery health conditions are crucial for battery safety management.In this paper,an end-cloud collaboration method is proposed to approach the track of battery degradation process,integrating end-side empirical model with cloud-side data-driven model.Based on ensemble learning methods,the data-driven model is constructed by three base models to obtain cloud-side highly accurate results.The double exponential decay model is utilized as an empirical model to output highly real-time prediction results.With Kalman filter,the prediction results of end-side empirical model can be periodically updated by highly accurate results of cloud-side data-driven model to obtain highly accurate and real-time results.Subsequently,the whole framework can give an accurate prediction and tracking of battery degradation,with the mean absolute error maintained below 2%.And the execution time on the end side can reach 261μs.The proposed end-cloud collaboration method has the potential to approach highly accurate and highly real-time estimation for battery health conditions during battery full life cycle in architecture of cyber hierarchy and interactional network.

Remaining useful life prediction of aero-engines based on random-coefficient regression model considering random failure threshold

Remaining useful life(RUL)prediction is one of the most crucial components in prognostics and health management(PHM)of aero-engines.This paper proposes an RUL prediction method of aero-engines considering the randomness of failure threshold.Firstly,a random-coefficient regression(RCR)model is used to model the degradation process of aeroengines.Then,the RUL distribution based on fixed failure threshold is derived.The prior parameters of the degradation model are calculated by a two-step maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)method and the random coefficient is updated in real time under the Bayesian framework.The failure threshold in this paper is defined by the actual degradation process of aeroengines.After that,a expectation maximization(EM)algorithm is proposed to estimate the underlying failure threshold of aeroengines.In addition,the conditional probability is used to satisfy the limitation of failure threshold.Then,based on above results,an analytical expression of RUL distribution of aero-engines based on the RCR model considering random failure threshold(RFT)is derived in a closed-form.Finally,a case study of turbofan engine is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the RUL prediction method and the parameters estimation method of failure threshold proposed.

Remaining useful life prediction based on nonlinear random coefficient regression model with fusing failure time data

Remaining useful life(RUL) prediction is one of the most crucial elements in prognostics and health management(PHM). Aiming at the imperfect prior information, this paper proposes an RUL prediction method based on a nonlinear random coefficient regression(RCR) model with fusing failure time data.Firstly, some interesting natures of parameters estimation based on the nonlinear RCR model are given. Based on these natures,the failure time data can be fused as the prior information reasonably. Specifically, the fixed parameters are calculated by the field degradation data of the evaluated equipment and the prior information of random coefficient is estimated with fusing the failure time data of congeneric equipment. Then, the prior information of the random coefficient is updated online under the Bayesian framework, the probability density function(PDF) of the RUL with considering the limitation of the failure threshold is performed. Finally, two case studies are used for experimental verification. Compared with the traditional Bayesian method, the proposed method can effectively reduce the influence of imperfect prior information and improve the accuracy of RUL prediction.

Prognostics and Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Machinery:Advances,Opportunities,and Challenges

As the fundamental and key technique to ensure the safe and reliable operation of vital systems,prognostics with an emphasis on the remaining useful life(RUL)prediction has attracted great attention in the last decades.In this paper,we briefly discuss the general idea and advances of various prognostics and RUL prediction methods for machinery,mainly including data-driven methods,physics-based methods,hybrid methods,etc.Based on the observations fromthe state of the art,we provide comprehensive discussions on the possible opportunities and challenges of prognostics and RUL prediction of machinery so as to steer the future development.

Study on Remaining Oil at High Water Cut Stage of the Offshore Strong Bottom Water Reservoir

C oilfield is a heavy oil field developed by horizontal wells and single sand body in Bohai oilfield. The edge and bottom water of the reservoir is active and the natural energy development mode is adopted. The comprehensive water cut of the oilfield was 95.3%, which had entered the stage of high water cut oil production. Some reservoirs were limited by crude oil viscosity and oil column height. Under the condition of existing development well pattern, some reserves were not produced or the degree of production was low, and the degree of well control was not high, so there is room for tapping the potential of remaining oil. This paper studied the rising law of water ridge of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoir by reservoir engineering method, and guided the infilling limit of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoir. At the same time, combined with the research results of fine reservoir description, the geological model was established, the numerical simulation was carried out, and the distribution law of remaining oil was analyzed. Through this study, we could understand the law of water flooding and remaining oil in the high water cut period of bottom water heavy oil reservoir, so as to provide guidance for the development strategy of this type of reservoir in the high water cut period.

Stevens’s Ethical Identity Dilemma in The Remains of the Day

Based on ethical literary criticism,this paper aims to analyze the factors contributing to Stevens’loss of ethical identity.It contends that distorted ethical relationships are the primary driver behind Stevens’s ethical identity dilemma,which includes the abnormal father-son relationship,Stevens’s blind admiration for his master,and his avoidance of Miss Kenton’s feelings.

基于语料库的动词remain语义韵对比研究

采取基于语料库的方法,对比研究中国学习者和英语本族语者使用高频动词remain时在类联接、搭配词和语义韵等方面的差异。在建立类联接的基础上,逐一对中美语料库中remain一词的语义韵进行比较研究。研究结果表明,中国学习者与本族语者使用remain时,类联接种类基本一致,但是分布差异明显;不同类联接中,remain的语义选择趋向和语义韵有差异,即本族语者仅使用REMAIN+ADJ型式时,表现出积极语义趋向,REMAIN+N和REMAIN+PREP则是中性的语义趋向,其他语法型式主要为消极语义趋向,而中国学习者未能准确把握remain的语义韵,每种类联接都出现语义韵违和现象。

Prediction Method Study on the Remaining Useful Life of Plant New Varieties Rights Based on Weibull Survival Function and Gaussian Model——Taking Hybrid Rice Variety for Example

In view of the difficulty in determining remaining useful life of plant new variety right in economic analysis, Weibull Survival Analysis Method and Gaussian Model to were used to study how to accurately estimate the remaining useful life of plant new variety right. The results showed that the average life of the granted rice varieties was 10.013 years. With the increase of the age of plant variety rights, the probability of the same residual life Ttreaching x was smaller and smaller, the reliability lower and lower, while the probability of the variety rights becoming invalid became greater. The remaining useful life of a specific granted rice variety was closely related to the demonstration promotion age when the granted rice variety reached its maximum area and the appearance of alternative varieties, and when the demonstration promotion age of the granted rice variety reaching the one with the maximum area, the promotion area would be decreased once a new alternative variety appeared, correspondingly with the shortening of the remaining useful life of the variety. Therefore, Weibull Survival Analysis Method and Gaussian Model could describe the remaining useful life＇s time trend, as well as determine the remaining useful life of a concrete plant variety right, clarify the entire life time of varieties rights, and make the economic analysis of plant new varieties rights more accurate and reasonable.

Characteristics of Geological Remains Resources in Bailixia Provincial Geopark in Dazhou City of Sichuan Province

Through the analysis of geological background and geologic structural characteristics in Bailixia Provincial Geopark,the reason why all kinds of characteristic landscapes formed in the geopark was obtained;resources feature evaluation had been conducted on geological remains from the perspective of nature and humanity;geologic remains resources feature of the geopark was illustrated in a systematic way.The paper concluded the features of geologic remains resources in Bailixia Provincial Geopark which included high aesthetic value,rich scientific research value,overall development,and high-grade eco-tourism environment.