Hotspots and trends of risk factors in gastric cancer: A visualization and bibliometric analysis

BACKGROUND The lack of specific symptoms of gastric cancer(GC)causes great challenges in its early diagnosis.Thus it is essential to identify the risk factors for early diagnosis and treatment of GC and to improve the survival rates.AIM To assist physicians in identifying changes in the output of publications and research hotspots related to risk factors for GC,constructing a list of key risk factors,and providing a reference for early identification of patients at high risk for GC.METHODS Research articles on risk factors for GC were searched in the Web of Science core collection,and relevant information was extracted after screening.The literature was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019,CiteSpace V,and VOSviewer 1.6.18.RESULTS A total of 2514 papers from 72 countries and 2507 research institutions were retrieved.China(n=1061),National Cancer Center(n=138),and Shoichiro Tsugane(n=36)were the most productive country,institution,or author,respectively.The research hotspots in the study of risk factors for GC are summarized in four areas,namely:Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection,single nucleotide polymorphism,bio-diagnostic markers,and GC risk prediction models.CONCLUSION In this study,we found that H.pylori infection is the most significant risk factor for GC;single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)is the most dominant genetic factor for GC;bio-diagnostic markers are the most promising diagnostic modality for GC.GC risk prediction models are the latest current research hotspot.We conclude that the most important risk factors for the development of GC are H.pylori infection,SNP,smoking,diet,and alcohol.

Comprehensive Review:Diagnosis,Classification,and Risk Factors of Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis

Peritoneal dialysis(PD)is a predominant modality of renal replacement therapy(RRT)for individuals suffering from end-stage renal disease(ESRD).Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis(PDAP)represents a frequent complication among patients undergoing PD,significantly contributing to adverse clinical outcomes.This review comprehensively examines the diagnosis,classification,and risk factors associated with PDAP,aiming to offer clinical practitioners essential guidance and a foundational framework for effective clinical management.

Analytic Hierarchy Process for Technological Risks in the Process of Innovative Drug Development in China

Objective To identify the critical risks in the process of innovative drug research and development,and to provide reference for improving the efficiency of innovative drug development and risk control in China.Methods Expert investigation and analytic hierarchy process were used to determine the weights of different risks.Results and Conclusion The research and analysis results showed that the risks at different stages of development had different effects on the success rate of drug development,among which the risk at the drug discovery stage influenced the most.In the drug discovery stage,inappropriate target selection had the greatest impact on the success rate of drug development.The lack of appropriate cell tissue or animal models had the greatest impact on the success rate of drug development from the discovery of a compound to the application for clinical trials.The difference in changes between nonclinical and clinical studies had the greatest impact on the success rate of drug development from early clinical studies to pivotal clinical studies.Incorrect dose selection had the greatest impact on the success rate of drug development from pivotal clinical studies to marketing authorization applications.The biggest impact from the marketing authorization application to the approval stage was inadequate communication with regulators.After investigating the weight of risk factors in the process of innovative drug development based on scientific methods,a new perspective for the risk control of new drug development and improving the research and development efficiency is provided.

Risk factors, preventive interventions, overlapping symptoms, and clinical measures of delirium in elderly patients

Delirium is an acute reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by multiple factors.It is associated with many adverse clinical outcomes including cognitive impairment,functional decline,prolonged hospitalization,and increased nursing service.The prevalence of delirium was high in department of cardiology,geriatric,and intensive care unit of hospital.With the increase in the aged population,further increases in delirium seem likely.However,it remains poorly recognized in the clinical practice.This article comprehensively discusses the latest research perspectives on the epidemiological data,risk factors,preventive interventions,overlapping symptoms,and clinical measures of delirium,including specific measures to manage delirium in clinical real-world situations.This article helps readers improve their knowledge and understanding of delirium and helps clinicians quickly identify and implement timely therapeutic measures to address various delirium subtypes that occur in the clinical settings to ensure patients are treated as aggressively as possible.

Risk factors for acute kidney injury following coronary artery bypass graft surgery in a Chinese population and development of a prediction model

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)after coronary artery bypass graft(CABG)surgery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.This retrospective study aimed to establish a risk score for postoperative AKI in a Chinese population.METHODS A total of 1138 patients undergoing CABG were collected from September 2018 to May 2020 and divided into a derivation and validation cohort.AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO)criteria.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent predictors of AKI,and the predictive ability of the model was determined using a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.RESULTS The incidence of cardiac surgery–associated acute kidney injury(CSA-AKI)was 24.17%,and 0.53%of AKI patients required dialysis(AKI-D).Among the derivation cohort,multivariable logistic regression showed that age≥70 years,body mass index(BMI)≥25 kg/m2,estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)≤60 mL/min per 1.73 m2,ejection fraction(EF)≤45%,use of statins,red blood cell transfusion,use of adrenaline,intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP)implantation,postoperative low cardiac output syndrome(LCOS)and reoperation for bleeding were independent predictors.The predictive model was scored from 0 to32 points with three risk categories.The AKI frequencies were as follows:0-8 points(15.9%),9-17 points(36.5%)and≥18 points(90.4%).The area under of the ROC curve was 0.730(95%CI:0.691-0.768)in the derivation cohort.The predictive index had good discrimination in the validation cohort,with an area under the curve of 0.735(95%CI:0.655-0.815).The model was well calibrated according to the Hosmer-Lemeshow test(P=0.372).CONCLUSION The performance of the prediction model was valid and accurate in predicting KDIGO-AKI after CABG surgery in Chinese patients,and could improve the early prognosis and clinical interventions.

Risk factors for the occurrence and development of Binswanger disease: A controlled observation

BACKGROUND： Some scholars think that hypertension is the major risk factor to cause Binswanger disease （BD）, however, BD is also found in some persons with normal blood pressure, so we presume that some other factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia, coronary heart disease and transient ischemic attacks and so on, might participant in the onset of BD. OBJECTIVE： To comparatively observe the difference in accompanying diseases, transcranial doppler （TCD） performance, blood glucose and blood lipid level between BD patients and healthy subjects who received health examination, and between BD patients with different disease condition. DESIGN ： Case-control analysis SETTING ： Department of Emergency, Qingdao Municipal Hospita PARTICIPANTS： Totally 126 patients with BD, 65 male and 61 female, aged from 67 to 85 years old, who hospitalized in the Medical School Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Municipal People＇s Hospital, were chosen, serving as BD patients group. All the patients met the clinical diagnostic criteria of BD introduced by Bennett et al. Another 126 persons, 65 male and 61 female, aged ranging from 67 to 80 years, who received health examination in the same hospital, were homeochronously chosen, serving as control group. Informed consents were obtained from all the subjects. METHODS ： After being admitted, all the subjects including BD patients and persons who homeochrenously received health examination in the same hospital were given examinations of blood pressure, blood lipid, blood glucose, electrocardiogram （ECG） and TCD. Fifty-seven patients with BD were in the stable period and 69 in the progressive period （Stable period： no local or subcortical function disorder found, and no changes in the range of white matter lesion showed by CT and/or MRI in recent 3 months; Progressive period： with local or subcortical function disorder and increase in the range of white matter lesion showed by CT and/or MRI in recent 3 months）. According to intimal thickening of carotid artery and vertebral artery preformed by TCD, BD was graded as mild intimal thickening （〈 1.1 mm）, moderate intimal thickening （1.1 to 1.2 mm） and severe intimal thickening （〉 1.2 mm）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： Comparison of the ratio of BD patients with accompanied diabetes mellitus, hypedipemia, coronary heart disease and transient ischemic attacks, TCD performance, blood glucose and blood lipid level between BD patients group and control group, and among BD patients with vadous disease conditions. RESULTS： Totally 126 BD patients and 126 subjects who received health examination all participated in the result analysis. Intergroup comparison： ①The ratio of BD patients with accompanied hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypedipemia, transient ischemic attacks and coronary heart disease was 91.3%, 46.8%, 42.9%, 81.7% and 46.0% respectively in the BD patients group, and that was 36.5%, 17.5%, 15.9%, 34.1% and 34.1%, respectively in the control group. Significant difference existed between two groups （x^2=86.201, 24.907,25.660,58.620,9.900, P 〈 0.01 ）.②Compared with control group, anterior, middle cerebral and vertebrobasilar arteriosclerosis and insufficient cerebral blood supply existed significantly in BD patients with different disease condition （x^2=40.34,7.585,15.429, P 〈 0.01 ）.③Compared with control group, the level of blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride of BD patients increased significantly （t=6.939,3.891,3.711 ,P 〈 0.01 ）. Comparison among BD patients with different disease condition： ① Compared with stable period, transient ischemic attacks and coronary heart disease were found much in the BD patients at progressive period, with significant difference （x^2=7.196,13.517,P 〈 0.01 ）.② Mild arteriosclerosis at stable period was found in 17 cases, and significant difference existed compared with progressive period （x^2=6.523,P 〈 0.05）.③ There was no significant difference in the blood glucose and blood lipid level （t=-1.755 6,0.583 1,0.824 6, P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Hypertension, cerebral arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypedipemia, coronary heart disease and transient ischemic attacks have important effects on the onset of BD; Transient ischemic attacks and coronary heart disease can worsen the symptoms of BD patients.

Problems and Measures in Internal Control and Risk Management of Drug Research and Development Enterprises

The internal control and risk managementof drug research and development enterprises directlyaffects the survival and development of enterprises.With the development of information technologyand the integration with the global economy,pharmaceutical companies are able to achieve moreachievements in development while facing increasingcompetitive pressures. Finance is a pivotal spine of acompany’s development. If the internal control andrisk management of a company are not complete andcomprehensive, the enterprise will inevitably turn intoa crisis. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen theanalysis of the problems in the internal control andrisk management of drug research and developmententerprises, and propose corresponding solutions.

Risk Control Strategy in the Research and Development of Pediatric Drugs

Objective To analyze the risk control strategy in the research and development of pediatric drugs and to provide references for pharmaceutical enterprises to avoid the risks so that they can produce more and much better drugs for children in China. Methods An expert questionnaire and expert interviews were conducted to identify the specific risks and the key factors, and valuable advices were put forward. Results and Conclusion There are four risk factors in the research and development of pediatric drugs. The first is that parents are concerned and they are unwilling to allow their children to participate in drug trial. Secondly, adult drug safety data cannot support pediatric drug study. Thirdly, pediatric drugs often have adverse events. Last, regulations for pediatric drugs clinical trials are not perfect. Some valuable recommendations are provided to control these risks.

An Interview-Based Study of the Factors Influencing the Quality of Professional Training of Science Education Graduates

The proposal of the strategy of developing the country through science education has clarified China’s demand for the development of the science and education industry and the cultivation of science and education talents,and the birth of Science Education majors is an important link in the cultivation of scientific literacy.Based on the grounded theory,we interviewed three Science Education graduates from a university and coded the interview data by using NVivo 12.0 to find eight important factors affecting their professional training and employment choices.The factors are“social factors,”“individual career choice factors,”“campus resources,”“employment advantages,”“professional self-development,”“teacher factors,”“planning for further education and employment,”and“student motivation.”This study analyzes the interaction between the influencing factors,constructs a theoretical model of the influencing factors of the quality of Science Education professional training,explores the problems of the training process of Science Education majors and employment dilemmas,and puts forward corresponding suggestions.

Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease and analysis of genetic contributors

Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder with an increasing prevalence. GERD develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome typical and atypical symptoms and/or complications. Several risk factors of GERD have been identified and evaluated over the years, including a considerable amount of genetic factors. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of GERD including:(1) motor abnormalities, such as impaired lower esophageal sphincter(LES) resting tone, transient LES relaxations, impaired esophageal acid clearance and delayed gastric emptying; and(2) anatomical factors, such as hiatal hernia and obesity. Genetic contribution seems to play a major role in GERD and GERD-related disorders development such Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Twin and family studies have revealed an about 31% heritability of the disease. Numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in various genes like FOXF1, MHC, CCND1, anti-inflammatory cytokine and DNA repair genes have been strongly associated with increased GERD risk. GERD, Barrett'sesophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma share several genetic loci. Despite GERD polygenic basis,specific genetic loci such as rs10419226 on chromosome 19, rs2687201 on chromosome 3, rs10852151 on chromosome 15 and rs520525 on the paired related homeobox 1 gene have been mentioned as potential risk factors. Further investigation on the risk genes may elucidate their exact function and role and demonstrate new therapeutic approaches to this increasingly common disease.

Prediction of atrial fibrillation development and progression:current perspectives

Atrial fibrillation(AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice. Several conventional and novel predictors of AF development and progression(from paroxysmal to persistent and permanent types) have been reported. The most important predictor of AF progression is possibly the arrhythmia itself. The electrical, mechanical and structural remodeling determines the perpetuation of AF and the progression from paroxysmal to persistent and permanent forms. Common clinical scores such as the hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, transient ischemic attack or stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart failure and the congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke/transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, age 65-74 years, sex category scores as well as biomarkers related to inflammation may also add important information on this topic. There is now increasing evidence that even in patients with so-called lone or idiopathic AF, the arrhythmia is the manifestation of a structural atrial disease which has recently been defined and described as fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy. Fibrosis results from a broad range of factors related to AF inducing pathologies such as cell stretch, neurohumoral activation, and oxidative stress. The extent of fibrosis as detected either by late gadolinium enhancement-magnetic resonance imaging or electroanatomic voltage mapping may guide the therapeutic approach based on the arrhythmia substrate. The knowledge of these risk factors may not only delay arrhythmia progression, but also reduce the arrhythmia burden in patients with first detected AF. The present review highlights on the conventional and novel risk factors of development and progression of AF.

Development and Validation of a Model for Predicting Diabetic Nephropathy in Chinese People

Objective To develop a risk model for predicting later development of diabetic nephropathy （DN） in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） and evaluate its performance with independent validation. Methods We used data collected from the project ＇Comprehensive Research on the Prevention and Control of Diabetes＇, which was a community-based study conducted by the Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2013. A total of 11,771 eligible participants were included in our study. The endpoint was a clear diagnosis of DN. Data was divided into two components： a training set for model development and a test set for validation. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used for survival analysis in men and women. The model＇s performance was evaluated by discrimination and calibration. Results The incidence （cases per 10,000 person-years） of DN was 9.95 （95% CI; 8.66-11.43） in women and 11.28 （95% CI; 9.77-13.03） in men. Factors including diagnosis age, location, body mass index, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy, diet control, and physical activity were significant in the final model. The model showed high discrimination and good calibration. Conclusion The risk model for predicting DN in people with T2DM can be used in clinical practice for improving the quality of risk management and intervention.

Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2023:An Updated Summary

Since 1990,China has made considerable progress in resolving the problem of“treatment difficulty”of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).The prevalent unhealthy lifestyle among Chinese residents has exposed a massive proportion of the population to CVD risk factors,and this situation is further worsened due to the accelerated aging population in China.CVD remains one of the greatest threats to the health of Chinese residents.In terms of the proportions of disease mortality among urban and rural residents in China,CVD has persistently ranked first.In 2021,CVD accounted for 48.98%and 47.35%of deaths in rural and urban areas,respectively.Two out of every five deaths can be attributed to CVD.To implement a national policy“focusing on the primary health institute and emphasizing prevention”and truly achieve a shift of CVD prevention and treatment from hospitals to communities,the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases has organized experts from relevant fields across China to compile the“Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China”annually since 2005.The 2024 report is established based on representative,published,and high-quality big-data research results from cross-sectional and cohort population epidemiological surveys,randomized controlled clinical trials,large sample registry studies,and typical community prevention and treatment cases,along with data from some projects undertaken by the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases.These firsthand data not only enrich the content of the current report but also provide a more timely and comprehensive reflection of the status of CVD prevention and treatment in China.

Glutathione S-transferases M1,T1 genotypes and the risk of gastric cancer:A case-control study

AIM: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the detoxification of many potential carcinogens and appear to play a critical role in the protection from the effects of carcinogens. The contribution of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 genotypes to susceptibility to the risk of gastric cancer and their interaction with cigarette smoking are still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was any relationship between genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTT1 and gastric cancer. METHODS: A population based case-control study was carried out in a high-risk area, Changle County, Fujian Province, China. The epidemiological data were collected by a standard questionnaire and blood samples were obtained from 95 incidence gastric cancer cases and 94 healthy controls. A polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect the presence or absence of the GSTT1 and GSTT1 genes in genomic DNA. Logistic regression model was employed in the data analysis. RESULTS: An increase in risk for gastric cancer was found among carriers of GSTT1 null genotype. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 2.63 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 1.17-5.88, after controlling for age, gender, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and fish sauce intake. The frequency of GSTT1 null genotype in cancer cases (43.16%) was not significantly different from that in controls (50.00%). However, the risk for gastric cancer in those with GSTT1 null and GSTT1 non-null genotype was significantly higher than in those with both GSTT1 and GSTT1 non-null genotype (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 1.15-6.77). Compared with those subjects who never smoked and had normal GSTT1 genotype, ORs were 1.60 (95% CI:0.62-4.19) for never smokers with GSTT1 null type, 2.33 (95% CI 0.88-6.28) for smokers with normal GSTT1, and 8.06 (95% CI 2.83-23.67) for smokers with GSTT1 null type. CONCLUSIONS: GSTT1 gene polymorphisms may be associated with genetic susceptibility of stomach cancer and may modulate tobacco-related carcinogenesis of gastric cancer.

Research Developments and Prospects on Microseismic Source Location in Mines

Microseismic source location is the essential factor in microseismic monitoring technology, and its loca- tion precision has a large impact on the performance of the technique. Here, we discuss the problem of low-precision location identification for microseismic events in a mine, as may be obtained using conven-tional location methods that are based on arrival time. In this paper, microseismic location characteristics in mining are analyzed according to the characteristics of the mine＇s microseismic wavefield. We review research progress in mine-related microseismic source location methods in recent years, including the combination of the Geiger method with the linear method, combined microseismic event location method, optimization of relative location method, location method without pre-measured velocity, and location method without arrival time picking. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed, along with their feasible conditions. The influences of geophone distribution, first arrival time picking, and the velocity model on microseismic source location are analyzed, and measures are proposed to influence these factors. Approaches to solve the problem under study include adopting information fusion, combining and optimizing existing methods, and creating new methods to realize high-precision microseismic source location. Optimization of the velocity structure, along with applications of the time-reversal imaging technique, passive time-reversal mirror, and relative interferometric imag-ing, are expected to greatly improve microseismic location precision in mines. This paper also discusses the potential application of information fusion and deep learning methods in microseismic source location in mines. These new and innovative location methods for microseismic source location have extensive prospects for development.

Exposure to Hyaluronan and Radon-Containing Water during the Treatment of Periodontal Pockets

Hyaluronic acid (HA) preparations have emerged as pivotal components in contemporary dentistry, gaining widespread recognition for their multifaceted roles in various biological functions. Extensive literature underscores the significance of HA in maintaining tissue water balance, fostering cell proliferation, promoting rapid cell migration, influencing cell differentiation during organism development, and facilitating tissue regeneration. Notably, HA’s interactions with cell surface receptors contribute to the viscosity of synovial fluid, activate the immune system, and enhance cartilage elasticity. Beyond these established functions, HA has also been investigated for its potential involvement in determining and studying the hormetic effects of radon water, adding a novel dimension to its applications in dental research. A thorough exploration of existing studies reveals a nuanced understanding of how HA interventions impact the outcomes of dental procedures. The comprehensive scope of these investigations allows for a more accurate assessment of the potential effectiveness of specific interventions and provides valuable insights into post-procedural prognoses for individual patients. This synthesis of literature serves as the foundation for elucidating the intricate interplay between HA, radon exposure, and their relevance in modern dental practices.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Evidence-Based Health Education

The number of deaths associated with cardiovascular events remains constant in many countries due to new therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. This condition is widely attributable to unhealthy outcomes in its association with risk factors such as smoking and sedentary behavior. Risk factors play a significant role in the progression of coronary artery disease. We conducted a review of the literature with the purpose of identifying primary risk factors for coronary disease, lifestyle change interventions, and expectations for a reduction in cardiovascular events on the basis of evidence-based health education strategies. In addition, we sought to contextualize this review so that nurses are trained to use these findings in their practice at different levels of care.

Research progress on risk factors for leukoaraiosis

Leukoaraiosis (LA), a term of neural imaging, is a disease which clinically causes cognitive dysfunction and gait disorders, eventually leads to persistent or progressive cognitive and neural dysfunction, seriously affects patients' daily lives. Early detection and identification of LA and its risk factors and early intervention may be of help to improve the quality of patients' living in the future. The research progress on risk factors for LA was reviewed in this study.

Analysis on Risk Factors of Cervical Vertigo

Objective:Through the real-world electronic medical record information system,the medical records of patients with cervical vertigo were sorted and statistically analyzed to explore the risk factors of patients with cervical vertigo.Method:Retrospective case-control study was adopted.The general status and accompanying symptoms,medical history,auxiliary examination and other medical records of the patients were subject to statistical analysis,and risk factors were determined from logistic regression analysis.Results:The results of imaging examination showed that the risk of vertigo in patients with abnormal cervical physiological curvature was 2.607 times higher than that in patients with normal cervical physiological curvature,and the risk of vertigo in patients with narrowed intervertebral space was 0.431 times higher than that in patients with normal intervertebral space.Conclusion:There were differences in gender,cervical physiological curvature,intervertebral space and other clinical indexes between patients with cervical vertigo and patients without cervical vertigo.Abnormal cervical physiological curvature and narrowing of intervertebral space were significantly correlated with vertigo.