Atorvastatin, etanercept and the nephrogenic cardiac sympathetic remodeling in chronic renal failure rats

BACKGROUND Chronic renal failure(CRF) patients are predisposed to arrhythmias, while the detailed mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized the chronic inflammatory state of CRF patients may lead to cardiac sympathetic remodeling, increasing the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia(VA) and sudden cardiac death. And explored the role of atorvastatin and etanercept in this process.METHODS A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into sham operation group(Sham group), CRF group, CRF + atorvastatin group(CRF + statin group), and CRF + etanercept group(CRF + rhTNFR-Fcgroup). Sympathetic nerve remodeling was assessed by immunofluorescence of growth-associated protein 43(GAP-43) and tyrosine hydroxylase positive area fraction. Electrophysiological testing was performed to assess the incidence of VA by assessing the ventricular effective refractory period and ventricular fibrillation threshold. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta were determined by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS Echocardiogram showed that compared with the Sham group, left ventricular end-systolic diameter and ventricular weight/body weight ratio were significantly higher in the CRF group. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining indicated that myocardial fibers were broken, disordered, and fibrotic in the CRF group. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,immunofluorescence and electrophysiological examination suggested that compared with the Sham group, GAP-43 and TNF-α proteins were significantly upregulated, GAP-43 and tyrosine hydroxylase positive nerve fiber area was increased, and ventricular fibrillation threshold was significantly decreased in the CRF group. The above effects were inhibited in the CRF + statin group and the CRF + rhTNFR-Fcgroup.CONCLUSIONS In CRF rats, TNF-α was upregulated, cardiac sympathetic remodeling was more severe, and the nephrogenic cardiac sympathetic remodeling existed. Atorvastatin and etanercept could downregulate the expression of TNF-α or inhibit its activity, thus inhibited the above effects, and reduced the occurrence of VA and sudden cardiac death.

Mufangji tang ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension through improving vascular remodeling,inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress,and inducing apoptosis

Background:Mufangji tang(MFJT)is composed of Ramulus Cinnamomi,Radix Ginseng,Cocculus orbiculatus(Linn.)DC.,and Gypsum.In clinical settings,MFJT has been effectively employed in addressing a range of respiratory disorders,notably including pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH).However,the mechanism of action of MFJT on PAH remains unknown.Methods:In this study,a monocrotaline-induced PAH rat model was established and treated with MFJT.The therapeutic effects of MFJT on PAH rat model were evaluated.Network pharmacology was conducted to screen the possible targets for MFJT on PAH,and the molecular docking between the main active components and the core targets was carried out.The key targets identified from network pharmacology were tested.Results:Results showed significant therapeutic effects of MFJT on PAH rat model.Analysis of network pharmacology revealed several potential targets related to apoptosis,inflammation,oxidative stress,and vascular remodeling.Molecular docking showed that the key components were well docked with the core targets.Further experimental validation results that MFJT treatment induced apoptosis(downregulated Bcl-2 levels and upregulated Bax levels in lung tissue),inhibited inflammatory response and oxdative stress(decreased the levels of IL-1β,TNF-α,inducible NOS,and malondialdehyde,and increased the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase,nitric oxide,glutathione and superoxide dismutase),reduced the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells(downregulated ET-1 andβ-catenin levels and ERK1/2 phosphorylation,increased GSK3βlevels).Conclusion:Our study revealed MFJT treatment could alleviate PAH in rats via induction of apoptosis,inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress,and the prevention of vascular remodeling.

Mechanism of Yanghe Pingchaun granules on airway remodeling in asthmatic rats based on IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis

Objective: To investigate the effects of Yanghe Pingchuan Granules on airway remodeling in asthmatic rats, and to explore the mechanism of Interleukin-6/Janus kinase 2/ Signal transducing activator of transcription 3(IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) signal axis. Methods: We separated 42 healthy male SD rats into two groups, a control group (7) and a model group (35).The model group was sensitized with a combination of ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide for 2 weeks, while the control group was given an equal amount of physiological saline.After 2 weeks, the modeling group was randomly divided into Model group, Yanghe Pingchuan Granules high, medium and low dose groups and Dexamethasone group, each group consisted of 7 animals. After 4 weeks, OVA atomization and gavage were used for stimulation and treatment. Yanghe Pingchuan Granules high, middle and low groups were given 15.48, 7.74, 3.87 g∙kg-1 Yanghe Pingchuan Granules daily, dexamethasone group was given 0.0625 mg∙kg-1 dexamethasone daily, and the other groups were given the same amount of normal saline. HE, PAS and Masson staining were used to observe the lung histopathological changes in rats. The levels of interleukin-6, IL-23 and IL-17A were detected by ELISA. The expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 in lung tissues were detected by Western blot. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in rat lung tissue. Results: The lung tissue structure of the model group was severely damaged compared to the control group, accompanied by a great many of inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial collagen fiber deposition and airway epithelial thickening were more obvious. The expressions of IL-6, IL- 23 and IL-17A in serum were significantly increased (P<0.01), the protein expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 and the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in lung tissue were significantly increased (P<0.01);Compared with the model group, inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell proliferation, subepithelial collagen fiber deposition and airway epithelial thickening were significantly reduced in each administration group, and the expressions of IL-6, IL-23 and IL-17A in serum were significantly decreased (P< 0.01). The protein expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 and mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in lung tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Conclusion: Yanghe Pingchuan Granules can significantly alleviate airway remodeling in asthmatic rats, and its mechanism may be through inhibiting the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signal axis.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Effects of Capybara Oil on Cardiac Remodeling of C57bl/6 Mice

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, and obesity and the metabolic syndrome are risk factors for its development. One of the therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk is the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In Brazil, a source of such acid is the oil extracted from the fat of the capybara. The objective of this work is to study the effects of the capybara oil on lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as its effects on the adipose tissue and cardiac remodeling. We assessed the effects of capybara oil treatment on body mass, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, systolic blood pressure, adipose tissue and cardiac remodeling, and performed an ultrastructural evaluation of the myocardium in C57Bl/6 mice treated with high-fat diet. Treatment with capybara oil reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, systolic blood pressure, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and adipocyte diameter. In addition, cardiac remodeling was attenuated, preserving cardiomyocytes, increasing vascularization, reducing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the extracellular matrix, and preserving the morphological integrity of mitochondria. Capybara oil has several beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and metabolic system, and further studies are needed to better understand its role in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Treadmill exercise exerts a synergistic effect with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on neuronal apoptosis and synaptic-axonal remodeling

Treadmill exercise and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation are both practical and effective methods for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.However,whether there is a synergistic effect between the two remains unclear.In this study,we established rat models of ischemia/reperfusion injury by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 hours and reperfusion for 24 hours.Rat models were perfused with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes(MSC-exos)via the tail vein and underwent 14 successive days of treadmill exercise.Neurological assessment,histopathology,and immunohistochemistry results revealed decreased neuronal apoptosis and cerebral infarct volume,evident synaptic formation and axonal regeneration,and remarkably recovered neurological function in rats subjected to treadmill exercise and MSC-exos treatment.These effects were superior to those in rats subjected to treadmill exercise or MSC-exos treatment alone.Mechanistically,further investigation revealed that the activation of JNK1/c-Jun signaling pathways regulated neuronal apoptosis and synaptic-axonal remodeling.These findings suggest that treadmill exercise may exhibit a synergistic effect with MSC-exos treatment,which may be related to activation of the JNK1/c-Jun signaling pathway.This study provides novel theoretical evidence for the clinical application of treadmill exercise combined with MSC-exos treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Modulation of bone remodeling by the gut microbiota:a new therapy for osteoporosis

The gut microbiota(GM)plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and well-being of the host.Recent studies have demonstrated that the GM may significantly influence bone metabolism and degenerative skeletal diseases,such as osteoporosis(OP).Interventions targeting GM modification,including probiotics or antibiotics,have been found to affect bone remodeling.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent research on the role of GM in regulating bone remodeling and seeks to elucidate the regulatory mechanism from various perspectives,such as the interaction with the immune system,interplay with estrogen or parathyroid hormone(PTH),the impact of GM metabolites,and the effect of extracellular vesicles(EVs).Moreover,this review explores the potential of probiotics as a therapeutic approach for OP.The insights presented may contribute to the development of innovative GM-targeted therapies for OP.

A mutation in the ZNF687 gene that is responsible for the severe form of Paget's disease of bone causes severely altered bone remodeling and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma onset in a knock-in mouse model

Paget’s disease(PDB)is a late-onset bone remodeling disorder with a broad spectrum of symptoms and complications.One of the most aggressive forms is caused by the P937R mutation in the ZNF687 gene.Although the genetic involvement of ZNF687 in PDB has been extensively studied,the molecular mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear.Here,we describe the first Zfp687 knock-in mouse model and demonstrate that the mutation recapitulates the PDB phenotype,resulting in severely altered bone remodeling.Through microcomputed tomography analysis,we observed that 8-month-old mutant mice showed a mainly osteolytic phase,with a significant decrease in the trabecular bone volume affecting the femurs and the vertebrae.Conversely,osteoblast activity was deregulated,producing disorganized bone.Notably,this phenotype became pervasive in 16-month-old mice,where osteoblast function overtook bone resorption,as highlighted by the presence of woven bone in histological analyses,consistent with the PDB phenotype.Furthermore,we detected osteophytes and intervertebral disc degeneration,outlining for the first time the link between osteoarthritis and PDB in a PDB mouse model.RNA sequencing of wild-type and Zfp687 knockout RAW264.7 cells identified a set of genes involved in osteoclastogenesis potentially regulated by Zfp687,e.g.,Tspan7,Cpe,Vegfc,and Ggt1,confirming its role in this process.Strikingly,in this mouse model,the mutation was also associated with a high penetrance of hepatocellular carcinomas.Thus,this study established an essential role of Zfp687 in the regulation of bone remodeling,offering the potential to therapeutically treat PDB,and underlines the oncogenic potential of ZNF687.

Adjusting phosphate feeding regimen according to daily rhythm increases eggshell quality via enhancing medullary bone remodeling in laying hens

Background Body phosphorus metabolism exhibits a circadian rhythm over the 24-h daily cycle.The egg laying behavior makes laying hens a very special model for investigating phosphorus circadian rhythms.There is lack of information about the impact of adjusting phosphate feeding regimen according to daily rhythm on the phosphorus homeostasis and bone remodeling of laying hens.Methods and results Two experiments were conducted.In Exp.1,Hy-Line Brown laying hens(n=45)were sampled according the oviposition cycle(at 0,6,12,and 18 h post-oviposition,and at the next oviposition,respectively;n=9 at each time point).Diurnal rhythms of body calcium/phosphorus ingestions and excretions,serum calcium/phosphorus levels,oviduct uterus calcium transporter expressions,and medullary bone(MB)remodeling were illustrated.In Exp.2,two diets with different phosphorus levels(0.32%and 0.14%non-phytate phosphorus(NPP),respectively)were alternately presented to the laying hens.Briefly,four phosphorus feeding regimens in total(each included 6 replicates of 5 hens):(1)fed 0.32%NPP at both 09:00 and 17:00;(2)fed 0.32%NPP at 09:00 and 0.14%NPP at 17:00;(3)fed 0.14%NPP at 09:00 and 0.32%NPP at 17:00;(4)fed 0.14%NPP at both 09:00 and 17:00.As a result,the regimen fed 0.14%NPP at 09:00 and 0.32%NPP at 17:00,which was designed to strengthen intrinsic phosphate circadian rhythms according to the findings in Exp.1,enhanced(P<0.05)MB remodeling(indicated by histological images,serum markers and bone mineralization gene expressions),elevated(P<0.05)oviduct uterus calcium transportation(indicated by transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 protein expression),and subsequently increased(P<0.05)eggshell thickness,eggshell strength,egg specific gravity and eggshell index in laying hens.Conclusions These results underscore the importance of manipulating the sequence of daily phosphorus ingestion,instead of simply controlling dietary phosphate concentrations,in modifying the bone remodeling process.Body phosphorus rhythms will need to be maintained during the daily eggshell calcification cycle.

Fractional Order Nonlinear Bone Remodeling Dynamics Using the Supervised Neural Network

This study aims to solve the nonlinear fractional-order mathematical model(FOMM)by using the normal and dysregulated bone remodeling of themyeloma bone disease(MBD).For themore precise performance of the model,fractional-order derivatives have been used to solve the disease model numerically.The FOMM is preliminarily designed to focus on the critical interactions between bone resorption or osteoclasts(OC)and bone formation or osteoblasts(OB).The connections of OC and OB are represented by a nonlinear differential system based on the cellular components,which depict stable fluctuation in the usual bone case and unstable fluctuation through the MBD.Untreated myeloma causes by increasing the OC and reducing the osteoblasts,resulting in net bone waste the tumor growth.The solutions of the FOMM will be provided by using the stochastic framework based on the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation(LVMBP)neural networks(NN),i.e.,LVMBPNN.The mathematical performances of three variations of the fractional-order derivative based on the nonlinear disease model using the LVMPNN.The static structural performances are 82%for investigation and 9%for both learning and certification.The performances of the LVMBPNN are authenticated by using the results of the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton mechanism.To accomplish the capability,steadiness,accuracy,and ability of the LVMBPNN,the performances of the error histograms(EHs),mean square error(MSE),recurrence,and state transitions(STs)will be provided.

The roles of bone remodeling in normal hematopoiesis and age-related hematological malignancies

Prior research establishing that bone interacts in coordination with the bone marrow microenvironment(BMME)to regulate hematopoietic homeostasis was largely based on analyses of individual bone-associated cell populations.Recent advances in intravital imaging has suggested that the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs)and acute myeloid leukemia cells is restricted to bone marrow microdomains during a distinct stage of bone remodeling.These findings indicate that dynamic bone remodeling likely imposes additional heterogeneity within the BMME to yield differential clonal responses.A holistic understanding of the role of bone remodeling in regulating the stem cell niche and how these interactions are altered in age-related hematological malignancies will be critical to the development of novel interventions.To advance this understanding,herein,we provide a synopsis of the cellular and molecular constituents that participate in bone turnover and their known connections to the hematopoietic compartment.Specifically,we elaborate on the coupling between bone remodeling and the BMME in homeostasis and age-related hematological malignancies and after treatment with bone-targeting approaches.We then discuss unresolved questions and ambiguities that remain in the field.

The impact of aging on cardiac remodeling in chronic mitral regurgitation

BACKGROUND Chronic mitral regurgitation(MR)is a volume overload state that causes dilatation of the left sided cardiac chambers.The presence of significant dilatation is considered an indication for mitral valve intervention,however,aging may affect left ventricular(LV)remodeling independently of valvular disease.The objective of this study was to examine age-related changes in cardiac remodeling in a broad population of patients with chronic MR.METHODS Consecutive subjects that underwent echocardiography examinations recorded in the echocardiography database of a university-affiliated laboratory were retrieved.Subjects were categorized into none/mild,moderate or severe MR.For purposes of analysis of differences with aging,the population was divided into groups above and below 70 years of age and standard echocardiographic measurements were compared between the groups.RESULTS A total of 3492 subjects with at least moderate MR(mean age:76 years,52%female)were included in the study and compared to 18,250 subjects with none or mild MR.Older patients had significantly smaller LV end-diastolic diameters and volumes and significantly larger left atrial(LA)volumes when compared to the younger group.LA volume index increased in both age groups as MR severity increased,while LV end-diastolic volume increased with increasing MR only in the younger population.CONCLUSIONS Cardiac remodeling in chronic MR is significantly influenced by age.Guideline based recommendations of timing of mitral valve interventions in asymptomatic MR patients,based on assessment of LA and LV remodeling,may need to take age into account.

Meta-analysis of statin combined with trimetazidine on the regulation of inflammatory factors in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and improvement of ventricular remodeling

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effects of statins combined with trimetazidine on the regulation of inflammatory factors and the improvement of ventricular remodeling in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease based on the inflammasomes/immune damage response theory.Methods:Using computer to search for EMbase,The Cochrane Library,Web of Science,MEDLINE,PubMed,WanFang Data,CNKI,China Biomedical Document Service System(CBM),VIP database(VIP),9 databases in total.The search time limit is from the inception of the databases to June 7,2021.All reference documents included in the study were manually searched.According to the Cochrane systematic review method,the information on atorvastatin combined with trimetazidine and conventional treatment(antiplatelet,control blood pressure,diuresis,coronary artery dilation and other expectant treatments)contrast the use of trimetazidine or stains combined with expectant treatment of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease patients in Chinese and English randomized controlled trials(RCT),and conduct the extraction and quality evaluation of the included literature data,using RevMan5.4 software for Meta analysis.Outcome indicators include inflammatory factors:C-reactive protein(CRP),IL-6(interleukin 6),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),and ventricular remodeling related outcome indicators:left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVEDD),left Ventricular end systolic diameter(LVESD).Results:12 randomized controlled trials were included,a total of 1120 patients with coronary heart disease.Meta-analysis results:(1)inflammatory factors:the statin combined with trimetazidine group can significantly reduce the CRP,IL-6,TNF-α’s expression degree in the blood of patients with coronary heart disease compared with the control group(only statins or trimetazidine).CRP[n=770,SMD=-2.70,95%CI(-2.55,-1.40),P<-0.00001],TNF-α[n=678,SMD=-2.25,95%CI(-3.39,-1.12),P<-0.0001],IL-6[n=770,SMD=-2.10,95%CI(-3.10,-1.10),P<0.00001].(2)Ventricular remodeling:Compared with the control group(using statins or trimetazidine alone),the statin combined with trimetazidine group can significantly reduce the left ventricular end-systolic diameter of patients with coronary heart disease before treatment[n=626,SMD=-1.55,95%CI(-2.10,-0.99),P<-0.00001]and leftVentricular end diastolic diameter[n=626,SMD=-1.18,95%CI(-1.56,-0.80),P<-0.00001].Conclusion:Compared with the control group,statins combined with trimetazidine can significantly reduce the level of inflammatory factors based on the inflammasomes/immune injury response theory,and improve the ventricular remodeling in patients with coronary heart disease.

The role of exosomes in bone remodeling and osseointegration of implants

Dental implant is an effective method in the treatment of missing teeth.The process of osseointegration of implant teeth involves the coordinated operation of immune system and bone system.The interaction between cells is closely related to bone formation and repair.Exosomes are important intercellular communication molecules.They were originally found in the supernatant of sheep erythrocytes cultured in vitro.They are micro vesicles with a diameter of 40~150 nm.They exist in a variety of cells and body fluids.They enter the target cells by endocytosis and transport,affecting the expression of cell genes and changing the fate of cells.It has an important regulatory function in the microenvironment of implant bone binding.It plays a role in bone remodeling through small molecular RNA,specific proteins and other growth factors secreted by different cells.This article reviews the role of bone derived cellderived exosomes in bone remodeling and their function in implant osseointegration.

Shengmai Yin formula promotes ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure rats by inhibiting excessive autophagy via activating AKT/mTOR pathway

Background:Shengmai Yin(SMY)formula,a traditional Chinese medicine,shows a definite therapeutic effect on chronic heart failure(CHF)in clinical practice,but the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown.The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a classic pathway of autophagy and plays a pivotal role in the occurrence and development of CHF.Here,we aimed to investigate whether SMY formula treat CHF rats by inhibiting excessive autophagy.Methods:Echocardiography was conducted to evaluate cardiac function.Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the arrangement of myocardial cells.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analysis was performed to quantitative detecting the content of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide,stromelysin-2,TNF-α in rat serum.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of AKT,p-AKT,mTOR,p-mTOR,light chain 3(LC3),and p62.In vitro,myocardial cells were treated with hypoxia reoxygenation and then intervened with SMY.Cell counting kit-8 method was used to measure the cell viability.The immunofluorescence expression of LC3 protein were also examined.Results:In vivo,SMY intervention assisted in the ventricular remodeling,reduced the levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide,stromelysin-2,TNF-αin serum,and recovered myocardial cell structure in CHF rats.Treatment with SMY significantly promoted the ratio of p-AKT/AKT,p-mTOR/mTOR,and down-regulated the expression level of p62 and the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ.In vitro,when the concentration of SMY containing serum reached 40% in the medium,the activity of myocardial cells reached the highest at 135.14%.SMY inhibited the expression of LC3 in hypoxic-reoxygenation embryonic ventricular myocytes cells.When the hypoxic reoxygenation cells treated with p-mTOR inhibitor,rapamycin,or p-AKT inhibitor,API-1,SMY could also down-regulated the LC3 expression level.Conclusions:SMY formula functions in restoring cardiac function and promoting myocardial ultrastructural recovery by reducing autophagy activity through up-regulating the ratio of p-AKT/AKT,p-mTOR/mTOR,and down-regulating the expression level of p62 and the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ in CHF rats.

急性前壁ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接冠状动脉介入术后微循环阻力指数与左心室不良重构的相关性

目的:评估急性前壁ST段抬高心肌梗死(acute anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入术(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)后微循环阻力指数(index of microcirculatory resistance,IMR)与1年后左心室不良重构(left ventricular adverse remodeling,LVAR)之间的关系。方法:采用单中心回顾性队列研究,连续选择2014年1月至2017年8月在北京大学第三医院住院的前壁STEMI并行PPCI患者,术后即刻通过压力/温度导丝测量IMR。利用血清肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)峰值评估梗死面积,心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)后1 d和1年时评估超声心动图,将左心室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end-diastolic volume,LVEDV)较基线增加≥20%定义为LVAR。结果:共入选43例患者,平均年龄(58.7±12.4)岁。根据IMR正常参考值将患者分为两组,IMR>25(n=23)组较IMR≤25组(n=20)患者冠状动脉造影显示梗死相关血管完全闭塞率(95.7%vs.65.0%,P=0.029)更高,血清CK峰值水平更高[4090(383,15833)vs.1580(396,5583),P=0.004],室壁瘤发生率更高(30.4%vs.5.0%,P=0.021)。MI后1 d两组LVEDV差异无统计学意义[(111.0±18.8)mL vs.(115.0±23.6)mL,P=0.503],而1年后IMR>25组LVEDV明显高于IMR≤25组[(141.5±33.7)mL vs.(115.9±27.9)mL,P=0.018]。IMR>25组LVAR发生比例更高(47.4%vs.11.8%,P=0.024)。二元Logistics回归显示IMR[B=0.079,exp(B)(95%CI)为1.082(1.018~1.149),P=0.011]和血清甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)水平[B=1.610,exp(B)(95%CI)为5.005(1.380~18.152),P=0.014]是患者MI后1年发生LVAR的预测因素,IMR对1年后发生LVAR具有良好的预测价值(曲线下面积=0.749,P=0.019),IMR>29为良好的临界点,敏感性81.8%,特异性68.0%。结论:STEMI患者PPCI术后即刻测定IMR可以反映微血管功能,而微血管功能障碍是STEMI后1年左心室不良重构的有力预测指标。

苦瓜总皂苷通过NRG-1/ErbB通路干预高血压心力衰竭大鼠心肌重构和纤维化

目的:探究苦瓜总皂苷(MCS)通过神经调节蛋白-1(NRG-1)/红细胞白血病病毒癌基因同源物(ErbB)通路干预高血压心力衰竭(HF)大鼠心肌重构和纤维化的机制。方法:40只大鼠分为对照组、模型组、低剂量MCS组和高剂量MCS组(各10只)。通过高盐饮食构建高血压HF模型。通过灌胃MCS进行干预(20 mg/kg和40 mg/kg,6周)。检测各组收缩压和心功能指标。HE染色、Masson染色和TUNEL染色分析MCS对高血压HF大鼠心肌损伤、纤维化和凋亡的影响。并比较各组心肌组织中NRG-1/ErbB通路mRNA和蛋白的表达量。结果:干预后,模型组的收缩压、LVEDP、Masson染色面积百分比(CVF)(7.94±0.82)%和凋亡指数(26.48±3.67)%显著高于对照组,而LVESP、±dp/dt_(max)、NRG-1和ErbB mRNA和蛋白水平显著低于对照组(P均=0.001)。低剂量MCS组和高剂量MCS组的收缩压、LVEDP、CVF[(5.26±0.51)%,(4.04±0.39)%]和凋亡指数[(17.35±2.01)%,(10.86±1.24)%]均显著低于模型组(P<0.05或<0.01),且高剂量MCS组的显著低于低剂量MCS组(P<0.05或<0.01)。低剂量MCS组和高剂量MCS组的LVESP、±dp/dt_(max)、NRG-1和ErbB mRNA和蛋白水平显著高于模型组(P<0.05或<0.01),且高剂量MCS组的显著高于低剂量MCS组(P<0.05或<0.01)。结论:MCS可能通过剂量依赖性地诱导NRG-1/ErbB通路抑制心肌细胞凋亡和纤维化,从而延缓高血压HF进展。

不同运动模式影响心肌梗死致心力衰竭大鼠骨骼肌重塑的机制

背景:急性心肌梗死可引起心脏重塑和心力衰竭,同时导致骨骼肌病变,影响患者生活质量。运动疗法是心力衰竭患者的重要康复手段,然而最佳运动处方尚未明确。目的:对比不同运动模式(有氧运动、抗阻运动)对急性心肌梗死诱导心力衰竭模型大鼠骨骼肌重塑的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制,为优化运动康复方案提供依据。方法:48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、心肌梗死组、有氧运动组和抗阻运动组。利用冠状动脉结扎术进行心力衰竭模型制作,3个月后有氧运动组和抗阻运动组进行12周相应运动模式干预,假手术组和心肌梗死组于鼠笼内安静饲养。实验后,利用递增负荷跑台运动实验和爬梯实验分别测定大鼠最高跑速和最大负重,超声心动图评估心脏结构与功能;分离出心脏,分别行苏木精-伊红染色和天狼星红染色观察心脏重塑情况;分离出腓肠肌,行ATP酶染色观察肌纤维类型和细胞横截面积改变,二氢乙锭法评估活性氧水平,酶联免疫吸附法测定丙二醛含量以及抗氧化酶活性,免疫印迹法测定泛素-蛋白酶体系统蛋白表达量,双重免疫荧光染色检测活化的卫星细胞数(Pax7^(+)/MyoD^(+))。结果与结论:①运动能力:与假手术组比较,心肌梗死组最高跑速和最大负重下降(P<0.05);与心肌梗死组比较,有氧运动组最高跑速以及抗阻运动组最大负重增加(P<0.05)。②心脏重塑:与假手术组比较,心肌梗死组梗死面积、心肌细胞横截面积、心肌胶原含量升高(P<0.05),左心室射血分数和左心室缩短分数下降(P<0.05);与心肌梗死组比较,有氧运动组和抗阻运动组上述各参数均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。③骨骼肌重塑:与假手术组比较,心肌梗死组腓肠肌质量、腓肠肌质量指数、细胞横截面积、超氧化物歧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性、活化的卫星细胞数量下降(P<0.05),活性氧、丙二醛含量以及泛素、MuRF1、MAFbx蛋白表达量上调(P<0.05);与心肌梗死组比较,有氧运动组和抗阻运动组腓肠肌质量指数、超氧化物歧化酶活性、活化的卫星细胞数量增加(P<0.05),活性氧水平以及泛素、MuRF1、MAFbx蛋白表达量降低(P<0.05);与有氧运动组比较,抗阻运动组腓肠肌质量、腓肠肌质量指数、细胞横截面积、活性氧水平、丙二醛含量、活化的卫星细胞数量升高(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性下调(P<0.05)。结果表明:有氧运动和抗阻运动均可提升心力衰竭大鼠的运动能力,其机制与减轻氧化应激、抑制泛素-蛋白酶体系统活性以及激活卫星细胞进而改善骨骼肌重塑有关。有氧运动对于改善骨骼肌氧化应激作用更佳,而抗阻运动促进骨骼肌再生方面效果更为显著。

CDR132L改善高血压合并高脂血症小鼠血管重构和功能

[目的]观察CDR132L(miR-132反义核苷酸)对高血压合并高脂血症小鼠血管重构和功能的影响,并探究其可能的作用机制。[方法]随机选择30只8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠,分为三组:对照组、模型组和CDR132L组,每组10只。对照组接受标准饲料喂养,模型组和CDR132L组给予N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)和高脂食物联合喂养来诱导高血压和高脂血症。CDR132L组给予20 mg/kg CDR132L腹腔注射,1次/周,连续6周,对照组和模型组腹腔注射相同剂量的生理盐水溶液。尾套法测量小鼠尾动脉收缩压和舒张压,血脂、血糖检测由全自动生化分析仪完成,HE染色观察胸主动脉结构,血管环试验观察小鼠胸主动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应,定量基因扩增检测胸主动脉miR-132表达水平,Western blot检测胸主动脉Gab1和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)蛋白表达水平。[结果]与对照组相比,模型组小鼠收缩压、舒张压、血清甘油三酯、血清总胆固醇和体质量均明显升高(P<0.05),胸主动脉内膜凹凸不平,血管壁厚度不均,中膜平滑肌细胞的排列呈现不规则状态,血管壁上存在大量脂肪积聚,胸主动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应减低(P<0.05),胸主动脉miR-132表达水平明显增加(P<0.05),Gab1和eNOS蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,CDR132L组小鼠收缩压、舒张压、血清甘油三酯、血清总胆固醇和体质量均无统计学差异(P>0.05),胸主动脉管腔内膜较完整光滑,血管壁厚度较均一,中膜平滑肌细胞的排列较为有序,血管壁仅存在少量脂肪积聚,胸主动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应增强(P<0.05),胸主动脉miR-132表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),Gab1和eNOS蛋白表达水平明显增加(P<0.05)。[结论]CDR132L能改善高血压合并高脂血症小鼠血管重构及内皮依赖性舒张功能,这一作用可能与其降低胸主动脉miR-132表达水平,进而上调胸主动脉Gab1和eNOS蛋白表达水平有关。

藤黄健骨胶囊对PMOP大鼠RANKL/c-Fos/NFATc1通路的影响

目的探讨免疫调节分子IL-33对绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis,PMOP)模型鼠RANKL/c-Fos/NFATc1信号轴的调控作用及藤黄健骨胶囊(Tenghuang Jiangu capsule,TJC)的干预机制。方法构建PMOP大鼠模型,设置假手术组、PMOP模型组、阳性对照组(0.09 mg/kg)和TJC高、中、低剂量组(0.36、0.18、0.09 g/kg),灌胃给药,每天1次,持续8周。从大鼠末次给药后体质量、骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)及股骨组织微结构等方面评价TJC的疗效;通过ELISA分析TJC对大鼠血清免疫调节因子IL-33、IL-1、IL-31变化;运用qPCR和Western blotting分析TJC对大鼠股骨OPG、RANKL、RANK、c-Fos、NFATc1表达量的影响。结果与假手术组相比,PMOP模型组大鼠的体质量、骨髓脂肪组织相对面积(relative area of bone marrow adipose tissue,BMAT),IL-1、IL-31变化,RANKL、RANK、c-Fos、NFATc1的表达均出现了明显升高的趋势,而BMD、IL-33变化、OPG的表达则出现了明显下降的趋势(P<0.01);与PMOP模型组相比,TJC高剂量组大鼠体质量出现显著下降趋势、IL-33变化出现显著升高趋势(P<0.01),TJC中、高剂量组大鼠BMAT、RANK的表达出现显著下降趋势、OPG的表达出现显著升高趋势(P<0.05或P<0.01),TJC各剂量组大鼠IL-1、IL-31变化,RANKL、c-Fos、NFATc1出现显著降低趋势,BMD出现显著增加趋势(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论TJC能够提高PMOP大鼠免疫调控分子IL-33含量,抑制免疫调控分子IL-1、IL-31含量和破骨细胞分化标志分子NFATc1的表达,其机制可能与RANKL/c-Fos/NFATc1抑制骨代谢通路密切相关。

补充血管紧张素(1-7)联合运动疗法对肾性高血压大鼠心脏重塑的作用与机制

背景:肾素-血管紧张素系统在高血压发生发展中起关键作用,其中血管紧张素(1-7)具有降压作用并反向调节血管紧张素Ⅱ的不良效应。运动康复疗法是防治高血压的重要非药物手段,然而血管紧张素(1-7)与运动是否具有协同效应尚未明确。目的:观察补充血管紧张素(1-7)联合运动疗法对肾性高血压大鼠心脏重塑的影响,并探讨血管紧张素(1-7)及其受体信号轴在其中的可能作用机制。方法:60只雄性SD大鼠随机选取12只作为正常血压组,其余48只利用两肾一夹法制作肾性高血压模型并随机分为高血压对照组、高血压运动组、血管紧张素(1-7)组、联合治疗组。造模成功1周后,各组分别给予不同干预(为期6周):高血压运动组在电动跑台上进行跑步训练,血管紧张素(1-7)组通过植入大鼠背部皮下的Alzet微渗透泵灌流血管紧张素(1-7),联合治疗组在跑步训练后灌流血管紧张素(1-7),正常血压组和高血压对照组在鼠笼内安静饲养。末次训练后48 h,通过无创血压仪测定尾动脉血压;超声心动图检测心脏结构与功能;取左心室心肌,利用苏木精-伊红和马松染色进行心肌组织病理学观察,通过图像分析软件获取心肌细胞横截面积和胶原容积分数分别作为心肌肥大和心肌纤维化标志物;高效液相色谱法检测心脏血管紧张素(1-7)含量;qRT-PCR检测心脏胚胎基因心钠素和β-肌球蛋白重链mRNA表达量;免疫印迹法测定心脏Mas受体、血管紧张素2型受体和内皮型一氧化氮合成酶蛋白表达量。结果与结论:①与正常血压组比较,高血压对照组血压升高(P<0.05),心功能差异无显著变化(P>0.05),心肌细胞横截面积和胶原容积分数增加(P<0.05),心钠素和β-肌球蛋白重链mRNA表达量上调,血管紧张素(1-7)含量以及Mas受体、血管紧张素2型受体和内皮型一氧化氮合成酶蛋白表达量下调(P<0.05)。②与高血压对照组比较,运动组血压下降(P<0.05),心功能提高(P<0.05),胶原容积分数下降(P<0.05),心肌细胞横截面积和血管紧张素(1-7)含量无显著变化(P>0.05),心钠素和β-肌球蛋白重链mRNA表达量下调(P<0.05),Mas受体、血管紧张素2型受体和内皮型一氧化氮合成酶蛋白表达量上调(P<0.05);血管紧张素(1-7)组除心肌血管紧张素(1-7)含量升高(P<0.05)外,其他各参数差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。③与运动组比较,联合治疗组血压下降(P<0.05),心肌细胞横截面积和心功能无显著变化(P>0.05),胶原容积分数下降(P<0.05),血管紧张素(1-7)含量升高(P<0.05),心钠素和β-肌球蛋白重链mRNA表达量下调(P<0.05),Mas受体、血管紧张素2型受体和内皮型一氧化氮合成酶蛋白表达量上调(P<0.05)。④提示单独补充血管紧张素(1-7)并不能改善肾性高血压大鼠心脏重塑,但却能够增强运动的疗效,其机制与血管紧张素(1-7)受体缺陷改善并恢复其信号通路功能有关。