Aims Distyly is one of the most widespread floral polymorphisms pro-moting cross-fertilization.Evolutionary transition from obligate cross-fertilized distyly to predominantly self-fertilized homostyly is frequently do...Aims Distyly is one of the most widespread floral polymorphisms pro-moting cross-fertilization.Evolutionary transition from obligate cross-fertilized distyly to predominantly self-fertilized homostyly is frequently documented in various groups.However,empirical stud-ies concerning the ecological factors connected with this transition are still lacking.Primula chungensis,suggested to be evolving from distyly to homostyly,provides an ideal model for the study of the ecological factors concerned with this transition.We study P.chun-gensis to understand if autonomous self-fertilization would provide reproductive assurance for the self-fertilized homo-styled morph in the field.Methods the incompatibility features of P.chungensis were tested with hand-pollination experiments.We compared the capacity of autonomous self-fertilization between the distylous and homo-styled morph of P.chungensis in the field by excluding the pollinators with bags.In addition,the degrees of herkogamy of some P.chungensis plants were between the short-styled and homo-styled morphs.these plants were studied to understand whether they were able to obtain greater reproductive assurance when the herkogamy in the flowers was reduced.Important Findings All three morphs of P.chungensis were highly self-and intra-morph compatible.the degree of herkogamy positively correlated with the capacity for autonomous self-fertilization.A negative correlation between the degree of herkogamy and the magnitude of pollen limitation was found,but no significant correlation was found between the degree of herkogamy and the contribution of cross-fertilization to overall fertilization.this study suggests that reducing the degree of herkogamy can significantly increase the reproductive assurance for a self-compatible plant.Our results provided evidence that the homo-styled morph of P.chungensis had the highest capacity for autonomous self-fertilization and the highest seed production in the field,because autonomous self-fertilization provided reproduct-ive assurance for the homo-styled morph.this may cause selection towards the transition from distyly to homostyly.展开更多
Background:The ability to produce seeds when pollinators or potential mates are scarce is one of the principal advantages of self-pollination in flowering plants.However,the role of pollinators mediating self-pollinat...Background:The ability to produce seeds when pollinators or potential mates are scarce is one of the principal advantages of self-pollination in flowering plants.However,the role of pollinators mediating self-pollination to ensure seed set when pollen or potential mates are limited has received less attention.This study examined the reproductive consequences and involvement of pollinators in assuring seed set in an isolated tree of Magnolia grandiflora,a predominantly outcrossing species.Methods:We tested various aspects of reproduction such as flower density,floral rewards,stigma receptivity,pollinator abundance and behaviour,fruit set and seed set,in two successive reproductive years(2015-2016).Results:Flowers of M.grandiflora possess a suite of traits facilitating pollinator-mediated self-pollination(PMS),although the chances of autonomous self-pollination are reduced due to herkogamy,spatial separation of anther and stigma.The mean pollen production/flower was 5,152,289±285,094 with a pollen-to-ovule ratio of 39430±164.We found a significant positive correlation between number of visits and seed production for bees(r=0.5099,p=0.0007)and beetles(r=0.7159,p=0.00001),indicating these are effective at PMS.There was a significant negative correlation for thrips(r=-0.3206,p=0.044)and no correlation for flies or spiders.The percent fruit set was 100%and the seed set per ovule ranged between 19 and 20%.Conclusions:PMS will guarantee reproductive assurance and mitigate the effect of reduced mates or pollen limitation which is expected to increase the fecundity and establishment of individual trees in geographically isolated locations.展开更多
Species with mixed mating systems often demonstrate variable expression of breeding system characteristics and thus represent the opportunity to understand the factors and mechanisms that promote both outcrossed and s...Species with mixed mating systems often demonstrate variable expression of breeding system characteristics and thus represent the opportunity to understand the factors and mechanisms that promote both outcrossed and selfed seed production. Here, we investigate variation in levels of herkogamy (variation in stigma-anther separation distance) in a Puerto Rican population of hummingbird pollinated Gesneria citrina Urban. There is significant variation in herkogamy levels among individuals of this species and stigma-anther separation is negatively associated with the ability to set fruits and seeds in the absence of pollinators. The variation in levels of herkogamy may represent a mechanism to ensure the production of some self-fertilized progeny in the absence of hummingbird pollinators. We also describe a novel breeding system in G. citrina, where stamens elongate over time to reach stigma height, but stamen elongation is accelerated by pollination. These results suggest that once the flowers are pollinated, stamen elongation may favor increased pollen removal and siring success, while the reduction in stigma-anther distance no longer imposes the risk of interference between male and female functions. We discuss our findings of breeding system variation in the context of pollination system evolution in an island setting (Antillean islands).展开更多
Floral traits and the number of visitors are expected to change with different mating systems.We tested this hypothesis by comparing flowers of Prunella vulgaris(Lamiaceae)with inserted and exserted styles across a st...Floral traits and the number of visitors are expected to change with different mating systems.We tested this hypothesis by comparing flowers of Prunella vulgaris(Lamiaceae)with inserted and exserted styles across a strongly exserted style biased,an exserted style biased,and a strongly inserted style biased subalpine population.We examined flowering phenology,floral morphology,flower visitation rate,capacity for autonomous selfpollination and visitor contribution to seed production for each style type and in each population.We also examined inbreeding depression(ID)by comparing the relative performance of progeny from self-and crosspollination.Exserted style plants had larger and more open flowers,increased pollen production,higher amounts of nectar rewards and higher visitation and outcrossing rates than inserted style plants.Similarly on the population level,the visitation rates were higher in the exserted style-biased populations than in the inserted style-biased population.Inserted style plants provided a stronger reproductive assurance(RA)through autonomous selfing than exserted style plants.RA and outcrossing rates did not differ among populations,showing low visitation rates may be sufficient for adequate seed production in P.vulgaris.Although inserted style plants had a lower ID level than exserted style plants,the ID of both was less than 0.5,suggesting that an ID should not counteract the evolution of selfing in this species.Inserted style plants provide RA through autonomous selfing,and exserted style plants ensure outcrossing through pollinator services,supporting a stable mixed mating system in this subalpine plant.展开更多
基金This research was supported by the Joint Funds of the National Science Foundation of China and Yunnan Provincial Government(no.U1202261)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31500194)and the CAS 135 program(XTBG-F01,T01).
文摘Aims Distyly is one of the most widespread floral polymorphisms pro-moting cross-fertilization.Evolutionary transition from obligate cross-fertilized distyly to predominantly self-fertilized homostyly is frequently documented in various groups.However,empirical stud-ies concerning the ecological factors connected with this transition are still lacking.Primula chungensis,suggested to be evolving from distyly to homostyly,provides an ideal model for the study of the ecological factors concerned with this transition.We study P.chun-gensis to understand if autonomous self-fertilization would provide reproductive assurance for the self-fertilized homo-styled morph in the field.Methods the incompatibility features of P.chungensis were tested with hand-pollination experiments.We compared the capacity of autonomous self-fertilization between the distylous and homo-styled morph of P.chungensis in the field by excluding the pollinators with bags.In addition,the degrees of herkogamy of some P.chungensis plants were between the short-styled and homo-styled morphs.these plants were studied to understand whether they were able to obtain greater reproductive assurance when the herkogamy in the flowers was reduced.Important Findings All three morphs of P.chungensis were highly self-and intra-morph compatible.the degree of herkogamy positively correlated with the capacity for autonomous self-fertilization.A negative correlation between the degree of herkogamy and the magnitude of pollen limitation was found,but no significant correlation was found between the degree of herkogamy and the contribution of cross-fertilization to overall fertilization.this study suggests that reducing the degree of herkogamy can significantly increase the reproductive assurance for a self-compatible plant.Our results provided evidence that the homo-styled morph of P.chungensis had the highest capacity for autonomous self-fertilization and the highest seed production in the field,because autonomous self-fertilization provided reproduct-ive assurance for the homo-styled morph.this may cause selection towards the transition from distyly to homostyly.
基金One of the authors VPK is thankful to Department of Biotechnology(DBT),New Delhi,for financial assistance.
文摘Background:The ability to produce seeds when pollinators or potential mates are scarce is one of the principal advantages of self-pollination in flowering plants.However,the role of pollinators mediating self-pollination to ensure seed set when pollen or potential mates are limited has received less attention.This study examined the reproductive consequences and involvement of pollinators in assuring seed set in an isolated tree of Magnolia grandiflora,a predominantly outcrossing species.Methods:We tested various aspects of reproduction such as flower density,floral rewards,stigma receptivity,pollinator abundance and behaviour,fruit set and seed set,in two successive reproductive years(2015-2016).Results:Flowers of M.grandiflora possess a suite of traits facilitating pollinator-mediated self-pollination(PMS),although the chances of autonomous self-pollination are reduced due to herkogamy,spatial separation of anther and stigma.The mean pollen production/flower was 5,152,289±285,094 with a pollen-to-ovule ratio of 39430±164.We found a significant positive correlation between number of visits and seed production for bees(r=0.5099,p=0.0007)and beetles(r=0.7159,p=0.00001),indicating these are effective at PMS.There was a significant negative correlation for thrips(r=-0.3206,p=0.044)and no correlation for flies or spiders.The percent fruit set was 100%and the seed set per ovule ranged between 19 and 20%.Conclusions:PMS will guarantee reproductive assurance and mitigate the effect of reduced mates or pollen limitation which is expected to increase the fecundity and establishment of individual trees in geographically isolated locations.
基金Supported by Funds from the University of Maryland,Sigma-Xi,Graduate Women in Science,American Gloxinia and Gesneriad Society,Explorers Club of Washington,and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30225007)
文摘Species with mixed mating systems often demonstrate variable expression of breeding system characteristics and thus represent the opportunity to understand the factors and mechanisms that promote both outcrossed and selfed seed production. Here, we investigate variation in levels of herkogamy (variation in stigma-anther separation distance) in a Puerto Rican population of hummingbird pollinated Gesneria citrina Urban. There is significant variation in herkogamy levels among individuals of this species and stigma-anther separation is negatively associated with the ability to set fruits and seeds in the absence of pollinators. The variation in levels of herkogamy may represent a mechanism to ensure the production of some self-fertilized progeny in the absence of hummingbird pollinators. We also describe a novel breeding system in G. citrina, where stamens elongate over time to reach stigma height, but stamen elongation is accelerated by pollination. These results suggest that once the flowers are pollinated, stamen elongation may favor increased pollen removal and siring success, while the reduction in stigma-anther distance no longer imposes the risk of interference between male and female functions. We discuss our findings of breeding system variation in the context of pollination system evolution in an island setting (Antillean islands).
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570385)Postdoctoral Fellowship of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,CAS and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funding(2019M653513).
文摘Floral traits and the number of visitors are expected to change with different mating systems.We tested this hypothesis by comparing flowers of Prunella vulgaris(Lamiaceae)with inserted and exserted styles across a strongly exserted style biased,an exserted style biased,and a strongly inserted style biased subalpine population.We examined flowering phenology,floral morphology,flower visitation rate,capacity for autonomous selfpollination and visitor contribution to seed production for each style type and in each population.We also examined inbreeding depression(ID)by comparing the relative performance of progeny from self-and crosspollination.Exserted style plants had larger and more open flowers,increased pollen production,higher amounts of nectar rewards and higher visitation and outcrossing rates than inserted style plants.Similarly on the population level,the visitation rates were higher in the exserted style-biased populations than in the inserted style-biased population.Inserted style plants provided a stronger reproductive assurance(RA)through autonomous selfing than exserted style plants.RA and outcrossing rates did not differ among populations,showing low visitation rates may be sufficient for adequate seed production in P.vulgaris.Although inserted style plants had a lower ID level than exserted style plants,the ID of both was less than 0.5,suggesting that an ID should not counteract the evolution of selfing in this species.Inserted style plants provide RA through autonomous selfing,and exserted style plants ensure outcrossing through pollinator services,supporting a stable mixed mating system in this subalpine plant.