Effect of Galla chinensis on the remineralization of two bovine root lesions morphous in vitro

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of Galla chinensis compounds on the remineralization of two artificial root lesions morphous in vitro. Sixty bovine dentine blocks were divided into two groups and individually treated with two levels of demineralization solutions to form erosive and subsurface artificial carious lesions in vitro. Each group was then divided into three subgroups, each of which were treated with a remineralization solution （positive control）, deionized water （negative control）, or 4 000 mg-L-1 aqueous solutions of Galla chinensis extract. The dentine blocks were then subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 7 days. During the first 4 days, the daily cycle included 21-h deal and 3-h demineralization applications. The dentine blocks were dealt with the entire day during the remaining 3 days. Two specimens from each of the treatment groups were selected and observed under a polarized light microscope. Data collected using a laser scanning confocal microscope were computerized and analyzed. Galla chinensis extract clearly enhanced the remineralization of both erosive lesion and subsurface lesion patterns in the specimens （P〈0.05）. The level of remineralization of the erosive lesion by Galla chinensis extract was lower than that of the subsurface lesion （P〈0.05）. In addition, the remineralization of the subsurface lesion by Galla chinensis extract was higher than that of the remineralization solution （P〈0.05）. No significant difference between the remineralization of erosive lesions by Galla chinensis extract and the remineralization solution was observed （P〉0.05）. So Galla chinensis extract has the potential to improve the remineralization of artificial root lesions under dynamic pH-cyclic conditions, indicating its potential use as a natural remineralization medicine.

Effect of Galla chinensis on the In Vitro Remineralization of Advanced Enamel Lesions

Aim The effect of Galla chinensis on de-/re-mineralization of advanced enamel lesions was investigated by using micro-CT in a prolonged in vitro experiment. Methodology Baseline mineral contents of sound enamels were first analyzed. Then lesions were produced in an acidic buffer solution （2.2 mmol.L-1 Ca（NO3）2, 2.2 mmol-L1 KH2PO4, and pH=4.5） for 21 days, with thrice daily three-minute treatments, divided into four groups： Group A, 4 000 ppm crude aqueous extract of Galla chinensis （GCE）; Group B, 4 000 ppm gallic acid; Group C, 1 000 ppm F aq. （as NaF, positive control）; Group D, deionized water （negative control）. Next, the blocks were immersed in a remineralization solution （1.5 mmol.Lz CaC12, 0.9 mmol.L1 KH2PO4, 0.1 ppm F, and pH=7,0） for 200 days. Mineral loss （ML） in each region of interest （ROI） and integrated mineral loss （IML） of the lesions were calculated （comparing with baseline mineral content of sound enamel） at different time points. Results After 21 days demineralization, fluoride treatment showed a statistically significant demineralization-inhibiting effect among the four groups, and after 200 days of remineralization, mineral content recovery was ordered （lowest to highest） as A=C〈B〈D. Conclusion GCE could slow down the remineralization of enamel in the surface layer and thereby facilitate ion transport into the lesion body. The mechanism of Galla chinensis in enhancing the remineralization of dental caries is different from fluoride.

Efficacy of two calcium phosphate pastes on the remineralization of artificial caries: a randomized controlled double-blind in situ study

To test the efficacy of two calcium phosphate pastes compared to that of fluoride toothpaste on remineralizing artificial caries in situ, this study had a double-blind crossover in situ design, involving three experimental phases of 14 days each, with an 8-day washout period between phases. Nine healthy subjects participated in the study. The subjects wore removable palatal appliances mounted with six human enamel slabs with artificial caries lesions, and in each of the experimental phases, used one of the following methods two times/day： group A, brushing with 1.0 g of Colgate Regular Flavor, followed by applying 0.25 g of Tooth Mousse Plus; group B, brushing with 0.25 g of Clinpro Tooth Crbme; and group C, brushing with 1.0 g of Colgate Regular Flavor. After 14 days, the enamel slabs （54 slabs/ group） were embedded in resin, sectioned and examined with a polarized-light microscope, and the lesion areas were quantified using Image-Pro Plus. All experimental groups showed a significant reduction in lesion area compared to the initial lesion area （paired t-test, P〈O.O01）. The mean reduction in lesion area of Groups A, B and C were （0.029__.0.010）, （0.030_＋0.009） and （0.027_＋0.009） mm2, respectively. There were no statistical differences between groups （KruskaI-Wallis test, P〉0.05）. All three groups remineralized the enamel slab lesions, indicating model sensitivity to fluoride. Given the differences in usage amounts and treated regimens, Clinpro Tooth Crbme provided similar benefits to the fluoride toothpaste; however, no additional benefit of Tooth Mousse Plus was observed when used in conjunction with the fluoride toothpaste.

Nitrogen isotopic fractionation of particulate organic matter production and remineralization in the Prydz Bay and its adjacent areas

During the 29 th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition,spatial variations in nitrogen isotopic composition of particulate nitrogen(δ15NPN)and their controlling factors were examined in detail with regard to nitrate drawdown by phytoplankton and particulate nitrogen(PN)remineralization in the Prydz Bay and its adjacent areas.To better constrain the nitrogen transformations,the physical and chemical parameters,including temperature,salinity,nutrients,PN andδ15NPN in seawater column were measured from surface to bottom.In addition,the nitrogen isotopic fractionation factor of nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton in the mixed layer,and the nitrogen isotopic fractionation factor of PN remineralization below the mixed layer were estimated using Rayleigh model and Steady State model,respectively.Our results showed that suspended particles had its lowestδ15NPN in the surface layer,which was due to the preferential assimilation of 14 N in nitrate by phytoplankton.Theδ15NPN in the mixed layer of the Prydz Bay and its adjacent areas decreased from the inner shelf to the outer basin,ascribing to the effect of isotope fractionation during phytoplankton assimilation.In mixed layer,the spatial distribution ofδ15NPN associated with particulate organic matter(POM)production can be well interpreted according to Rayleigh model and Steady State model.The nitrogen isotope fractionation factor during phytoplankton assimilating nitrate was estimated as 10.0‰by Steady State model,which was more reasonable than that calculated by Rayleigh model.These results validate the previous reports of fractionation factor during nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton.Increasingδ15NPN with depth below the euphotic zone correlated with the decreasing PN contents,and it was attributed to preferential remineralization of 14 N in PN by bacteria.In subsurface and deep layer,theδ15NPN distributions also conformed to Rayleigh model and Steady State model during PN remineralization,with a fractionation factor of about 3.6‰and 3.2‰,respectively.It is the first time to estimate the fractionation factor during POM production and remineralization in the Prydz Bay and its adjacent areas.Such fractionation may provide a useful tool for the follow-up study of the nitrogen dynamics in the Southern Ocean.

Clinical assessment of demineralization and remineralization surrounding orthodontic brackets with FluoreCam

Objective: To determine quantitatively the amount of demineralization and the ability of commercially available products and an experimental cream to inhibit or reverse orthodontic related demineralization.Methods: A total of 20 patients who were 25–35 years old and having orthodontic treatment for 6–8 months were chosen.Caries risk assessments were done for each patient and ones with "moderate risk" were included.Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances were divided into 4 groups(5 patients each) including one control and 3 study groups.All patients used same toothpaste 2 times a day during the 3 weeks study period.Additional to the toothpaste first study group used MI Paste Plus(GC, Tokyo, Japan), second study group used Remin Pro(Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) and third group used an experimental remineralizing cream per day for 3 weeks.Maxillary central and lateral incisors of each patient were examined by FluoreCam(Daraza Therametric Technologies, USA) device.The examinations were performed at baseline and at the end of 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks.Results: According to the FluoreCam measurements the control group showed significant amount of demineralization at the end of 3 weeks, moreover the amount of demineralization has gradually increased in time.At the end of the study all 3 study groups showed significant amount of remineralization and the amount of remineralization for all the 3 study groups has gradually increased in time.However the amount of remineralization for 3rd study group was lesser than the 1st and 2nd study groups.The remineralization amounts for the 1st and 2 nd study groups were determined to be identical.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that demineralization is measurable around orthodontic brackets and the demineralization can be completely inhibited and/or reversed by the use of commercially available remineralization products.

Influence of Three Remineralization Materials on Physicochemical Structure of Demineralized Enamel

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three inorganic materials：casein phosphopeptide- amorphous calcium phosphate （CPP-ACP）, calcium sodium phosphosilicate （CSP） and sodium fluoride （NaF） on their remineralization potential. CPP-ACP, CSP and NaF were applicated in demineralized enamel for 4 h and then all enamel samples were immersed in remineralization solution. After 10 days, all samples were prepared for microhardness test, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observation and the elemental level （%） analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）. The surface microhardness （SMH） values of three experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group （P〈0.05）. The SMH value of NaF group was significantly higher than other experimental groups （P〈0.05）. The SEM micrographs showed that three remineralization materials caused distinct morphological changes and remineralized deposits were different from each other. EDX elemental analysis showed that there were significant differences in the Ca （wt%） and Ca：P molar ratio of the enamel layer among control and experimental groups. The Ca （wt%） and Ca：P molar ratio in NaF group were significantly higher than those of other experimental groups. There were no significant differences in P （wt%） among control and experimental groups （P〈0.05）. Three remineralization materials used in our study had the potential of remineralizing the demineralized enamel. NaF is the best and most feasible choice to be used in remineralizing the demineralized enamel.

Comparison of the in vitro effects of three fluoride-containing agents on the remineralization of deciduous teeth

Objective:To comparetheeffectsof3fluoride-containingagentson theremineralizationof deciduousteeth in vitro.Methods:Thirty-sixdeciduousteethwereselectedanddividedinto4groupsrandomly.Thespeciallylimited areasof eachtoothwasexposedandetched.Thenetchedteethingroup1,2and3weretreatedwith10%(NH 4 ) 2 MoO 2 F 4 solution,38%Ag(NH 3 ) 2 F solutionandAPF-LaCl 3 solutionfor3minrespectively.Group4servedas control.Afterthat,eachtoothwasputintoa bottlecontaining5mlremineralizationsolutions.Fourdayslater,theconcentrationsof Ca 2+ ions intheremineralizationsolutionsweremeasured.Thenstatisticalanalyseswereperformedon changesof Ca 2+ ionamounts amongthegroups.Results:Comparedwiththecontrol,thegroupstreatedwithfluoride-containingagentsallshowedsig-nificantreductioninCa 2+ ionamountsintheremineralizationsolutions.Amongtheexperimentalgroups,reductionof Ca 2+ ionamountsingroupstreatedwithAPF-LaCl 3 or38%Ag(NH 3 ) 2 F solutionwas moreobviousthanthatof thegroupwith10%(NH 4 ) 2 MoO 2 F 4 solutiontreatment.Butno differenceinthereductionof Ca 2+ ionamountswasfoundbetweenthefirst2groups.Conclusion:Allthe3fluoride-containingagentscanpromotetheremineralizationof deciduousteethin vitro,andbothAPF-LaCl 3 and38%Ag(NH 3 ) 2 F solutionaremoreeffectiveon remineralizationthan10%(NH 4 ) 2 MoO 2 F 4 solution whiletheformer2differinsignificantly.

Ornamental Rock Waste Application for Soil Remineralization

This study consists in the investigation of the application of ornamental rock tailings applied in remineralization in the Brazilian soil through the rocking technique.Due to the Brazilian dependence on the importation of agricultural inputs,the use of the method aims beyond improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil,supplying the demand for such data,and in return to give an adequate end to pollutant tailings.The tailings have chemical characteristics that are of great importance for soil composition.The methodology employed was divided into three stages,the first one was the physicochemical characterization of the rock dust,followed by the characterization of the soil experimented and the cultivation of the plant species Phaseolus Vulgari.The results obtained so far showed favorable results since the characteristics obtained through the physicochemical analyses were compatible with those suitable for the soil,after the application of the powder,which had its high pH and which proved that the tailings corrected the soil acidity of the sample in question,placing it at an ideal level for the cultivation of new species.

Ectopic mineralization-inspired cell membrane-based matrix vesicle analogs for in-depth remineralization of dentinal tubules for treating dentin hypersensitivity

The invasion of etched dentinal tubules(DTs)by external substances induces dentin hypersensitivity(DH).The deep and compact occlusion of DTs is highly desirable for treating DH but still challenging due to the limited penetrability and mineralization capacities of most current desensitizers.Matrix vesicles(MVs)participate in the regulation of ectopic mineralization.Herein,ectopic MV analogs are prepared by employing natural cell membranes to endow mineral precursors with natural biointerfaces and integrated biofunctions for stimulating dentin remineralization.The analogs quickly access DTs(>20μm)in only 5 min and further penetrate deep into the interior of DTs(an extraordinary~200μm)in 7 days.Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirm that the DTs are efficiently sealed by the newly formed minerals(>50μm)with excellent resistance to wear and acid erosion,which is significantly deeper than most reported values.After repair,the microhardness of the damaged dentin can be recovered to those of healthy dentin.For the first time,cell membrane coating nanotechnology is used as a facile and efficient therapy for in-depth remineralization of DTs in treating DH with thorough and long-term effects,which provides insights into their potential for hard tissue repair.

Clinical evaluation of remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes for enamel decalcification in orthodontics

Background Enamel decalcification in orthodontics is a concern for dentists and methods to remineralize these lesions are the focus of intense research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate （CPP-ACP） nanocomplexes on enamel decalcification in orthodontics. Methods Twenty orthodontic patients with decalcified enamel lesions during fixed orthodontic therapy were recruited to this study as test group and twenty orthodontic patients with the similar condition as control group. GC Tooth Mousse, the main component of which is CPP-ACP, was used by each patient of test group every night after tooth-brushing for six months. For control group, each patient was asked to brush teeth with toothpaste containing 1100 parts per million （ppm） of fluoride twice a day. Standardized intraoral images were taken for all patients and the extent of enamel decalcification was evaluated before and after treatment over this study period. Measurements were statistically compared by t test. Results After using CPP-ACP for six months, the enamel decalcification index （EDI） of all patients had decreased; the mean EDI before using CPP-ACP was 0.191＋0.025 and that after using CPP-ACP was 0.183＋0.023, the difference was significant （t=5.169, P 〈0.01）. For control group, the mean EDI before treatment was 0.188±0.037 and that after treatment was 0.187±0.046, the difference was not significant （t=1.711, P 〉0.05）. Conclusion CPP-ACP can effectively improve the demineralized enamel lesions during orthodontic treatment, so it has some remineralization potential for enamel decalcification in orthodontics.

Remineralization of enamel caries by an amelogenin-derived peptide and fluoride in vitro

Dental caries is one of the most common oral diseases in the world.This study was tantamount to investigate the combinatory effects of an amelogenin-derived peptide(called QP5)and fluoride on the remineralization of artificial enamel caries.The peptide QP5 was synthesized and characterized,and the binding capability of the peptide on hydroxyapatite(HA)and demineralized tooth enamel surface was analysed.Then,the mineralization function of the peptide and fluoride was studied through the spontaneous mineralization testing and remineralization on enamel caries in vitro.First,the novel peptide QP5 could bind on the hydroxyapatite and demineralized tooth enamel surfaces.Second,QP5 can transitorily stabilize the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate and direct the transformation into hydroxyapatite crystals alone and in combination with fluoride.In addition,compared to blocks treated by peptide QP5 alone or fluoride,the sample blocks showed significantly higher surface microhardness,lower mineral loss and shallower lesion depth after treatment with a combination of QP5 and fluoride at high or low concentrations.The peptide QP5 could control the crystallization of hydroxyapatite,and combinatory application of peptide QP5 and fluoride had a potential synergistic effect on the remineralization of enamel caries.

In vitro remineralization of hybrid layers using biomimetic analogs

Resin-dentin bond degradation is a major cause of restoration failures. The major aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of a remineralization medium on collagen matrices of hybrid layers of three different ad- hesive resins using nanotechnology methods. Coronal dentin surfaces were prepared from freshly extracted premo- lars and bonded to composite resin using three adhesive resins （FluoroBond II, Xeno-III-Bond, and iBond）. From each tooth, two central slabs were selected for the study. The slabs used as controls were immersed in a simulated body fluid （SBF）. The experimental slabs were immersed in a Portland cement-based remineralization medium that con- tained two biomimetic analogs （biomineralization medium （BRM））. Eight slabs per group were retrieved after 1, 2, 3, and 4 months, respectively and immersed in Rhodamine B for 24 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to evaluate the permeability of hybrid layers to Rhodamine B. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance （ANOVA） and Tukey＇s honest significant difference （HSD） tests. After four months, all BRM specimens exhibited a significantly smaller fluorescent area than SBF specimens, indicating a remineralization of the hybrid layer （P≤0.05）. A clinically applicable biomimetic remineralization delivery system could potentially slow down bond degradation.

Anti-biofilm and remineralization effects of chitosan hydrogel containing amelogeninderived peptide on initial caries lesions

In this study,we have designed a more clinically powerful anti-caries treatment by applying the amelogenin-derived peptide QP5 to the antibacterial carrier material chitosan in a hydrogel(CS-QP5 hydrogel),and characterized its effects on the inhibition of a cariogenic biofilm and the promotion of the remineralization of the initial caries lesions.The results indicated that the CS-QP5 hydrogel sustainably inhibited the growth of the Streptococcus mutans biofilm,lactic acid production and the metabolic activity over a prolonged period of time.Moreover,the CS-QP5 hydrogel promoted the remineralization of early enamel lesions,which were indicated by surface microhardness(,polarized light microscopy and transverse microradiography.In conclusion,the CS-QP5 hydrogel shows good potential for caries control in the clinic because of its antibacterial effects as well as the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions even in a biofilm model over a prolonged period of time.

Remineralization of initial enamel caries in vitro using a novel peptide based on amelogenin

Dental caries is the most common oral disease with high incidence, widely spread and can seriously affect the health of oral cavity and the whole body. Current caries prevention measures such as fluoride treatment, antimicrobial agents, and traditional Chinese herbal, have limitations to some extent. Here we design and synthesize a novel peptide based on the amelogenin, and assess its ability to promote the remineralization of initial enamel caries lesions. We used enamel blocks to form initial lesions, and then subjected to 12-day pH cycling in the presence of peptide, NaF and HEPES buffer. Enamel treated with peptide or NaF had shallower, narrower lesions, thicker remineralized surfaces and less mineral loss than enamel treated with HEPES. This peptide can promote the remineralization of initial enamel caries and inhibit the progress of caries. It is a promising anti-caries agent with various research prospects and practical application value.

Restoration of enamel anti-wear properties via remineralization: Role of occlusal loading

In this in vitro study,the restoration of acid-eroded enamel surface morphology and anti-wear properties under two conditions,mono-remineralization(treated with remineralization alone)and impact-remineralization(treated with cyclic impact followed by remineralization),are characterized to determine the effect of occlusal loading on enamel remineralization.Compared with the mono-remineralized surface,the impact-remineralized surface demonstrates better anti-wear performance,as manifested by a higher hardness and elastic modulus,as well as a lower friction coefficient and wear volume.Loading on the eroded enamel surface induces the fragmentation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles,which aids crystal deposition and fusion during subsequent remineralization.In summary,owing to the enamel microstructure,occlusal loading can promote the restoration of enamel anti-wear properties by enhancing remineralization.Remineralization enhancement through occlusalloading-induced nanoparticle fragmentation plays a significant role in preventing human teeth from excessive wear.

An Overview of the Use of Medicinal Plants in Regenerative Dentistry

Aim: The oral cavity has the particularity to host multiple hard and soft tissues, in this paper, we will discuss the current therapies that lead to cell differentiation by regenerative therapies and the future alternatives proposed by medicinal plants and all the regenerative potential of these different tissues. Material and Methods: A detailed review of the literature through the various search engines: Scopus, PubMed, google scholar, Cochrane, etc., uses the selected keywords to explore the effect of the regenerative potential of several medicinal plants. Results: Through our research, we have proceeded to sort different medicinal plants, according to their repairing and regenerative potential on the different tissues of the oral cavity. Conclusion: Future studies are conceivable to explore the opportunities and potential provided by medicinal plants in the field of regenerative dentistry.

Cementomimetics——constructing a cementum-like biomineralized microlayer via amelogenin-derived peptides

Cementum is the outer-, mineralized-tissue covering the tooth root and an essential part of the system of periodontal tissue that anchors the tooth to the bone. Periodontal disease results from the destructive behavior of the host elicited by an infectious biofilm adhering to the tooth root and left untreated, may lead to tooth loss. We describe a novel protocol for identifying peptide sequences from native proteins with the potential to repair damaged dental tissues by controlling hydroxyapatite biomineralization. Using amelogenin as a case study and a bioinformatics scoring matrix, we identified regions within amelogenin that are shared with a set of hydroxyapatite-binding peptides （HABPs） previously selected by phage display. One 22-amino acid long peptide regions referred to as amelogenin-derived peptide 5 （ADP5） was shown to facilitate cell-free formation of a cementum-like hydroxyapatite mineral layer on demineralized human root dentin that, in turn, supported attachment of periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Our findings have several implications in peptide-assisted mineral formation that mimic biomineralization. By further elaborating the mechanism for protein control over the biomineral formed, we afford new insights into the evolution of protein-mineral interactions. By exploiting small peptide domains of native proteins, our understanding of structure-function relationships of biomineralizing proteins can be extended and these peptides can be utilized to engineer mineral formation. Finally, the cementomimetic layer formed by ADP5 has the potential clinical application to repair diseased root surfaces so as to promote the regeneration of periodontal tissues and thereby reduce the morbiditv associated with tooth loss.

Effectiveness of some herbals on initial enamel caries lesion

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of herbal medicaments such as ginger, rosemary and honey on remineralization of initial enamel lesion.Methods: Demineralized human enamel specimens were measured for baseline surface microhardness and fluorescence methods. Ten specimens in each of four groups were used in this in vitro recycling study with the following treatments which applied three times a day: 1) sodium fluoride toothpaste(Ipana, Procter & Gamble, Turkey), 2) gingerhoney(Arifoglu Herbals, Anzer Honey, Turkey), 3) ginger-honey-chocolate(Bind Chocolate, Turkey), 4) rosemary oil(Arifoglu Herbals, Turkey). Treatment regimens of demineralization and remineralization cycle were applied for 21 days. The post-treatment data were obtained by measurements of surface microhardness and fluorescence methods.Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test with Tukey's honest significant difference test.Results: Enhanced remineralization was observed with several of the treatment systems including ginger + honey and rosemary. Significant differences between treatments were observed by microhardness and Fluore Cam fluorescence assesment, compared to the positive control group(Na F dentifrice). Significantly, greater remineralization was observed with the honey + ginger treatment regimen. No significant differences between groups were observed using the fluorescence assessment method, quantitative lightinduced fluorescence.Conclusions: Herbals(ginger, honey and rosemary) have enhanced remineralization of initial enamel lesion.

Engineered Fabrication of Enamel-Mimetic Materials

Tooth enamel,which is a biological tissue mainly composed of well-aligned hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and an interlaced protein matrix,has remarkable mechanical and aesthetic behaviors.Nevertheless,it is challenging to regenerate enamel naturally,and potential pulp involvement and tooth loss may occur.As the hardest biogenic composite material,enamel has long been regarded as a promising load-bearing material.Thus,understanding the enamel formation process and enamel structural motif mechanisms is important for the design and engineering of high-performance biomimetic composites with high strength and physical resilience.Extensive studies have been conducted on mimicking the microstructure and mechanical properties of tooth enamel,and various enamel-like material synthesis protocols have been developed.In light of the engineering fabrication of enamel-like materials,this review focuses on recent progress in synthetic strategies for enamel-mimetic materials and provides a discussion of the potential applications of these materials.

Evaluating Acid Resistance Effect of Fluoride-Releasing Dental Materials Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence-Digital in Vitro

As erosion has become one of the serious oral health problems, some fluoride-releasing dental materials have been developed to protect enamel from demineralization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antidemineralization effect of PRG Barrier Coat® and FujiVII® (fluoride-releasing dental materials). Four square windows measuring 1 mm2 were prepared on the labial enamel surface of each bovine tooth using masking tape and nail varnish. The first and second windows were half covered by fluoride-releasing material and control material, respectively, whereas the third and fourth windows were left untreated. All windows were immersed into 0.1 M lactic acid and 6wt% CM-cellulose (pH 4.5) at 38℃ for 21 days. Subsequently, the first and second windows were covered with nail varnish after removal of the materials, and the third and fourth windows were immersed into ultrapure water at 38℃ for 28 days after being half covered with fluoride-releasing and control materials, respectively. The following procedure was performed separately during evaluations of the fluoride-releasing materials, PRG Barrier Coat, and FujiVII®, using eight and six bovine teeth, respectively. The first, second, third, and fourth windows were classified into DM-PRG;Demineralized-PRG or DM-FujiVII;Demineralized-FujiVII, DM-TCM;Demineralized-traditional cement or DM-TGIC;De-mineralized-traditional glass ionomer cement, RM-PRG;Remineralized-PRG or RM-FujiVII;Re-mineralized-FujiVII, and RM-TCM;Remineralized- traditional cement or RM-TGIC;Remineral-ized-traditional glass ionomer cement, respectively. After nail varnish was removed, △Q values (mean ± SD) of the windows were measured using QLF-D and were compared between DM-PRG and DM-TCM, RM-PRG and RM-TCM, DM-FujiVII and DM-TGIC, and RM-FujiVII and RM-TGIC groups. △Q values of RM-PRG (-60 ± 44) and RM-FujiVII (-5.0 ± 10) were significantly higher than that of RM-TCM (-315 ± 193) and RM-TGIC (-56 ± 43), respectively. The fluoride releasing materials provided remineralization effects to bovine enamel.