Analysis of Reservoir Forming Conditions and Prediction of Continuous Tight Gas Reservoirs for the Deep Jurassic in the Eastern Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin

The exploration targets in the Kuqa Depression at present are mainly structure traps in Cretaceous-Tertiary.Due to the complexity of mountain distribution and reservoir forming conditions, the exploration of Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has been in a state of semi-stagnation since the discovery of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir.According to the concept and theory of 'continuous petroleum reservoirs' and the re-analysis of the forming conditions of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir and regional natural gas in the eastern Kuqa Depression,it is believed that the deep Jurassic has good natural gas accumulation conditions as well as geological conditions for forming continuous tight gas reservoirs.The boundary of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is not controlled by a structural spillpoint.The downdip part of the structure is dominated by gas,while the hanging wall of the fault is filled by water and forming obvious inverted gas and water.The gas reservoir has the normal temperature and ultrahigh pressure which formed in the near source or inner-source.All of these characteristics indicate that the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is different from conventional gas reservoirs.The deep Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has multisets of source-reservoir-cap assemblages,which comprise interbedded sandstones and mudstones.These assemblages are characterized by a self-generation,self-preserving and self-coverage model.Reservoir sandstones and coal measure mudstones are interbedded with each other at a large scale.As the source rocks,Triassic-Jurassic coal measure mudstones distribute continuously at a large scale and can generate and expel hydrocarbon.Source rocks contact intimately with the overlying sandstone reservoirs.During the late stage of hydrocarbon expulsion,natural gas charged continuously and directly into the neighboring reservoirs.Petroleum migrated mainly in a vertical direction over short distances.With ultra-high pressure and strong charging intensity,natural gas accumulated continuously.Reservoirs are dominated by sandstones of braided delta facies.The sand bodies distribute continuously horizontal.With low porosity and low permeability,the reservoirs are featured by strong heterogeneity.It is hypothesized that the sandstones of the interior depression tend to be relatively tight with increasing depth and structure stress weakness.Thus,it is predicted that continuous tight gas reservoirs of ultra-high pressure may exist in the deep formations of the eastern and even the whole Kuqa Depression.So,it is worth evaluating the exploration potential.

Forming Condition and Geology Prediction Techniques of Deep Clastic Reservoirs

1 Introduction As new exploration domain for oil and gas,reservoirs with low porosity and low permeability have become a hotspot in recent years(Li Daopin,1997).With the improvement of technology,low porosity and low

Landslide Dam Forming Hazard Analysis Based on Geological and Induced Factors

Landslide dams and lakes can cause great casualties and economic losses.A landslide dammed lake named Tangjiashan by Wenchuan earthquake in China was well known all over the world since May 12,2008. Many other landslide dams or lakes can also formed by rainfall or water fluctuation besides earthquake. Landslides along the river or branch banks in the Three Gorges Reservoir area face dam or lake forming possibility especially within the water

Development of Film Forming Agent HN-1 and Its Application in Drilling Fluid

Borehole instability and reservoir damage had become the international technical problems of petroleum exploration and development of complicated area, and the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir was the main cause of borehole instability and reservoir damage. In order to prevent the water of drilling fluid invading borehole wall and petroleum reservoir, domestic and foreign scholars recently put forward the technology of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid. Film forming agent was the key treating agent of ultra-low permeable drilling fluid, the film forming agent (HN-1) was developed, which did not affect properties of the drilling fluid and could decrease the filter loss of drilling fluid applied in Enping 24-2 oil field. Based on this research, ultra-low permeable drilling fluid could be applied to Enping 24-2 oil field. By the methods of testing ultra-low permeable drilling fluid properties, the drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth, drilling fluid high temperature/high pressure (HTHP) sand-bed filter loss, the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection were studied. By synergistic effect, HN-1 containing the organic silicate and natural fiber polymer modified by organic amine prevented the liquid and solids in drilling fluid invading reservoir, decreased drilling fluid invasion sand-bed depth and drilling fluid HTHP sand-bed filter loss, improved the pressure-bearing ability of rock core and the ability of reservoir protection. The drilling fluid could decrease reservoir damage to the maximal degree, and it offered efficiency guarantee for exploitation Enping 24-2 oil field.

Form Distribution Characteristics of Nitrogen in a Reservoir as Drinking Water Source

Based on field detected water quality data, the distribution characteristics of different forms of nitrogen in a reservoir as drinking water source in Dongguan, which locates at the Pearl River Delta of China, have been analyzed in order to provide theoretical bases for prevention and reduction of eutrophication. The analyzed results show that nitrogen forms in the influent area of the reservoir are given priority to ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, whose proportion is more than 45% respectively, and this is probably caused by the pollution of inflow water quality;but in the effluent area, the forms are given priority to nitrate nitrogen, whose proportion is as high as 96% and above;also the proportion of ammonia nitrogen drops by more than 80% during the process from the influent area to the effluent area, and this shows that the natural process of nitrification and denitrification can be well accomplished in the reservoir. We recommend here that to reduce the input amount of ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen into the reservoir is the most efficient way to prevent or mitigate eutrophication of water body.

Rheological property of low-damage,ideal packing,film-forming amphoteric/sulfonation polymer drilling fluids

Low-permeability dense reservoirs,including micro-fractured reservoirs,are commonly characterized by high content of clay substances,high original water saturation,high sensitivity to invasive fluids,high capillary pressure,complicated structure and anisotropic,high flow-resistance and micro pore throats etc,.Generally they also have lots of natural micro fractures,probably leading to stress sensibility.Main damaging factors in such reservoirs are water-sensibility and water-blocking caused by invasive fluids during drilling and production operations.Once damaged,formation permeability can rarely recovered.Numerous studies have shown that damaging extent of water-blocking ranges from 70% to 90%.Main damaging mechanisms and influencing factors of water-blocking were systematically analyzed.Also some feasible precaution or treating approaches of water-blocking were put forward.In a laboratory setting,a new multi-functional drilling fluid composed mainly of amphion polymer,sulfonation polymer,high effectively preventive water-blocking surfactants,ideal packing temporary bridging agents(TBA) and film-forming agents,etc.,were developed.New low-damage drilling fluids has many advantages,such as good rheological properties,excellent effectiveness of water-blocking prevention,good temporary plugging effect,low filtration and ultra-low permeability(API filtration≤5 mL,HTHP filtration≤10 mL,mud cake frictional coefficient≤0.14,permeability recovery>81%),can efficiently prevent or minimize damage,preserve natural formation and enhance comprehensive development-investment effect in TUHA Jurassic dense sandstone reservoir formation with low-permeability,the only one developing integrated condense gas field.Some references can be provided to similar reservoir formations.

Phase-Controlled and Gas-Washing Fractionations During the Formation of Petroleum Reservoirs

By PVT fractionation experiments to model phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs, the authors measured the physical and chemical properties of products formed in different fractionation stages and made a correlative analysis of the influence of depressurization and gas washing on oil/gas molecular composition and the rule of fractionation. The analytical results showed that gas washing is an important factor affecting the physical properties of crude oils, and also can be regarded as a good genetic interpretation of marine wax\|high oils in the Tarim region, Xinjiang, China. Phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations can lead to the formation of condensates and their differences in chemical composition from crude oils are a direct reflection of evaporating fractionation. Phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations have a great influence on the composition of molecular compounds and relevant parameters. So phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs are not only favorable to identifying different processes of formation of petroleum reservoirs, but also to the scientific application of routine geochemical parameters.

新疆准噶尔盆地白家海凸起深部煤层气勘探开发进展及启示

白家海凸起侏罗系煤是国内深部煤层气直井产量很早取得突破的地方,为准噶尔盆地的重要靶区。煤储层为特低灰、低水分、中高挥发性煤,孔渗系统较好。具有“古生新储”和“自生自储”两种成藏模式,煤层含气量高、游离气占比高、含气饱和度高,为优质煤层气储层。历经多年的勘探开发证明:多数直井试采无需排水降压即可快速见气(2~5 d),排采初期日产气量较高(2100~9890 m^(3)),日产水量少甚至不产水(<5 m^(3)),可自喷生产,返排率低,长期试采压力均衡下降,且具有一定的稳产期(25~60 d);煤层射孔层厚度、压裂液体系、压裂加砂比均可影响煤层气试气效果,其中冻胶、胍胶体系优于活性水-清洁压裂液体系。最新施工的彩探1H水平井试采表现出压裂开井后即高产,试采最高日产气量5.7万m^(3),日产水量少(0.5~3.0 m^(3)),表现出常规天然气特征,随后衰减稳定,表现为吸附气与游离气共同产出;与直井对比,水平井产量高、稳产时间长、压降速率小。基于研究区储层特征和含气性特征,及勘探开发历程,得到3方面启示。一是深部多类型气藏富集规律再认识:需重视油气运聚圈闭的成藏演化研究,重视深部位气水空间分配和富集规律的研究。二是深部中低阶煤储层可压性评价:针对凸起高部位孔渗系统好的中低煤阶储层,需形成适合的压裂工艺体系。三是深部多类型气藏开发方式优化:针对游离气占比高的气藏,实现游离气-吸附气的接续产出,保持降压面积稳定扩展,排采控制尤为关键。

鄂尔多斯盆地胡尖山地区前侏罗纪古地貌特征与油气成藏模式

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系延安组油藏分布在不同程度上受到古地貌的控制。胡尖山地区地处甘陕、蒙陕2条古河交汇之处,古地貌刻画精度不足,严重制约了油气勘探开发的进程。综合完钻井、测井资料,分别采用印模法、残余厚度法并综合2种方法,在胡尖山地区划分出古河谷、河间丘、阶地、斜坡、坡嘴、低残丘6种古地貌单元,并进一步结合试油试采及生产动态资料,总结出坡嘴成藏和河间丘成藏2种成藏模式,研究结果为下一步勘探开发部署提供地质依据。

济阳坳陷孤西潜山带构造演化及其对油气差异富集的控制

为明确济阳坳陷孤西潜山带油气差异富集特征,指导下步油气勘探方向优选,综合利用钻井及地震资料,在潜山地质特征分析的基础上,对潜山构造演化及其对油气差异富集的控制作用进行了研究。结果表明,印支期以来,孤西潜山带经历了晚三叠世挤压抬升剥蚀、早—中侏罗世弱挤压到截凸填凹、晚侏罗世挤压抬升剥蚀、早白垩世左行走滑拉张、晚白垩世挤压抬升剥蚀、古近纪右行走滑拉张高位潜山剥蚀等4期挤压、2期拉张、2期走滑、5期剥蚀的演化过程,并于新近纪整体沉降定型,在孤西潜山带形成高位潜山和低位潜山2类潜山,整体具有“NW向断层控带、NE(EW)向断层控山、垒堑相间”的构造格局。多期构造活动作用的叠加,导致2类潜山在源储对接关系、油藏类型和油气富集特征上具有明显差异,高位潜山斜坡带上古生界和中生界地层油藏最为富集,低位潜山各层系均可成藏,且以古生界构造油藏最为富集,同种类型的潜山由于成藏要素配置关系的不同,其油气富集特征也有所差异。埕中、埕东、孤岛等高位潜山斜坡带地层油藏,孤北、垦利等低位潜山下古生界风化壳油藏及内幕构造油藏和上古生界及中生界构造油藏是下步重点勘探目标。

西湖凹陷平北地区武云亭凝析气田形成条件与成藏特征

基于对武云亭地区烃源岩、储层、圈闭等油气藏形成基本条件的总结,系统分析油气特征及来源、压力分布与断层封闭、油气充注历史及油气运聚成藏过程,建立武云亭凝析气田成藏模式。研究表明,武云亭洼广泛分布的煤系烃源岩和宁波27主洼烃源岩生烃能力强、断层和砂岩尖灭耦合形成大型构造-岩性复合圈闭、三角洲沉积优质储集体发育、有利的断-砂配置、盖层质量好等因素共同构成了武云亭凝析气田形成的基础。武云亭油气田平湖组中下部成藏组合具有“武云亭洼煤系源岩供烃、源内持续弱超压充注”成藏特征;中上部成藏组合具有“武云亭洼和宁波27洼双源供烃、侧向持续强充注”成藏特征,早期双向来源原油与晚期大规模侧向来源高熟气混合形成凝析气藏。武云亭油气田总体上具有“早期油晚期气,多期成藏,连续充注”的特征,建立“多源持续强充注-断砂联控”成藏模式。

岩溶峡谷型水库沉积物磷形态分布及污染评价——以万峰水库为例

开展岩溶峡谷型水库沉积物磷形态分布、影响因素及污染风险研究,对区域水环境治理和水生态系统管理具有重要意义。研究选取典型岩溶峡谷型水库——万峰水库为研究对象,在分析沉积物磷形态分布特征基础上,识别沉积物磷形态空间分异影响因素并进行磷污染评价。结果表明,(1)沉积物总磷(TP)含量为79.37~438.04 mg/kg,无机磷(IP)占比为73.26%~78.84%,IP是沉积物磷的主要赋存形态。铁铝结合态无机磷(Fe/Al-Pi)含量为16.86~91.82 mg/kg,是IP的主要赋存形态;弱吸附态有机磷(H_(2)O-Po)含量为0.27~8.03 mg/kg,是有机磷(OP)的主要赋存形态。(2)残渣态磷(Res-P)、弱吸附态无机磷(H_(2)O-Pi)、钙结合态无机磷(Ca-Pi)、潜在活性无机磷(NaHCO_(3)-Pi)、Fe/Al-Pi是TP空间分异的主要影响因素。沉积物的厚度对于TP具有多重作用,与其他因素的共同作用影响显著。(3)生物有效性磷(BAP)含量为66.97~201.46 mg/kg,占TP的55.6%~59.6%;磷污染指数均值为0.53,生物有效性指数均值为0.81。表明沉积物磷污染程度整体为轻度污染,但仍存在潜在的内源磷污染上覆水体风险。建议岩溶峡谷型水库在控制外源磷输入的同时,也应加强对内源磷的管理,以降低内源磷释放污染上覆水体的风险。

火山岩气藏勘探开发理论技术与实践——以松南断陷白垩系火山岩为例

近20年来,中国石化东北油气分公司在松辽盆地南部的勘探进一步证明,盆地火山岩是寻找油气藏的新靶区,具有广阔的前景。东北油气分公司根据盆地勘探实践,总结了以主成藏期为关键点的“生烃灶-成藏期古构造-断盖保存-有效储层”联动演化的断陷层四元耦合控藏模式,推动了松南地区长岭断陷火石岭组大规模火山岩气藏的发现。火山岩勘探方向从营城组拓展到更深层的火石岭组,勘探目标从酸性火山岩拓展到中基性火山岩,从水上喷发到水下喷发。采用气藏精细描述技术,建模数模一体化及地质工程一体化技术,在松南断陷多口井取得产能突破,实现火山岩气藏高效开发和规模上产。

海勃湾水库库区淤积及排沙运用指标分析

为了减缓水库淤积,延长海勃湾水库的使用寿命,对水库运行以来库区的淤积情况和排沙运用指标进行分析。对库区纵向和横向淤积形态分析可知,库区淤积主要在前坡段和顶坡段,而且前坡段和顶坡段高程1075 m以上的滩地已开始出现淤积;海勃湾库区泥沙淤积主要集中在排沙期7~10月,2014~2020年排沙期淤积泥沙占总淤积量的66%。高程1074 m以下是淤积的主体,淤积泥沙2.01×10^(8)m^(3),占总淤积量的95%。顶坡段断面D7~D20淤积量为1.82×10^(8)m^(3),占总淤积量的83%,是淤积的主要库段;确定排沙时段为7~10月;确定排沙量级为1500 m^(3)/s以上,但对于平枯水年可选1200 m^(3)/s以上进行排沙;确定排沙起始含沙量为2 kg/m^(3)以上可降低水位排沙;确定排沙期(7~10月份)的排沙调度水位控制在1071~1075 m,但当有合适的水沙条件时,可降低水位至死水位1069 m或以下进行敞泄排沙。通过对海勃湾水库库区淤积和排沙运用指标的分析,可参考这些排沙运用指标进一步制定详细的排沙调度方案。

重庆三峡库区塔罗科血橙不同树形的冠层特性、产量和品质分析

以11年生枳橙砧塔罗科血橙为试验对象,设计圆头形、主干形、开心形等3种树形处理,研究不同树形对血橙冠层特性、快速叶绿素荧光、果实产量及品质等的影响,提出重庆三峡库区塔罗科血橙最适宜的树形,为血橙优质丰产树形培养和树体改造提供技术支撑与理论依据.结果表明,3种树形的冠层特性存在明显差异,其中冠层透光性从强到弱依次为开心形、主干形、圆头形;主干形和开心形的PSII原初最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、春梢叶片单位面积吸收的光能(ABS/CSo)明显提升,反应中心的热消耗(DIo/RC)和秋梢叶片单位面积热耗散能量(DIo/CSo)显著降低.主干形和开心形均能有效提升春、秋梢叶片的光合结构性能(PI abs,PI total),以主干形处理相对最佳.2022-2023年度产量、单果质量、固酸比和维生素C含量从高到低均依次为主干形、开心形、圆头形,可溶性固形物和花色苷含量从高到低依次为开心形、主干形、圆头形.因此,重庆三峡库区塔罗科血橙宜选择主干形树形进行培养,以获得最佳产量和品质.

西湖凹陷中央反转带花港组储层成岩演化南北差异及其影响因素分析

东海盆地西湖凹陷花港组砂岩储层作为西湖凹陷的重要勘探目的层,储层非均质性研究至关重要,笔者等基于储层成岩作用和成岩演化分析,明确中央反转带南北差异,进一步分析其差异成因。研究结果表明,北部地区具有更强的压实作用和溶蚀作用,纵向上以3500 m和4000 m为界划分为酸性、酸碱过渡和碱性3个成岩带,经历两期硅质胶结和三期钙质胶结;而南部地区埋深浅、地温低,仅具有两期钙质胶结,纵向上以4000 m为界划分为酸性和碱性两个成岩带;由于北部地区具有更多的岩浆岩母源贡献使得储层抗压实能力较差,遭受压实更强,但烃源岩较强的生烃强度使得储层遭受溶蚀作用更强,因此北部地区花港组储层具有低孔高渗的特征。该研究对优质储层发育研究和甜点预测具有重要意义。

东海盆地X凹陷油气成藏模式与勘探突破

基于东海盆地X凹陷新生代构造演化分析,剖析了构造演化对成藏组合时空展布的控制作用,开展了储盖组合、圈闭类型及油气差异富集研究,构建了X凹陷主要成藏模式。研究表明:①东海盆地X凹陷新生界划分为上部(柳浪组、玉泉组、龙井组)、中部(花港组)、下部(平湖组)成藏组合;②X凹陷具有4种主要成藏模式,即凹中背斜带南部有晚中新世断裂破坏的“局部”富集成藏模式、凹中背斜带北部无晚中新世断裂破坏的“整装”背斜成藏模式、凹中背斜带西部中—小背斜翼部岩性圈闭“断-砂”耦合成藏模式、西部斜坡带平湖组构造-岩性圈闭成藏模式;③凹中背斜带南部强挤压区上部和中部成藏组合“局部”富集背斜、凹中背斜带北部中强挤压区中部成藏组合“整装”背斜、凹中背斜带西部弱挤压区中部和下部成藏组合“断-砂”耦合背斜-岩性圈闭、西部斜坡带下部成藏组合构造-岩性圈闭是油气有利勘探方向。近年来,在以上认识指导下新发现了凹中背斜带南部N271气田、凹中背斜带西部H11S、X31气田等,西部斜坡带X137、X251E、X196S/E、TX63等油气田,勘探成效显著。

致密砂岩储层不同成藏环境下气水分布研究——以东胜气田十里加汗气区下石盒子组为例

中国致密砂岩气资源丰富,勘探开发潜力广阔,但已有的开发实践证明致密砂岩气藏的开发仍然面临巨大挑战,其中气水分布的精细认识是目前的主要挑战之一。为了深入揭示致密砂岩储层在不同成藏环境下的气水分布规律,本文以东胜气田十里加汗气区上古生界气藏下石盒子组1段和2+3段储层为例,在相似准则的基础上,建立宏观物理模拟实验,研究了一口水平井底部位置成藏过程中的不同充注方式、不同充注动力、不同岩心类型条件下的气水分布规律。结果表明:与连续充注相比,幂式充注下储层中的含气饱和度更高,平均比连续充注高7.95%,阶段性的充注方式使得注入气在停住期间可以进行饱和度场再分布,增大波及体积,气水分布类型主要以气水同层或含气水层为主,无边底水;充注动力研究发现,连续充注条件下强充注动力会加剧不均匀充注程度,降低充注气体的波及效率,导致致密储层中上部的大量地层水被封存,而幂式充注条件下强充注动力可以改善不均匀充注程度,改善波及区域的驱替效率,提高储层的含气饱和度;岩心类型实验显示,储层露头岩样由于其更强的非均质性,充注气体在低物性区域会绕行或充注不彻底,断裂带沟通或远离充注位置区域,充注气体未波及,形成不同规模水体。本次物理模拟实验结果与研究区测井解释结果趋于一致,研究结果对该区块不同成藏过程气水分布特征的认识具有参考意义。

水凝胶微针技术的应用进展

水凝胶微针是一种新型聚合物微针,插入皮肤时,它会吸收皮肤组织液以形成连续和不可阻塞的微通道,从而使药物通过网状结构的间隙进入体内。水凝胶微针具有高载药能力、可调药物释放速率且不会在体内残留针体,是近年来的研究热点。本文就近年来水凝胶微针技术在皮肤间质液采样及生物标志物分析、伤口治疗、抗肿瘤、药物储库等方面的应用进行系统综述,并对其研究前景进行了展望。

封汽窜用栲胶冻胶研制及其流变性能研究

海上稠油油藏地层温度低,蒸汽驱开采期间容易发生汽窜。文中使用6%杨梅栲胶、0.2%乌洛托品、3%黏土制成的栲胶冻胶在55℃的低温下成胶时间可控,300℃热处理后强度高,热处理一个月后脱水率小于5%。流变实验分析表明,在几乎不增加成胶液黏度的情况下,黏土的加入显著增强了栲胶成胶液的触变性、成胶后冻胶的强度。此外,黏土强化形成的栲胶冻胶在较大应变剪切下可以保持冻胶结构的稳定性。使用Cryo-SEM对冻胶分析结果表明,微米级黏土颗粒的加入可以与栲胶分子的多活性羟基形成多基团交联的多重网络结构,使得冻胶锁水能力增强,微观上是冻胶高温下稳定性增加的原因。实验结果表明,由黏土颗粒强化形成的栲胶冻胶强度高、热稳定性好,适用于低温油藏蒸汽驱过程中封堵汽窜的实际需求。