Replacement of Dietary Fish Oil with Vegetable Oils Improves the Growth and Flesh Quality of Large Yellow Croaker(Larmichthys crocea)

We investigated the effect of the replacement of dietary fish oil with vegetable oils on the growth and flesh quality of large yellow croaker(Larmichthys crocea). The basal diet(FO) was formulated to contain 66.5% fish meal and 6.4% menhaden fish oil; whereas the other 3 experimental diets were formulated by replacing the fish oil with 50% soybean oil(SO50), 100% soybean oil(SO100) and 100% palm oil(PO100), respectively. The 4 diets were randomly assigned to 4 floating sea cages(3.0 m × 3.0 m × 3.0 m), and each was stocked with 250 fish individuals with an initial average weight of 245.29 g ± 7.45 g. The fish were fed to apparent satiation twice a day at 5:00 and 17:00, respectively, for 12 weeks. Experimental analysis showed that the specific growth rate of fish fed SO50 or PO100 were significantly higher than that of fish fed FO or SO100(P<0.05), and crude lipid contents of ventral muscle and viscera were significantly lower in fish fed FO than in those fed the other 3 diets(P<0.05). No significant differences in condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, gutted yield and colorimetric values of fish among the dietary treatments were observed(P>0.05). Compared to FO diet, SO50, SO100 and PO100 diets led to substantial decreases in the liquid loss and water loss from fresh fillets(1 d, 4℃)(P<0.05). Similarly, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) values of fillets under different storage conditions(1 d, 4℃; 7 d, 4℃; 4 weeks,-20℃; 8 weeks,-20℃) decreased significantly after partial or complete replacement of fish oil with vegetable oils. These findings indicated that the growth performance and selected flesh quality properties(liquid holding capacity and TBARS value) of large yellow croaker were substantially improved by replacing dietary fish oil with vegetable oils.

Fat Reduction and Replacement by Olive Oil in Bologna Type Cooked Sausage. Quality and Nutritional Aspects

Eight different types of Bologna type cooked sausages apart from the control were produced in order to reduce the fat content (15%, 30%, 45%), replace the animal fat by olive oil (3%, 6.5% and 10%) as well as concomitant reduction and replacement of animal fat (30% of fat reduction with 2% of olive oil as an animal fat replacer). Quality attributes such as texture, water binding and color were monitored. Texture and water binding of fat reduced and fat replaced samples were quite similar to the control while color was strongly affected by the fat reduction and replacement. Fat reduction led to a redder cooked sausage and the addition of olive oil to a more yellow product. Chemical analysis revealed no major changes among samples apart from protein and fat content and fatty acid profile. Noteworthy, cooked sausage with more than 6.5% of olive oil achieved the World Health Organization’s recommendation on the nutritional fat index ((polyunsaturated + monounsaturated)/saturated fatty acid ≥ 2) which is very relevant to the development of healthier formulations. Cooked sausages with 45% of fat reduction and 30% fat reduced with 2% of olive oil were considered as the best by the panelists, which in addition had a balanced nutritional content by a lower caloric content. We concluded that fat reduction (up to 45%) and replacement (up to 10%) are possible with acceptable sensory quality and improved nutritional composition. When replacing animal fats by plant oils, the color of the product, which has a strong influence on the sensory acceptability of Bologna type cooked sausages, is affected. Therefore it must be controlled for a proper product development of meat products containing vegetable oils.

A pressure drop model of post-fracturing shut-in considering the effect of fracturing-fluid imbibition and oil replacement

Since the production regime of shut-in after fracturing is generally adopted for wells in shale oil reservoir,a shut-in pressure drop model coupling wellbore-fracture network-reservoir oil-water two-phase flow has been proposed.The model takes into account the effects of wellbore afterflow,fracture network channeling,and matrix imbibition and oil exchange after stop of pumping.The simulated log-log curve of pressure-drop derivative by the model presents W-shape,reflecting the oil-water displacement law between wellbore,fracture network and matrix,and is divided into eight main control flow stages according to the soaking time.In the initial stage of pressure drop,the afterflow dominates;in the early stage,the pressure drop is controlled by the cross-flow and leakoff of the fracture system,and the fractures close gradually;in the middle stage of pressure drop,matrix imbibition and oil exchange take dominance,and the fracturing fluid loss basically balances with oil replaced from matrix;the late stage of pressure drop is the reservoir boundary control stage,and the leakoff rate of fracturing-fluid and oil exchange rate decrease synchronously till zero.Finally,the fracture network parameters such as half-length of main fracture,main fracture conductivity and secondary fracture density were inversed by fitting the pressure drop data of five wells in Jimsar shale oil reservoir,and the water imbibition volume of matrix and the oil replacement volume in fracture were calculated by this model.The study results provide a theoretical basis for comprehensively evaluating the fracturing effect of shale oil hori-zontal wells and understanding the oil-water exchange law of shale reservoir after fracturing.

Total Replacement of Fish Oil with Vegetable Oils in the Diet of Juvenile Jade Perch Scortum barcoo Reared in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

To determine the replacement of fish oil with vegetable oils in the diet of juvenile Jade perch Scortum barcoo, four feeds with each a different oil （fish, sunflower, linseed and a mixture of 75% canola and 25% linseed oil）, were fed to Jade perch reared in recirculating aquaculture systems （RAS）. The trial lasted for 10 weeks and the fatty acid （FA） profile of both feed and fish muscle tissue were examined. There was no difference in growth, feed conversion rate （FCR） and mortality. The fish grew from 10 g to 110 g with a FCR of 1.25 and 0 mortality. The FA profile of the fish muscle tissue reflected the FA profile of the feed. The flesh of the fish that were fed the linseed oil diet, were extremely high in omega-3 （n-3） polyunsaturated FA （n-3 PUFA） with 3.75% of wet weight. This is one of the highest concentrations of n-3 PUFA ever recorded in fish flesh. In a finishing feeding test, the remaining vegetable oil fed fish were fed the fish oil diet for another two weeks immediately after the 10 weeks trial, to check for a possible recovery of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids （HUFA）. The wash out rate of FA towards n-3 HUFA in the muscle tissue was about 25% over this two weeks period.

Production of Cocoa Butter Replacer by Dry Fractionation, Partial Hydrogenation, Chemical and Enzymatic Interesterification of Tea Seed Oil

Production of cocoa butter replacer (CBR) from tea seed oil through common modification methods of oils (dry fractionation, partial hydrogenation, chemical and enzymatic interesterification) was evaluated. Some physico-chemical properties (iodine, saponification, acid and peroxide values) and fatty acid composition (FAC) of modified samples were analyzed and compared with a reference cocoa butter (CB). Solid and liquid fractions for large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (approx. 80%) and thereby lower iodine values (81 - 85 gI2/100g) than that of CB (37% and 34 gI2/100 g, respectively), are not suitable as CBR. Among all ratios of chemically and enzaymatically interesterified oil blends (20%, 25% and 30% of hydrogenated tea seed oil with 80%, 75% and 70% of tea seed oil/liquid fraction/solid fraction), the samples with ratio of 30:70 from both chemical and enzymatic interesterification had FAC and iodine value closer to that of CB. A comparision between chemically and enzymatically interesterified samples (CISs and EISs, respectively), in terms of solid fat content (SFC) indicated that although the SFC values in EIS were much lower than that of CB, but the thermal behavior of this sample is comprable to CB at 20℃- 30℃ (sharp melting point of CB).

Analysis of the Strategies of the 'Replacement of Coal and Oil' with Natural Gas in Sichuan Province

Sichuan Province boasts rich clean energy such as natural gas and hydroelectricity. In order to realize the blueprint of a beautiful China, it is both necessary and feasible for Sichuan Province to ＂replace coal and oil＂ with natural gas. Based on the actual situation of Sichuan Province, through research and investigation, rational thinking and summarization, this paper analyzes the current demand for energy supply in Sichuan, defines the development goals and ideas concerning Sichuan＇s ＇replacement of coal and oil＂ with natural gas, examines the action plan related to such replacement and puts forward relevant policies and suggestions.

Method of moderate water injection and its application in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs of Yanchang Oilfield, NW China

To explore the method of improving development effect and solving the problem of water breakthrough and water out for ultralow permeability fractured reservoirs, an indoor evaluation method of dynamic imbibition for fracture-matrix system was established taking the Chang 8 reservoir in southern Yanchang Oilfield as a research target. Key factors for the imbibition effect were obtained, an imbibition's rate expression was obtained, a model considering the double effects of imbibition-displacement was built and optimal injection and production parameters for the research area were obtained as well. The results show that an optimum displacement rate that maximizes the oil displacement efficiency exists in the water displacing oil process, and the optimal displacing rate becomes smaller as the permeability decreases. The imbibition displacement efficiency increases as the reservoir quality index and water wettability index of rock become bigger. But the larger the initial water saturation or oil-water viscosity ratio is, the smaller the imbibition displacement efficiency is. The optimal injection-production ratio for the Chang 8 reservoir of southern Yanchang Oilfield is 0.95, and the predicted recovery is 17.2% when the water cut is 95%, it is 2.9% higher than the recovery of conventional injection-production ratio 1.2. By using the moderate water injection technique based on the double effects of imbibition-displacement mechanism, the water injection development effect for the ultra-low permeability fractured reservoirs can be improved significantly.

Ashless Anti-Wear Additives for Motor Oils

Ashless anti-wear(AW) additives containing phosphorus can be used as partial or complete replacement of zinc dithiodialkylphosphate(ZDDP).In oils with low sulfated ash content(< 1.0%),this approach will allow a significant reduction of ash content and/or provide the formulator with more flexibility to use additional metallic detergents.Over the past 70 years or so,ZDDP has proven to be a very effective engine oil additive by helping to reduct oxidation,wear,and corrosion in service.In this paper,we will compare ZDDP-based lubricants with lubricants base on ashless,P-containing additive systems;we will describe the ashless chemistry investigated and discuss its contribution to wear performance in modern,low-SAPS(sulfated ash,phosphorus & sulfur) engine oils in various bench,rig and engine tests;we will also report on some work done to evaluate AW additive compatibility with modern three-way exhaust gas catalysts(TWC).

Biochemical Characteristics of Saint Mary’s Thistle Varieties (<i>Silybum marianum</i>L. <i>Gaertn.</i>) under Soil-Climate Conditions of the Khorezm Region

This article deals with the biochemical characteristics of varieties of Saint Mary’s Thistle such as Panacea, Debut and Samaryanka. Based on the studies, it was found that the highest oil content was found in the species Debut (26%). The lowest oil content was observed in the variety Samaryanka (19%). The highest protein content and the sum of total amino acids in the seeds of St. Mary’s Thistle varieties were found in the variety Debut (131.1), and the lowest indication was observed in the species Samaryanka (79.2). By the number of replaceable amino acids existing in the seeds of the species of St. Mary’s Thistle, it was found in the Varieties Debut (126.3), and the lowest indication was observed in the variety Samaryanka (112). Based on the results of studies and the noted biochemical characteristics and varietal differences of the St. Mary’s Thistle, the possibility and expediency of expanding the crops of this species in the soil and climatic conditions of the Khorezm region are suggested. The research was conducted 2017-2019 y.

电容式含水传感器极板间油液更替时间研究

液压系统中的水污染严重影响系统工作可靠性,因此利用含水传感器实时准确地响应系统油液含水率的变化对液压系统的健康维护至关重要。电容式含水传感器通过测量介电常数的变化来间接测量水分含量,而电容极板间油液更替的时间直接反应传感器的动态响应特性。选择了两种仿真方法对极板间油液的更替情况进行了分析,并搭建试验系统进行了验证,结果表明,物质组分输运模型更适合仿真分析电容型含水传感器的响应特性。提出的仿真方法为电容式含水传感器动态响应特性的分析提供一种新的思路,分析结果可为电容式含水传感器的采样时间选择提供参考,以获得准确可靠的含水率检测结果。

纳米茶籽油微囊对低脂猪肉糜制品品质影响

高脂产品低脂化符合消费者对健康的追求,是未来肉制品发展方向之一。本文以无茶籽油脂肪替代肉糜为对照组,考察了两种形式的茶籽油(Tea seed oil,TSO)及纳米微囊化茶籽油(Nano tea seed oil microcapsules,NTM)代替猪背膘对猪肉糜制品理化性质的影响,对不同脂肪替代肉糜制品保水性、蒸煮得率、水分分布、质构、微观结构、脂肪氧化水平等指标进行了研究。结果表明,添加50%、70%NTM可以改善添加TSO造成的肉糜制品保水能力的下降;NTM替代组的T_(21)弛豫时间、占比与无替代对照组组差异不显著(P>0.05),而TSO替代组不易流动水占比显著下降(P<0.05);NTM替代组,其L^(*)、b^(*)值较于无茶籽油替代组有所增强,a^(*)降低,且具有明显的脂肪氧化抑制效果,有效延长贮藏期;微观结构结果表明,NTM替代组油脂分布较TSO添加组更均匀,与蛋白质结合更紧密;质构特性结果表明,TSO替代会造成质构的劣化,而NTM可以改善劣化情况,其中添加70%NTM的肉糜弹性和粘度优于50%和70%NTM替代组。综上,添加70%NTM可以均匀分布于猪肉糜中,并与蛋白质之间形成更多的氢键,从而达到稳定低脂猪肉糜保水力,硬度,弹性等理化性质的目的。因此添加70%NTM的低脂肉糜品质最优。

大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪对牛乳稳定性及其酸乳品质的影响

本研究首先从大豆种籽中提取大豆油体,然后将大豆油体替代牛乳中的脂肪,探讨大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪乳在不同环境下的稳定性,最后将大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪乳进行酸乳加工,以无水奶油替代牛乳脂肪乳及牛乳进行对照,考察大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪乳对牛乳稳定性及酸乳品质的影响。结果表明,大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪乳、无水奶油替代牛乳脂肪乳及牛乳在pH 2.0和4.0时,粒径较大。在pH 2.0~10.0,大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪乳的粒径显著高于无水奶油替代牛乳脂肪乳及牛乳的粒径(P<0.05)。除200 mmol/L外,在NaCl浓度0~500 mmol/L条件下,大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪乳的平均粒径显著高于无水奶油替代牛乳脂肪乳及牛乳的粒径(P<0.05),但是3种乳液油滴均没有明显的聚集,表现较稳定。在不同热处理温度条件下,大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪乳、无水奶油替代牛乳脂肪乳及牛乳都具有较高的热稳定性。大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪乳经过6 h发酵后其pH值能达到酸乳的理想pH值4.5左右,而且用时较无水奶油替代牛乳脂肪乳及牛乳短。大豆油体替代牛奶脂肪乳发酵形成的酸乳黏度显著高于无水奶油替代牛乳脂肪乳及牛乳发酵的酸乳的黏度(P<0.05),而且酸乳的感官和质地均较好。本研究可为大豆油体替代牛乳脂肪进行乳制品加工提供参考。

页岩油用压驱一体剂的研制及性能评价——以苏北盆地阜宁组二段为例

针对苏北盆地页岩油储层在压裂过程中驱油剂与压裂液不配伍,导致压裂液黏度降低,甚至发生化学反应产生沉淀,严重影响压裂改造效果和生产效率等问题,以马来酸酐(C_(4)H_(2)O_(3))、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚(HO(CH_(2)CH_(2)O)m(CH_(2))n CH3)、阴离子聚丙烯酰胺((C_(3)H_(5)ON)n)和白油等为原料,通过化学合成和物理复配的方法,研制出一种页岩油用压驱一体剂(HDFD)。室内评价了其表观黏度、减阻率、界面张力和驱油效率,并和现场所用的“减阻剂乳液+高温驱油剂”体系进行了对比。实验结果显示:HDFD在2×10^(-3)kg/L加量下表观黏度介于9~12 mPa·s,减阻率达70%以上,油水界面张力为5×10^(-3)mN/m,驱油效率提升40%,表明该药剂具有良好的压裂减阻和驱油性能。现场试验的2口井日产油量分别提升了40.6%和84.6%,表明该产品适用于苏北盆地阜宁组二段页岩油压裂工艺,在页岩油压裂驱油一体工艺中具有广阔的应用前景。

油气与新能源融合发展路径思考与建议

“双碳”背景下油气田企业加快油气业务与新能源业务融合发展。实施路径上需推动“油、气、热、电、氢”综合能源开发利用和能源供应结构转型升级,利用低成本绿电支撑油气供给增长,大力发展地热清洁供暖以减轻冬季天然气保供压力,规模化开发光伏与风电,在风光资源丰富地区探索发展绿氢产业。同时,加大生产用能清洁替代,推动油气能源清洁低碳开发,具体包括:油气生产系统优化瘦身,推动节能提效;实施清洁电力替代,以绿电替代网电并不断提高绿电占比;实施清洁热力替代,构建低碳化、电气化工艺流程,探索利用光热、余热和低温空气热,实现对自用天然气的替代;实施生产系统再造,打造与清洁能源特性相耦合的低碳化油气生产系统。为保障油气与新能源深度融合发展,提出了四方面建议:一是推进油气产能与清洁能源同步规划、同步建设,实现“建设融合”;二是加强节能提效和新能源消纳,实现“生产融合”;三是通过一体化建设、运行和评价,实现“管理融合”;四是深化能源生产技术创新,实现“技术融合”。

大豆蛋白稳定乳液油凝胶的制备及其在肉糜中的应用

以大豆蛋白为稳定剂,葵花籽油为油相,通过高速剪切乳化技术制备乳液油凝胶,研究载油量、大豆蛋白浓度和热处理时间对乳液油凝胶的影响,并将乳液油凝胶应用于肉糜中替代动物脂肪。结果表明:大豆蛋白颗粒可以承载体积分数达70%的油相,且在大豆蛋白浓度超过1%的条件下,能形成稳定的乳液油凝胶,其粒径随着大豆蛋白浓度的增加而略微变小。乳液油凝胶经80℃热处理后,粒径大小随加热时间基本不变,显示良好的热稳定性。流变分析表明乳液油凝胶的黏度随剪切速率升高而下降,不同加热时间下的储能模量均比损耗模量高,表明乳液形成了弹性的类凝胶网络,且加热处理45 min的乳液油凝胶黏弹性最为突出。肉糜经高温蒸煮后,肉糜蒸煮得率随乳液油凝胶替代比例的升高而提高,当乳液油凝胶完全替代猪油脂时,油脂和水分的渗出率明显降低。

油体凝胶的特性及其在食品中的应用研究进展

对油体的结构与组成进行简要概括,对油体凝胶的特性和分类进行综述,并探讨油体凝胶在脂肪替代、生物活性物质的递送、3D食品打印方面的应用,以期为油体凝胶在食品行业中的进一步研究和应用提供参考。

页岩油体积压裂后合理焖井时间模拟研究

针对页岩油藏压裂开发过程中,焖井效果井间差异大、焖井有效性和时效性不明确等问题,建立了考虑裂缝闭合、油水渗吸置换以及压裂液滞留多效应协同的压裂—焖井—生产一体化数值模型,并验证了模型的可靠性,探究了页岩油井压后焖井期间地层油水运移规律以及合理焖井时间。研究结果表明:①焖井期间地层油水运移特征在时间上呈现阶段性变化,依次可分为裂缝闭合、渗吸置换和能量平衡3个主控阶段,同时也在空间上与水力裂缝的复杂程度密切相关;②在毛管渗吸作用下,适当延长焖井时间有利于压裂井初期见产,但压裂液在基质中的滞留量增多也会加剧油相相渗伤害,结合累增油量变化规律,明确了合理焖井时间宜在30~45 d;③考虑真实工况对焖井作用的影响,提出了以“压裂+焖井时间”作为焖井优化的指标,提高时间效益的同时可以减少井间差异。研究提出了体积压裂水平井焖井作用评价方法和模拟流程,其结果对页岩油压裂后合理焖井时间优化具有指导作用。

Approach and potential of replacing oil and natural gas with coal in China

China’s fossil energy is characterized by an abundance of coal and a relative lack of oil and natural gas.Developing a strategy in which coal can replace oil and natural gas is,therefore,a necessary and practical approach to easing the excessive external dependence on oil and natural gas.Based on the perspective of energy security,this paper proposes a technical framework for defining the substitution of oil and natural gas with coal in China.In this framework,three substitution classifications and 11 industrialized technical routes are reviewed.Then,three scenarios(namely,the cautious scenario,baseline scenario,and positive scenario)are developed to estimate the potential of this strategy for 2020 and 2030.The results indicate that oil and natural gas replaced by coal will reach 67 to 81 Mt and 8.7 to 14.3 Gm^3 in 2020 and reach 93 to 138 Mt and 32.3 to 47.3 Gm^3 in 2030,respectively.By implementing this strategy,China’s external dependence on oil,natural gas,and primary energy is expected to be curbed at approximately 70%,40%,and 20%by 2030,respectively.This paper also demonstrates how coal,as a substitute for oil and natural gas,can contribute to carbon and pollution reduction and economic cost savings.It suggests a new direction for the development of the global coal industry and provides a crucial reference for energy transformation in China and other countries with similar energy situations.

油气回收装置活性炭更换过程及要点分析

对吸附法油气回收装置活性炭更换的过程及要点进行了介绍和分析,从油气回收装置的工艺流程和活性炭吸附机理出发,结合石油库油气回收装置活性炭实际更换情况分析出在选型、更换、钝化、投用等过程中要点,为石油库更换油气回收装置活性炭提供了参考。

运营中原油码头输油管线受损的整体更换工艺

文章介绍了运营中的原油码头受损输油管线进行整体更换的工艺。通过对受损管段的全面评估及采用先进的技术和方法,能够确保整个更换过程的高效和可持续性。在整个更换工程中,需结合先进的材料和施工技术,最大限度地减少对生态环境和运输系统的影响。并详细阐述更换工艺的步骤和关键技术,为类似工程提供有价值的经验和参考。