Safety Evaluation of the Dichloromethane Extract of Hysterionica pinifolia: A Potential Raw Material for the Development of Biopesticides

At the moment, there is a growing concern about the negative effects on human health and the environment due to the widespread and indiscriminate use of conventional insecticides. Since plants have been used throughout history to control microorganisms and insects, the safety is an aspect that must also be evaluated to guarantee that its use does not affect human health and the environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety of the dichloromethane extract of Hysterionica pinifolia, species with insecticidal activity, to be employed as a raw material for the development of biopesticides. The acute and subacute toxicity and the dermal and ocular irritation were evaluated. In these studies, the dichloromethane extract of H. pinifolia showed no ocular and a slight dermal irritation. Oral acute toxicity was greater than 2000 mg/Kg and less than 5000 mg/Kg (slightly hazardous) and no signs of toxicity were observed at repeated doses of 100 mg/kg body weight. These promising results showed that Hysterionica pinifolia could be considered as a potential raw material for the development of an insecticide from natural sources, safe for human health and the environment.

Toxicity of Danshen Injection in Beagle's Dogs by Repeated iv Injection

Objective To re-evaluate the potential toxicity of Danshen Injection(DI) in Beagle's dogs by repeated iv injection.Methods DI was iv given to the dogs at the doses of 0,1.6,5.4,and 16.0 g/(kg·d)(4 per sex per group) for 13weeks.During the test period,the clinical signs,mortality,body weights,food consumption,rectal temperature,ophthalmoscopy,electrocardiography,urinalysis,hematology,serum biochemistry,organ weights,gross findings,and histopathology were examined.Results Dogs iv given with DI at the doses of 0,1.6,5.4,and 16.0 g/(kg·d) for13 weeks had no drug-related changes in mortality,body weight,food consumption,temperature,electrocardiography,ophthalmoscopy,urinalysis parameters,and organ weights.The hematological parameter data showed a significant decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration in the high-dose group and a significant increase in activated partial thromboplastin time suggesting an effect on haemopoiesis.For biochemical parameters,a significant decrease in glucose and a significant increase in total bilirubin were observed in the high-dose group,and the latter was considered to be toxicologically insignificant as lack of histopathological correlate.However,the histopathological examinations of the injection site showed that DI could cause dose-dependent focal inflammation.Conclusion That the iv injection with DI into dogs at 16 g/(kg·d) for 13 weeks could cause the decreases in red blood cell parameters and glucose,as well as the lesions of the injection site.The no observed adverse effect level is5.4 g/(kg·d),which suggests that safe clinical dosing be possible.

Evaluation of repeated exposure systemic toxicity test of PVC with new plasticizer on rats via dual parenteral routes

Systemic toxicity caused by repeated exposure to both polar and nonpolar leachables of di(2-ethylhexyl)-1,2-cyclohexane plasticized polyvinyl chloride(PVC)was evaluated with dual routes of parenteral administration method on rats in the study.Experimental group and control group were designed by researchers.Tail intravenous injection with 0.9%sodium chloride injection extracts and intraperitoneal injection with corn oil extracts were conducted to the experimental rats while tail intravenous injection with 0.9%sodium chloride Injection and intraperitoneal injection with corn oil were conducted to the control rats.After 14 days,blood specimens were collected for clinical pathology(hematology and clinical chemistry)analysis.Selected organs were weighed and a histopathological examination was conducted.As a result,compared with the control animals,there were no toxicity-related changes on the parameters above.The results show that the rats do not show obvious systemic toxicity reaction caused by repeated exposure with dual routes of parenteral administration method on rats after administration with both polar and nonpolar exacts of di(2-ethylhexyl)-1,2-cyclohexane plasticized PVC simultaneously up for 14 days.

Acute and 28-day repeated oral toxicological evaluation of Kuruthi Azhal Chooranam-a Siddha preparation on rodents

Objective:To determine the effect of phytochemicals in acute and repeated dose of 28-day oral toxicity of Kuruthi Azhal Chooranam(KAC)in Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes.Methods:Acute oral toxicity was conducted with 2000 mg/kg body weight of KAC orally and the treated animals were observed for signs of toxicity at 30 min,1,2,4 and 24 h and for up to 14 days.In repeated 28-day oral toxicity study,the KAC formulation was administered orally with 600,900 and 1200 mg/kg body weight/day to all the three groups of rats.The animals were observed for clinical signs of toxicity,mortality and morbidity throughout the study.Also body weight,feed consumption,haematological,plasma biochemistry and serum electrolytes,gross pathology,weights of the organ and histology were studied for no-observed-adverse-effect level.High dose of KAC formulation and control reversal groups were also included for delayed toxic effects determination.Results:In the acute toxicity study of KAC formulation,2000 mg/kg body weight dose exhibited no toxic signs and mortality during study.In sub-acute 28-day repeated dose toxicity study,there was no significant difference found between control and KAC treated groups(body weight,haematology,biochemistry and serum electrolytes).No abnormalities was found in gross pathology,organs weight and histological observation after KAC treatment.Conclusions:The current study suggests that LD_(50)of KAC was>2000 mg/kg and no-observed-adverse-effect level was>1200 mg/kg/day in rats.KAC could be used as Siddha drug for various indications.