Logging Evaluation of the Ordovician Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Lungudong Region,Tarim Basin

In recent years, great progress has been made constantly in oil and gas exploration in the Lungudong region of the Tarim Basin. However, progress has been slow in the evaluation of its main oil-producing horizons -- the Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds. Based on previous researches and on the various data such as drilling, geology and oil test, in combination with the interpretation of each single-well imaging and conventional logging data, and through analysis and comparison, the identification methods in imaging and conventional logging for four types of carbonate reservoir beds in this region are summarized in this paper. Calculation formulas for four reservoir bed parameters, i. e. shale content, porosity, permeability and oil saturation in this region are proposed; and reservoir beds in this region are divided into three levels （Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ） by combining oil test data and logging data, The lower limits of the effective porosity of reservoir beds and the fracture porosity of effective reservoir beds are determined as 1.8% and 0.04%, respectively. The physical property parameters are calculated by conventional logging curves, and the most advantageous areas for reservoir development are predicted comprehensively. On the plane, the high-value zones of reservoir bed parameters are mainly concentrated in the N-S-trending strike-slip fault, the Sangtamu fault horst zone and near the LG38 well area; vertically, the reservoir bed parameters of the Yijianfang Formation are better than those of the Yingshan and Lianglitage formations.

Research on reservoir bed heterogeneity,interlayers and seal layers and controlling factors of 2+3 sands of upper second member,Shahejie Formation,in the west of the Pucheng Oilfield

Terminal fans have formed the sedimentary system of the 2＋3 sands of the upper second member, Shahejie formation in the west of the Pucheng Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Based on well logging data and physical properties of the reservoir beds, the 2＋3 sands were divided into 16 sublayers. The heterogeneity of reservoir beds and distribution of interlayers and seal layers in the 2＋3 sands were investigated. The intra-layer heterogeneity and inter-layer heterogeneity primarily belong to the severely heterogeneous classification. The spatial differentiation of sedimentary microfacies resulted in a change of reservoir bed heterogeneity, strong in the middle and southern parts, weak in the northern part. Spatial distribution of interlayers and seal layers is dominated by sedimentary microfacies, and they are thick in north-eastern and middle parts, thin in the south-western part.

Sedimentary Micro-facies and Macro Heterogeneity of Reservoir Beds in the Third Member of the Qingshankou Formation,Qian'an Area,Songliao Basin

An analysis of drill cores and well logs shows that the main micro-facies of the third member sand bodies of the Qingshankou Formation in Qian＇an are subaqueous distributary channel facies, sheet sand facies and subaqueous fan facies （olistostrome）. Maps showing the distribution of these micro-facies together with inter-channel bay and prodelta mocro-facies are presented for different time-slices （lower, middle and upper parts of the Qingshankou Formation）. These maps reveal the instability and change of sediment transport in the Baokang sedimentary system during the depositional period. Sediment transport was from the west in the early stage, from the south in the middle stage and from the northwest in the late stage. Values of thickness, porosity and permeability of the sand bodies in the third member of the Qingshankou Formation show that they have low to medium porosity and low permeability, and are characterized by serious reservoir heterogeneity. The joints between micro-facies and subaqueous fan micro-facies are characterized by the highest heterogeneity, the sheet sand and distal sand bar subfacies come next, and the heterogeneity of the subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies is relatively weak.

Application of Spectral Decomposition to Detection of Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Tahe OUfield,Tarim Basin,NW China

Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir beds are the major type of producing formations in the Tahe oilfield, Tarim Basin. The seismic responses of these beds clearly changes depending on the different distance of the fracture-cavity reservoir bed from the top of the section. The seismic reflection becomes weak or is absent when the fracture-cavity reservoir beds are less than 20 ms below the top Ordovician. The effect on top Ordovician reflection became weaker with deeper burial of fracture-cavity reservoir beds but the developed deep fracture-cavity reservoir beds caused stronger reflection in the interior of the Ordovician. This interior reflection can be divided into strong long-axis, irregular and bead string reflections, and was present 80 ms below the top Ordovician. Aimed at understanding reflection characteristics, the spectral decomposition technique, which uses frequency to ＂tune-in＂ bed thickness, was used to predict Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate formations in the Tahe oilfield. Through finely adjusting the processing parameters of spectral decomposition, it was found that the slice at 30 Hz of the tuned data cube can best represent reservoir bed development. Two large N-S-trending strong reflection belts in the mid-western part of the study area along wells TK440- TK427-TK417B and in the eastern part along wells TK404-TK409 were observed distinctly on the 30 Hz slice and 4-D time-frequency data cube carving. A small N-S trending reflection belt in the southern part along wells T403-TK446B was also clearly identified. The predicted reservoir bed development area coincides with the fracture-cavities connection area confirmed by drilling pressure testing results. Deep karst cavities occur basically in three reservoir bed-development belts identified by the Ordovician interior strong reflection. Spectral decomposition proved to be a useful technique in identifying fracture-cavity reservoir beds.

The Silurian Reservoir Bed-Differentiated Asphalts in Tarim Basin and Modeling Experiments on Their Origin

There is a type of asphalt that originated from differentiation from reservoir bed (named reservoir bed\|differentiated asphalt) in the Silurian asphaltic sandstones of the Tarim Basin. These asphalts are the result of second\|time charging of hydrocarbons into the Silurian reservoir, which were derived from Lower Paleozoic source rocks. Asphalt was differentiated from the reservoir bed in the hydrocarbon gathering area of secondary migration. The differentiation is caused by changes in reservoir physical properties when pearl or chain hydrocarbons migrating through and gathering in the reservoir bed, and light components are lost and heavy ones are involved in the formation of asphalt or heavy oil. There are two kinds of occurrence of these asphalts in the Silurian system of the Tarim Basin. One is the poor heavy oil layer with lower oil saturation in trap and the other is scattered hydrocarbon distributed along the transport layer and unconformity surface. Reservoir bed\|differentiated asphalts have two characteristics: total hydrocarbon content is high in extractable organic matter and the ratio of saturated to aromatic hydrocarbon is usually greater than unity. The physically modeling experiment has confirmed these characteristics and the genesis of the reservoir bed\|differentiated asphalts.

Effect of Faulting on Ordovician Carbonate Buried-Hill Reservoir Beds in Hetianhe Gas Field, Tarim Basin

Ordovician carbonate buried-hill reservoir beds in the Hetianhe （和田河） gas field, located in the Mazhatage （玛扎塔塔） structural belt on the southern margin of the Bachu （巴楚） faulted uplift, southwestern Tarim basin, were studied. Based on field survey, core and slice observation, the general characteristics of carbonate buried-hill reservoir beds and specifically Ordovician carbonate buried-hill reservoir beds in the Hetianhe gas field were discussed. The karst zone of the reservoir beds in Hetianhe gas field was divided into superficial karst zone, vertical infiltration karst zone, lower subsurface flow karst zone, and deep sluggish flow zone from top to bottom. The effects of faulting on Ordovician carbonate buried-hill reservoir beds in the Hetianhe gas field were obvious. The faulting intensified the karstification and increased the depth of denudation. Faulting and subsequent fracture growth modified the reservoir beds and improved the physical property and quality of the reservoir beds. Moreover, faulting enhanced the development of the dissolution holes and fractures and increased the thickness of the effective reservoir beds. Meanwhile, faulting made the high porosity-permeability carbonate belts, which created conditions for the hydrocarbon accumulation, develop near the fault zone.

A Comprehensive Appraisal on the Characteristics of Coal-Bed Methane Reservoir in Turpan-Hami Basin

The rich coal-bed methane resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin are mainly located in the Shisanjianfang,Hami,Shanshan,Sha'erhu,Kekeya,Kerjian,Aidinghu inclines and the Dananhu coal-bed methane reservoirs. The big-ger coal-bed reservoirs are sitting at a depth of less than 1500 m. The coalbed methane generation,storage and confin-ing conditions of the Turpan-Hami basin can be indicated by eight key parameters. They are coal-bed thickness,coal rank,missing period,permeability,Langmuir volume,rock covering ability,structural confinement and hydrodynamic sealing environment. These parameters constitute a comprehensive appraisal index system of the coal-bed methane res-ervoir characteristics of the Turpan-Hami basin. In these parameters,the missing period of coal-bed methane is indi-cated by a stratum missing intensity factor. It reflects the relative exposure period of coal series. The results of a fuzzy comprehensive judgment showed that the Shisanjianfang coal-bed methane reservoir has the best prospects for exploita-tion and the Sha'erhu,Shanshan,Hami coal-bed methane reservoirs are next in line.

海孜煤矿深部勘查区中组煤层气储层物性特征分析

【目的】煤层气储层的物性特征是进行煤层气开发研究的关键因子。【方法】重点对海孜煤矿深部勘探区域中组煤储层的物性参数进行调查,以对井田内中组煤储层物性特征进行研究。【结果】研究表明,煤层的物性特征适宜开采,其中有机显微组分占优,无机显微组分次之。该煤层含气量多,虽然煤层渗透率相对较小,但符合煤层气开采条件。煤层开采时的吸附作用一般,但有利于煤层气储集和缩短煤层气的开发周期。【结论】研究结果可为该研究区煤层气抽采提供可靠的技术参考。

金沙江下游三堆子河段卵石推移质输沙率公式研究

金沙江上中游梯级水库运用后,进入下游的悬移质输沙量大幅减少,水沙条件显著变化;同时,卵石推移质输沙量在总输沙量中的比重明显增加,对水库淤积进程影响显著,开展变化水沙条件下金沙江下游卵石推移质输移规律研究具有重要意义。基于下游入口三堆子水文站2008—2021年卵石推移质实测资料,对经典起动流速公式和推移质输沙率公式进行了检验与修正。结果表明:与经典起动流速公式计算结果相比,通过引入以卵石粒径为变量的系数,所得到的不同粒径范围的卵石推移质起动流速修正公式,计算精度显著提高;经典推移质输沙公式的计算结果在输沙强度较低时与实测值偏差很大,通过建立输沙强度与水流强度的关系,并引入隐暴参数对公式进行修正,明显提升了其在低输沙率情况下的计算精度。修正后的起动流速公式和推移质输沙率公式能更有效地反映三堆子河段卵石推移质的输移规律。

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组层理页岩渗吸置换规律

为研究吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组层理页岩储集层压裂后渗吸期间原油的动用规律,采用岩心渗吸置换实验结合核磁共振技术,定量描述不同孔隙内原油的相对含量。采用吉木萨尔地区上甜点的岩心开展渗吸实验,研究重力作用、各向异性、重力分异和水力压裂裂缝宽度对渗吸置换影响,并进行定量表征。结果表明:层理页岩自发渗吸的过程中,重力作用在渗吸中起到了动力作用,顶部渗吸的采收率高于水平渗吸;各向异性对层理页岩渗吸的影响较大,压裂液进入平行于层理的渗吸置换量大,达到渗吸平衡的时间较垂直于层理短,平行于层理渗吸采收率高于垂直于层理;重力分异是指在岩心底部渗吸时,渗吸置换出原油而停留在岩层表面形成油膜,阻止压裂液继续进入基质,导致渗吸效果变差,底部渗吸采收率与顶部渗吸采收率相差14.12%;模拟水力压裂裂缝宽度为2 mm的条件下发生渗吸置换的液量有限,导致模拟裂缝内含水饱和度下降快,限制了渗吸的进一步进行。因此,裂缝的缝高方向应尽量穿过平行层理,增大裂缝宽度,增加裂缝改造体积。

A Study of Thin Sandstone Reservoirs by High-resolution Seismic Inversion

In this paper seismic inversion was used as a key technique and the seismic wavelet most suitable to the actual underground situation was extracted with the higher-order statistics algorithm. The wavelets extracted in this way and the wavelets extracted with the seismic statistics techniques were used separately for inverting the seismic data of the southern part of Tahe oilfield, Tarim basin. The results showed that the resolution of the wavelet inversion with the higher-order statistics method was greatly improved, and the wavelet-inverted section could better distinguish the thin sandstone reservoirs of the upper and lower Carboniferous and their lateral distribution, providing a reliable basis of analysis for the study of thin sandstone reservoirs.

PLA/EC共混制备自降解暂堵剂及性能评价

以聚乳酸为主剂,将其与乙基纤维素、腰果酚NSF3、纳米碳酸钙进行熔融共混改性,制备了新型自降解暂堵剂。通过扫描电镜分析和热重分析测试,对暂堵剂的结构进行表征,考察了自降解暂堵剂体系的降解性能、配伍性能、砂床封堵性能、储层保护性能等指标。结果表明,当聚乳酸和乙基纤维素的比例为4∶6时,暂堵剂具有较好的降解性能和热稳定性。90℃、pH=9的条件下,5d的降解率小于30%,15d的降解率大于90%,满足水平钻井作业要求。温度达到223℃时,质量损失仅为0.35%。在钻井液中加入质量分数为3%的暂堵剂后,在0.69MPa压力下,30min侵入石英砂床的深度小于5cm,能起到良好的封堵作用。此外,该暂堵剂与钻井液的配伍性良好,具有降滤失作用,且解堵后不同岩心的渗透率恢复值均在85%以上,具有较好的储层保护性能。

层理影响下裂缝三维垂向扩展模式数值模拟

新疆某区块储层具有非均质性强、天然层理面发育和应力分布不均匀等特点,含层理面储层在复杂应力条件下裂缝垂向扩展模式显著影响穿层压裂效果。基于有限元方法和内聚力模型,建立了含层理面的三维流固全耦合数值模型,系统研究了不同应力组合和层理面影响下水力裂缝垂向扩展形态,明确了含层理储层裂缝穿层扩展模式,形成了复杂应力组合下裂缝穿层形态预测图版。模型模拟结果与已发表物模实验结果一致,验证了模型的可靠性。研究结果表明:垂向应力越小,裂缝越容易激活层理面,当垂向应力小于18 MPa时,裂缝沿着层理面扩展;水平应力差越大,裂缝受到层理面的阻碍作用越大,水平应力差大于3 MPa时,裂缝更容易被层理面捕获而沿着层理面扩展;层理面抗拉强度越大,裂缝更倾向于贯穿层理面扩展。研究结果可为层状储层穿层压裂设计提供理论指导。

EVOLUTION OF RAPIDS OF CREEK MOUTH－BAR AT GEZHOUBA RESERVOIR AND THE IMPACTS ON NAVIGABLE CHANNEL IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

ＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＲＡＰＩＤＳＯＦＣＲＥＥＫＭＯＵＴＨ－ＢＡＲＡＴＧＥＺＨＯＵＢＡＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲＡＮＤＴＨＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＳＯＮＮＡＶＩＧＡＢＬＥＣＨＡＮＮＥＬＩＮＴＨＥＵＰＰＥＲＲＥＡＣＨＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＪＩＡＮＧＲＩＶＥＲ￥ＬｉｎＣ...

鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区长7页岩油储层非均质性及其控油规律

为揭示鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡东南部甘泉地区长7油层组页岩油储层的宏观非均质性及其对石油分布的控制作用,通过隔夹层识别统计、渗透率统计及劳伦兹曲线构建等方法,定量表征并比较了长7_(1)、长7_(2)油层亚组的宏观非均质性,利用相关分析和多因素叠合的方法,分析了宏观非均质性对石油分布的影响。研究结果表明:研究区长7_(1)、长7_(2)页岩油储层平均发育夹层数分别为3.8、5.1层,砂体渗透率以复合韵律为主,且非均质性强;平均发育隔层数分别为3.4、2.8层,单隔层的平均厚度分别为6.0、4.9 m;长7_(1)较长7_(2)表现为稍弱的层内非均质性和较强的层间非均质性。页岩油砂岩储层的韵律性对含油饱和度有明显的影响,厚度大于10.0 m的隔层对油气有明显的封盖作用,“物性”隔夹层则构成油气聚集的侧向遮挡。长7_(1)油层亚组较长7_(2)油层亚组隔层更为发育,而长7_(2)油层亚组油气更富集。平面上,油气富集区分布呈条带状,多位于砂体厚度大且连续性较好、渗透率大于0.2 mD的区域,顺河道砂体延伸的方向上油层厚度变化小,垂直河道延伸方向上变化较大。研究结论可为鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡东南部长7夹层式页岩油有利区评价及开发参数优选提供理论参考。

超薄砂岩储层预测方法研究与应用——以厄瓜多尔安第斯14和17区块为例

目前在油气勘探开发领域,针对中等埋深(2500~3500 m)砂岩储层预测的极限厚度一般可以达到5~10 m,而小于5 m的超薄储层准确预测仍为工业界难题。基于厄瓜多尔安第斯14和17区块不同时期采集和处理的多工区叠后地震数据,采用构造趋势面驱动叠后连片一致性处理,压制了多工区相位、能量、频率及闭合差等因素对薄层反射的干扰,降低了储层预测的多解性。基于时-频衰减高精度合成记录标定方法,消除由于地层吸收产生的时间累积误差,精确标定和解剖薄层反射特征,确定了超薄储层分辨的最低主频。基于无井驱动的“稳态变时频子波”叠后宽频有效信号高分辨率处理技术,有效恢复了薄层弱反射系数。基于宽频地震波形约束,优化了相控非线性反演的算法与工作流程。通过上述研究,形成了一套有效的超薄砂岩储层综合预测方法和技术体系,成功地实现了埋深3000 m、厚度2~5 m潮汐水道砂体的精准预测,新钻滚动评价井和开发井验证其预测准确率达到90%以上。

Impact of Reservoir Properties on the Production of the Mannville Coal Measures, South Central Alberta from a Numerical Modelling Parametric Analysis

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic reservoir properties on the production from coal and organic rich lithologies in the Lower Cretaceous Mannville coal measures of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The coal measures are complex reservoirs in which production is from horizontal wells drilled and completed in the thickest coal seam in the succession (1 m versus 3 m), which has production and pressure support from thinner coals in the adjacent stratigraphy and from organic-rich shales interbedded and over and underlying the coal seams. Numerical models provide insight as to the relative importance of the myriad of parameters that may impact production that are not self-evident or intuitive in complex coal measures.

小浪底水库运用对黄河下游河道水流阻力的影响

小浪底水库运用后,黄河下游河床冲刷粗化严重、水流阻力变化十分明显。为定量描述小浪底水库运用对水流阻力的影响,基于黄河下游水文站流速、河宽、床沙粒径、曼宁系数等实测数据分析,结合床面形态控制数理论及实测床面形态资料,建立了包含床面形态因子的动床阻力计算公式,计算精度得到了黄河下游水文站1508组实测数据的验证。分析计算表明:黄河下游床沙粒径上段粗、下段细的特征更加突出,高村以上游荡型河段沙垄发育、动床阻力增加明显;高村以下河段,河床冲刷粗化程度明显减少,动床阻力变化相对较小,但河槽断面趋于窄深,洪水期岸壁阻力增大明显。小浪底水库运用促进了黄河下游床面形态的发育,增大了各河段的水流阻力。

延川南气田近薄层煤层气开发实践及其示范意义

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘延川南气田自2013年启动产能建设以来,下二叠统山西组2号煤层已累计生产天然气23.3×10^(8)m^(3),实践重复压裂、氮气泡沫洗井等开发措施后,气田仅能保持天然气产量稳定。为保障气田的高效开发,聚焦该区2号煤层下伏的上石炭统太原组的近薄10号煤层(煤层发育厚度不足2 m),通过对比10号和2号两套煤层含气性、渗透性和可压性的差异,查明了10号煤层地质—工程条件,分析了增效压裂后裂缝形态和产气效果,形成了近薄层煤层气的勘探理论和开发技术。研究结果表明:(1)10号煤埋藏深、变质程度高、镜质组含量高、灰分产率低、生气潜力大;(2)10号煤吸附能力强,顶底板封隔性好、含水性弱,滞留水环境有利于煤层气保存,含气量高达44 m^(3)/t,资源基础好;(3)10号煤心割理更发育,水平应力差异系数大,压裂易形成主裂缝且不易突破顶底板,成缝效率更高,可压性更好;(4)增效压裂能“横向”延伸储层缝长以弥补“纵向”厚度不足、提高储量动用程度,应用后天然气提产效果显著。结论认为,延川南气田近薄层煤层气的开发实践,坚持从地质条件和开发工艺两方面出发,形成了针对于近薄煤层的开发关键技术,为延川南气田的天然气长期稳产明确了方向,为我国沁水盆地、楚雄盆地等多层叠置煤层气藏中的近薄层煤层气开发提供了新的启示。

高密度页理页岩油藏排采数值模拟及动态特征

通过页岩页理缝的表征参数和双重介质模型的表征参数建立联系,将双重介质模型中的形状因子、等效孔隙度和等效渗透率通过页理缝密度和页理缝开度两个参数表征。并通过双重介质模型表征其页理缝高度发育的特点,建立多段压裂水平井双重介质模型。利用局部网格加密表征离散裂缝,改造区高压高含水饱和度模拟压后储层状态,进而模拟高密度页理页岩油藏压后返排阶段的生产动态,并总结该阶段动态特征。将建立的数值模型应用于大庆古龙页岩油藏A1井,进行模型验证,并分析页理缝参数、压裂裂缝参数和压裂液赋存模式对返排动态的影响。结果表明:页理缝密度的增加能够明显提高日产油量,但对日产水量的影响不大;页理缝开度增加日产油量均下降明显,初期日产水量有所上升;人工裂缝渗透率在一定程度内能够提高日产油量,增加人工裂缝半长,日产油量和日产水量均有明显上升;压裂液在改造区内的赋存模式对初期日产油量有较大影响,但是对稳产后的日产油量和日产水量影响较小。