The control effect of low-amplitude structure on oil-gaswater enrichment and development performance of ultra-low permeability reservoirs

Based on drilling, logging, test production and dynamic monitoring data, the control effects of low-amplitude structure on hydrocarbon accumulation and development performance of ultra-low permeability reservoirs were discussed by using the methods of dense well pattern, multi-factor geological modeling, macro and micro analysis and static and dynamic analysis. The results show that the low-amplitude structure always had a significant control and influence on the distribution and accumulation of original hydrocarbon and water and the evolution trend of water flooding performance in ultra-low permeability reservoirs, and it was not only the direction of oil and gas migration, but also a favorable place for relative accumulation of oil and gas. The controlling effect of low-amplitude structure on ultra-low permeability reservoir mainly depended on its tectonic amplitude and scale;the larger the tectonic amplitude and scale, and the higher the tectonic position of the low amplitude structure, the better the reservoir characteristic parameters, oil and gas enrichment degree and development effect, and the larger the spatial scope it controlled and influenced;water cut and oil well output always fluctuated orderly with the height of the low-amplitude structure;the dynamic response of waterflooding was closely related to the relative structural position of the injection and production wells;the injected water always advanced to the low-lying area of the structure first and then moved up to the high-lying area of the structure gradually;with the continuous expansion of the flooded area, part of the oil and gas in the low-lying part of the structure was forced to be distributed to the high part of the structure, resulting in a new oil and gas enrichment, so that the dynamic reserves of oil wells in the high part increased, and the production capacity remained stable.

Advances in enhanced oil recovery technologies for low permeability reservoirs

Low permeability oil and gas resources are rich and have great potential all over the world, which has gradually become the main goal of oil and gas development. However, after traditional primary and secondary exploitation, there is still a large amount of remaining oil that has not been recovered.Therefore, in recent years, enhanced oil recovery(EOR) technologies for low permeability reservoirs have been greatly developed to further improve crude oil production. This study presents a comprehensive review of EOR technologies in low permeability reservoirs with an emphasis on gas flooding, surfactant flooding, nanofluid flooding and imbibition EOR technologies. In addition, two kinds of gel systems are introduced for conformance control in low permeability reservoirs with channeling problems. Finally,the technical challenges, directions and outlooks of EOR in low permeability reservoirs are addressed.

Method of moderate water injection and its application in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs of Yanchang Oilfield, NW China

To explore the method of improving development effect and solving the problem of water breakthrough and water out for ultralow permeability fractured reservoirs, an indoor evaluation method of dynamic imbibition for fracture-matrix system was established taking the Chang 8 reservoir in southern Yanchang Oilfield as a research target. Key factors for the imbibition effect were obtained, an imbibition's rate expression was obtained, a model considering the double effects of imbibition-displacement was built and optimal injection and production parameters for the research area were obtained as well. The results show that an optimum displacement rate that maximizes the oil displacement efficiency exists in the water displacing oil process, and the optimal displacing rate becomes smaller as the permeability decreases. The imbibition displacement efficiency increases as the reservoir quality index and water wettability index of rock become bigger. But the larger the initial water saturation or oil-water viscosity ratio is, the smaller the imbibition displacement efficiency is. The optimal injection-production ratio for the Chang 8 reservoir of southern Yanchang Oilfield is 0.95, and the predicted recovery is 17.2% when the water cut is 95%, it is 2.9% higher than the recovery of conventional injection-production ratio 1.2. By using the moderate water injection technique based on the double effects of imbibition-displacement mechanism, the water injection development effect for the ultra-low permeability fractured reservoirs can be improved significantly.

Imbibition mechanisms of high temperature resistant microemulsion system in ultra-low permeability and tight reservoirs

Lower-phase microemulsions with core-shell structure were prepared by microemulsion dilution method.The high temperature resistant systems were screened and the performance evaluation experiments were conducted to clarify the spontaneous imbibition mechanisms in ultra-low permeability and tight oil reservoirs,and to direct the field microfracture huff and puff test of oil well.The microemulsion system(O-ME)with cationic-nonionic surfactant as hydrophilic shell,No.3 white oil as oil phase core has the highest imbibition recovery;its spontaneous imbibition mechanisms include:the ultra-low interfacial tension and wettability reversal significantly reduce oil adhesion work to improve oil displacement efficiency,the nanoscale“core-shell structure”formed can easily enter micro-nano pores and throats to expand the swept volume,in addition,the remarkable effect of dispersing and solubilizing crude oil can improve the mobility of crude oil.Based on the experimental results,a microfracture huff and puff test of O-ME was carried out in Well YBD43-X506 of Shengli Oilfield.After being treated,the well had a significant increase of daily fluid production to 5 tons from 1.4 tons,and an increase of daily oil production to 2.7 tons from 1.0 ton before treatment.

适用于哈拉哈塘高温高盐岩油藏表面活性剂的研制及应用

为了研制出适用于哈拉哈塘油藏条件的表面活性剂驱油剂,对该储层地层流体及岩石润湿性进行了测试,基于此,采用二甲胺、全氟丁酸、氯丙烯、丙烯酰胺、对苯乙烯磺酸钠等为主要原料,合成了一种耐高温高盐含氟两性离子型高分子表面活性剂(GPHQ-2),并对其表面活性、润湿性以及洗油效率等进行了室内评价。实验结果表明,150℃、25×10^(4)mg·L^(-1)矿化度老化后的GPHQ-2仍能有效降低油水界面张力,可使岩心表面实现润湿反转,洗油效率可达43.4%,远高于常规石油磺酸盐的洗油效率(5.6%);GPHQ-2具有很好的驱油效果,可在水驱阶段原油采收率基础上提高22.84%;现场应用结果表明,目标井采取注GPHQ-2表面活性剂吞吐驱油措施后,日产油量从4.9t提升到8.9t,增产效果明显,且持续有效。说明GPHQ-2表面活性剂满足哈拉哈塘油藏提高采收率需求,并可对该类油藏表面活性剂增产提供理论和实践指导。

低渗灰岩油藏气水均衡驱替主控参数合理界限及开发效果评价

为制定中东低渗生屑灰岩油藏注气注水均衡驱替合理开发技术政策,设计开发因素正交试验模拟,运用组分模型数模技术,并通过二元次模型创建开发主控参数正交图版,明确气水协同注入均衡驱替的主控参数界限;在此基础上,构建基于数模预测的开发动态模糊综合评价体系,定量表征油井生产差异性,评价开发效果,指导矿场先导试验区优选。结果表明:注气注水开发主控参数对采出程度的影响由大到小排序为注气速度、注入时机、采油速度、井距、注水速度;实现油气油水前缘均衡驱替的合理采油速度为2.0%,注气速度为(34~45)×10^(4)m^(3)/d,注水速度为240~320 m^(3)/d,注采井距700 m,地层压力保持原始地层压力水平85%;指导优选开发等级区,实施注水注气矿场先导试验,取得较好试验效果。

稠油油藏大段塞调驱后提高采收率新技术及应用

H1块为普通稠油区块,开展多轮次调驱后,取得较好的增油效果。但随着大段塞调驱剂注入,后期压力维持在较高水平,含水率持续上升,同时注入井吸水能力下降,油井产液能力下降,产量递减加大,亟需有效开发接替技术。为进一步改善开发现状,室内设计了在大段塞调驱段塞后,注入降黏剂进一步提高采收率。室内通过大量实验,筛选出了具有良好降黏性以及界面活性降黏剂JN-1,当质量分数达到0.2%时,降黏率可达82.0%,降低油水界面张力至4.72×10^(-3)mN·m^(-1)。室内物模实验表明,在注入0.3PV调驱段塞后,继续注入0.2%降黏剂段塞0.3PV,可充分启动残余油,进一步提高采收率16.8%。现场开展降黏驱4井组先导实验,设计注入质量分数0.2%、0.14 PV降黏剂,注入后平均单井日增油0.8 t,综合含水率下降6%。

纳米驱油剂相渗特征及对页岩油开发方式的影响

纳米技术在非常规油气开发中应用前景广泛,有望成为新一代颠覆性开发技术。相渗作为驱替和渗吸的重要渗流特征需要加以研究。对页岩油岩心开展纳米剂、表面活性剂等不同驱渗介质相渗等实验,并进行拟合分析,可以发现:1)纳米剂的油相相对渗透特征指数n值显著降低,有利于提高油水流度,降低注入压力;2)低浓度纳米剂水相端点相对渗透率高于地层水,反映低浓度纳米剂水溶液流动性更强;3)纳米驱油剂相渗的两相区较油水相渗增加8.8%,幅度小,需要改进开发方式以进一步提高驱油效率;4)纳米剂通过驱替与渗吸相结合可以将驱油效率从36.67%大幅度提高到74.67%;5)周期驱替还能进一步改善开发效果,驱油效率比连续驱替提高14.1%(注入体积倍数0.478 PV)。该研究成果对页岩油补能、稳产、提采的开发方式优选具有重要指导意义。

纳米淀粉流体提高原油采收率

为了进一步促进纳米驱油技术在低渗透油藏中的高效应用,亟需开发新型的纳米驱油产品。纳米淀粉颗粒作为一种环境友好型的材料,分布广、价格相对低廉、性能优异,具备大幅度提高采收率的潜力。通过室内静态实验、岩心驱替实验、微观可视化实验、CT扫描实验等手段,从纳米淀粉流体的基本物性、提高驱油效果、扩大波及体积等方面研究了其提高采收率的过程和机理。研究结果表明,质量浓度为5000 mg/L的纳米淀粉流体因其亲水性和较小的粒径(30 nm)可改变水分子的赋存状态,使水相变温度从102℃升高至110℃,使得岩石表面的润湿接触角从78°降至34.2°,使油水界面张力从20 mN/m降至0.56 mN/m,注入压力下降39.6%。在微观可视化模型中,纳米淀粉流体可以明显降低多孔介质中的含油饱和度,特别是多孔介质固体表面的油膜量明显减少,提高驱油效果明显。在低渗透岩心中,纳米淀粉溶液的驱替前沿更加均匀,与水驱相比具有更大的波及体积。由于较大的波及体积、较高的驱油效率以及良好的润湿性等,注入0.4 PV质量浓度为5000 mg/L的纳米淀粉流体后,低渗透岩心的采收率增幅达21百分点。研究结果可为低渗透油藏的提高采收率提供一种新的技术参考。

低渗透致密储层用改性纳米驱油压裂液

低渗致密油藏作为未来我国非常规油气资源勘探开发的主要新领域,是接替常规油气资源、支撑油气革命的重要力量。纳米流体在低渗致密油藏中驱油效果较好,但纳米粒子作为助剂在水溶液中易堵塞地层微纳米孔喉,纳米粒子的团聚问题一直难以解决。通过水溶液引发自由基共聚法,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和N-12-(2-丁烯酰氧基)正十二烷基-N,N,N-三甲基溴化铵(MEDDA)为底物单体,引入改性纳米SiO_(2)合成了一种改性纳米SiO_(2)/聚合物驱油压裂液。借助红外光谱仪、核磁共振氢谱仪和透射电镜等方法分析表征改性纳米SiO_(2)/聚合物驱油压裂液稠化剂;再将渗吸驱油实验和核磁共振技术相结合来研究改性纳米SiO_(2)/聚合物驱油压裂液的驱油效果。研究结果表明,聚合物体系中的改性纳米SiO_(2)最优加量为1.5%。通过对比不同改性纳米SiO_(2)加量的改性纳米SiO_(2)/聚合物驱油压裂液在饱和油岩心片表面的接触角,证明改性纳米SiO_(2)/聚合物驱油压裂液驱油效率的提升是通过改善岩石表面润湿性来实现的。相较于未添加改性纳米SiO_(2)的聚合物驱油压裂液体系,添加改性纳米SiO_(2)(1.5%)/聚合物驱油压裂液的自发渗吸效率接近40%,渗吸效率提升超过1倍。通过核磁共振成像结果也可明显看出:随着渗吸时间的延长,添加了改性纳米SiO_(2)的驱油压裂液中的岩心原油饱和度大幅降低,渗吸速度明显加快,渗吸效果显著。

低渗透致密油藏压裂驱油剂润湿性评价及效果

针对低渗透致密油藏压裂驱油剂的润湿性评价问题,分析现有接触角法的误差及不确定性,提出了评价压裂驱油剂润湿性的改进方法,采用润湿倾向指数,即驱油剂与蒸馏水在亲水/油表面的润湿接触角的比值来表征压裂驱油剂的润湿性改变方向和程度。结果表明,用接触角和接触角变化的最大值反映驱油剂对储层润湿性改变方向和能力都存在一定的不确定性。亲水表面的性质非常稳定,润湿接触角偏差较小,但亲油表面的润湿接触角偏差较大。蒸馏水与亲水/油表面润湿接触角的相对平均偏差分别为0.281%、8.929%。另外,部分驱油剂在亲水/油表面的接触角最大变化值差异不明显。用润湿倾向指数可较好地表征驱油剂的润湿性改变程度。润湿倾向指数不确定度远小于接触角不确定度。0.2%磺酸盐类驱油剂、聚氧乙烯醚类驱油剂、氟碳类驱油剂在亲水表面的接触角(润湿30 s)不确定度分别为1.24、3.11、0.64,而水润湿倾向指数不确定度分别为2.48×10^(-2)、6.33×10^(-2)、1.76×10^(-2)。通过Amott方法,测得7种压裂驱油剂作用下天然岩样的水湿指数。该水湿指数从大到小的排序与用接触角法测得的水润湿倾向指数从小到大的顺序一致。两种方法的测试结果进一步证实了使用润湿倾向指数的准确性和优越性。该方法有利于快捷地评价压裂驱油剂对储层润湿性的改变能力,优选低渗透致密油藏压裂驱油剂。

低渗油田化学驱油机制实验研究

低渗透率油藏的有效开发是提高油田采收率的关键挑战之一。通过实验方法探究了化学驱油技术在低渗透率油藏中的应用效果,着重研究了表面活性剂和聚合物溶液对驱油效率的影响。结果表明:化学驱油技术显著提高了低渗透率油藏的采收率,当表面活性剂质量分数为1.0%时,油水界面张力降至10.4 mN·m^(-1),驱油效率提高至85.3%;当聚合物质量分数为0.3%时,相对驱替效率提升至1.25倍;化学驱油能有效改善岩石的孔隙结构,使岩心样本的孔隙度从15%提升至20%,渗透率从49.5 mD增加至75.8 mD;碱性化学剂和盐类化学剂的使用能进一步提高采收率,尤其是当碱性化学剂质量分数达到1.5%和盐类化学剂质量分数达到0.3%时,采收率提高比例分别达到12.6%和13.6%。研究结果证实了化学驱油技术在提高低渗透率油藏开发效率方面的潜力,为实际应用提供了理论依据和技术支持。

纳米SiO_(2)微乳液对鄂南致密油藏的降压增注效果

红河油田长8油藏断裂结构复杂,属于低孔超低渗油藏,储层非均质性强,且基质残余油饱和度高,水相渗透率低,注水压力上升速度快,已超过裂缝重启压力,水窜现象严重,注水开发效果差。结合纳米粒子与微乳液特性设计了一种纳米SiO_(2)微乳液降压增注体系,系统评价了该体系耐温性、降低界面张力能力、增溶性及与地层配伍性,并开展了岩心降压增注驱替实验。实验结果表明,该纳米SiO_(2)微乳液体系不仅抗温、抗盐性良好,且界面活性高,油水界面张力可降至10^(-2)mN/m左右;纳米SiO_(2)微乳液体系的油增溶性能良好,增溶量达到6.5 mL/30 mL。岩心降压增注实验结果显示,向水测渗透率约为0.4×10^(-3)μm^(2)的岩心中注入2 PV质量分数为1%的纳米SiO_(2)微乳液体系,降压效率达到28%以上,降压增注效果明显,能满足现场需求。

Micro-pore structure and oil displacement mechanism analysis for deep zone and low permeability reservoir in Mobei oilfield

The Mobei reservoir is a low-permeability-sandstone reservoir,due to differences in pore geometry,it can be divided into two independent reservoirs:A1 reservoir and A2 reservoir.For better understanding the water flooding development effects of Mobei reservoir,the mercury intrusion porosimetry,water flooding CT scanning and micro-CT scanning experiments are used in this study.The result shows that the reservoir has the strong heterogeneity which is weaken gradually from A1 reservoir to A2 reservoir.Reservoir pore radius is mainly distributed in the 100e200 microns,the throat radius is mainly distributed in the 1e3 micron.The water flooding core experiment in each reservoir shows a short water-free oil production period and rapid water cut after breakthrough.The A2 reservoir core flooding process is similar to piston displacement,the A1 reservoir core flooding process refers to the phenomenon(The fingering phenomenon in the process of core flooding in the A1 reservoir is obvious).The calculated water drive efficiency of the A2 reservoir is 61.2%,which is higher than 49.1%of the A1 reservoir.According to the CT scanning process,the Mobei oilfield has low micro displacement efficiency and the A1 reservoir has a smaller spread(sweep area)and higher residual oil saturation.

高盐低渗透油藏CO_(2)泡沫微观尺度耐盐性及调驱效果

针对高盐低渗透油藏CO_(2)驱存在的气窜问题,以长庆油田H3区块为研究对象,构建SiO_(2)纳米颗粒强化CO_(2)泡沫体系,从泡沫流变性、气液界面张力、气泡液膜厚度与渗透性、泡沫微观结构4个方面评价泡沫体系耐盐性;通过开展SiO_(2)纳米颗粒强化CO_(2)泡沫体系并联岩心调驱实验,研究该体系调驱效果。根据实验结果,在油藏条件下,构建出配方为质量分数0.20%(OW-1)+0.30%(OW-4)+0.05%(SiO_(2))纳米颗粒强化CO_(2)泡沫体系,该泡沫体系的综合指数为36834 mL·min;该泡沫体系的微观尺度耐盐性评价结果表明,矿化度46357 mg/L与矿化度500 mg/L的配液相比,泡沫流变性更好,气液界面张力在10 MPa时仅增加1 mN/m,液膜渗透性增加了0.14 cm/s,但仍具有良好的泡沫骨架结构,该泡沫体系具有良好的耐盐性。此外,在并联岩心渗透率级差为15.55的条件下,该SiO_(2)纳米颗粒强化CO_(2)泡沫体系对岩心剖面改善率达到了97.28%,采收率显著提升,展现出良好的调驱能力。

致密油藏高起泡强渗吸驱油剂的构建及性能研究

针对致密油藏经“水平井+体积压裂”技术改造开发后井间流体发生窜流及致密油采收率偏低的问题,研制了一种高起泡强渗吸纳米驱油剂。以自研双子表面活性剂BD-2、CHSB、LAB为纳米驱油剂的主剂,通过三元相图法得出纳米驱油剂的配方为:25%BD-2+10%LAB+4.5%CHSB+5%油溶性增效剂+15.5%小分子醇。对纳米驱油剂界面性能、润湿调节性能、渗吸性能、起泡性能、耐温抗盐性能、增容性能、静态洗油性能进行评价,同时研究了驱油剂对岩心中致密油动用情况。结果表明,在2000 mg/L下,纳米驱油剂YYC-2与玛湖原油的界面张力可达6.318×10^(-3)mN/m,可将接触角降低至20.36°,渗吸采出程度达到21.37%;在90℃、10×10^(4)mg/L NaCl和5×10^(3)mg/L CaCl_(2)矿化度下均能达到超低界面水平,最大增容粒径可达593.6 nm,静态洗油效率最大可达80%左右。高压压汞曲线与核磁共振曲线的转换系数C为791 nm/ms,能启动岩心最小孔隙直径为20.0304 nm。

黏弹剂调剖在姬塬油田侏罗系油藏中的应用

姬塬油田侏罗系油藏位于鄂尔多斯盆地中西部,属于低渗透砂岩油藏,油藏油水运移以孔隙型渗流为主。进入开发中后期,油井水淹现象严重。姬塬油田先后应用“交联聚合物冻胶+体膨颗粒”、“PEG单相凝胶调驱剂”、“纳米级微球”等调剖体系对侏罗系油藏注水井开展调剖,虽然在降低油藏递减、控制含水率上升幅度等方面取得了一定效果,但对于水淹井降含水率方面效果不明显。近年来,姬塬油田通过开展侏罗系油藏油井水淹机理研究,优化调剖体系,筛选了一种新型黏弹剂进行调剖,室内评价及现场实施均证明该黏弹剂性能可靠。2021—2022年,通过在姬塬油田56个侏罗系油藏水淹井组采用黏弹剂调剖后,井组月度递减率由2.59%下降至1.01%,月度含水率上升幅度由0.61%下降至0.08%。同时,大部分水淹井含水率下降明显,平均有效期内单井组增油达226 t。按照油价45美元/桶计算,投入产出比1.00∶2.11,实施效益较好。

深度调剖化学剂驱油机理及实验研究

基于分子设计及化学反应合成了化学驱油剂HPEN体系,分析了催化剂质量分数、反应温度、反应时间及投料比等因素对反应产率的敏感性。通过正交方案设计优选了HPEN的合成条件,岩心驱替实验评价了HPEN与磺酸盐复配体系的驱油特性,选取目标区块进行了现场应用实验。结果表明:HPEN适宜的合成条件为催化剂质量分数5%、反应温度100℃、反应时间6 h、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚与磺酸盐投料比1∶1.5。无机盐离子的存在会不同程度影响HPEN溶液体系的界面张力。1.0%的HPEN与磺酸盐按质量比3∶1复配时效果最佳,此时体系抗温能力为130℃,高矿化度溶液体系其界面张力仍处于10-2 mN·m^(-1)数量级范围。复配体系可显著提高现场原油采收率,实现老井日均产油4 t、日均产液16 m^(3)的效果。

海上J油田自适应复合调驱技术研究与应用

针对海上J油田注入压力高、地层非均质性强、各层吸水不均、层间矛盾突出问题,设计了一种自适应复合调驱体系。确定了体系配方为8%自生气体系(生气剂亚硝酸钠与生气剂氯化铵质量比1.0∶1.1)+0.5%起泡剂+0.3%强化剂体系(聚合物+酚醛交联剂质量比1∶1),考察了体系的动静态性能。实验结果表明:该体系具有泡沫生成可控和成胶强度可控的“双控特点”,岩心实验结果表明该体系封堵率达到97.32%,采收率提高幅度高、中、低渗透率分别为19.59%、45.17%、57.83%,具有很好的调整吸水剖面性能。现场应用取得了很好的降水增油效果。该体系为海上油田水驱高效开发提供了技术支持,具有广阔应用前景。

中渗透油藏化学驱开发效果影响因素研究

针对中国石化中渗透油藏化学驱开发效果主要影响因素不明确的问题,选取典型中渗透区块,采用数值模拟手段,以驱油效果和经济指标为目标,开展了油藏地质参数、开发动态参数及驱油体系参数对化学驱开发效果的影响规律研究,并结合中国石化化学驱现场应用情况,给出了中渗透油藏实施化学驱的相关参数建议。建议优先实施块状油藏化学驱,储量规模150×10^(4)t左右、井组采注井数比介于1.5~2.5之间实施化学驱能取得较好效果;在油藏进入高含水阶段需尽早实施化学驱,注入含水时机越早(含水低于90%)、剩余油饱和度越高(剩余油饱和度高于30%),则化学驱效果越好;驱油体系的注入总量、注入方式、注入段塞PV及注入浓度等决定了化学驱的经济有效性,二元复合驱效果要好于聚合物驱,且注入总量控制在1200 PV•mg/L以内,注入方式以小段塞高浓度高频为主,注入段塞PV数控制在0.5~0.6 PV为宜。