Three-Dimensional Visual Analysis for Construction Layout of Reservoir Project

It is difficult to analyze the inter-relationship for the construction layout of a reservoir project scientifically and intuitively.According to the characteristics of broad field and huge information,the modeling methods of digital terrain and solid model as well as the techniques of texture mapping and scene navigation are adopted.The simulation system is developed by C program language,which includes the functions of the interactive navigation of 3D scene,the visual inquiry of project digital model information,the storage and management of project information.A certain reservoir is taken as a case.The 3D visual analysis for the construction layout and engineering information are obtained.The proposed system is of great advantages in dealing with large amount of information and the method provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the construction layout of a reservoir project.

Estimation of Potential Risk of Reservoir-Induced Earthquake for the Proposed Hydroelectric Project on the Yangtze Gorges

The proposed hydroelectric project on the Yangtze Gorges will be one of the largest power stations in the world.The problem of induced seismicity to the project has attracted much attention throughout China and the world.A research program has been carried out by the State Seismological Bureau of China.Based on the size of the reservoir and the lithology,geological structure,permeability,stress state,and previous seismicity in the region,the potential risk of reservoir-induced seismicity has been estimated.The results suggest that,after impoundment in the reservoir area,the possibility of induced seismicity cannot be completely ruled out.The areas with potential risk may be in some gorges composed of karstified carbonate and plutonic granite around the dam site.However,the magnitude is expected to be limited owing to the small dimension of the induced seismogenic faults.

Soil Geochemistry Changes Induced by a Foreign Soil Reconstruction Project in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of China

Fertile topsoil was added onto the surface of barren slope land in Three Gorges Reservoir region of China in an anthropogenic process known as the foreign soil reconstruction project. The main goal of this paper was to reveal the influence of anthropogenic activities on pedogenic processes and soil classifications. Chemical weathering indices and comparative analysis were applied to discuss changes in geochemical compositions and weathering features of purplish soils(Cambisols) before and after the project. Results showed that:(1) The foreign soil reconstruction project slightly altered the major element composition of topsoil and improved the soil structure. Although the distributions of major elements in the original topsoil, original subsoil, foreign topsoil and newly constructed topsoil were all similar to that in upper continental crust, newly constructed topsoil was the most similar soil.(2) The chemical index of alteration was more sensitive than the weathering index of Parker at indicating chemical weathering status of purplish soil. The chemical weathering status of newly constructed topsoil was higher than that of the original topsoil and lower than that of foreign topsoil.(3) Anthropogenic activities may provide a promising new thought for the anthropogenic soil classification system. The scope and subgroups of Anthrosols should be extended and strengthened. Or there may be a need to combine Anthrosols and Technosols orders to create a new soil order. The results may be used for optimizing soil mellowing engineering activities and enriching the soil classification system.

Research on Influencing Factors of Reservoir Construction Risk Based on Interpretative Structural Modeling

Reservoir plays an important role in the allocation and rational use of water resources, especially water resources in China are centrally distributed in the western region, and large reservoirs should be built to meet the people’s livelihood needs of each region. The construction of large reservoirs has numerous risks, the clarity of these risks helps us to better plan and make decisions before implementing the project. Search through literature reading and professional information, determined 11 risk factors in the construction phase of the reservoir construction project case, construct a risk influencing factor system under the application of ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling). Studies have shown that the risks of strategic guidelines and policies and changes in infrastructure planning have the deepest impact on construction risk management. Among them, the strategic policy risk is the root impact, and the impact of the infrastructure planning change risk has a far-reaching impact. Through the above conclusions, providing management countermeasures and suggestions for the risk control of reservoir construction.

Seismic hazard assessment of the Three Gorges Project

Seismic monitoring data for the past 50 years in the Three Gorges Reservoir area show that the reservoir head area is a typical weak seismic region with low seismieity before impoundment and that the epicenters were concentrated in the east and west sides of the Zigui Basin, most of which were natural tectonic earth- quakes. After impoundment, the seismic activity shifted to the segment between Badong and Zigui along the Yangtze River, mainly within 5 km of the reservoir bank. The seismogenesis was categorized into four types： Karst collapse earthquakes, earthquakes caused by Karst gas explosion, mining tunnel collapse earthquakes, and rock （terrane） slip earthquakes, all of which are related to the lithology, structure, and tectonics of near- surface geological bodies of the area. Compared with the seismicity before impoundment, the seismic frequency increase was remarkable, with most of the magnitudes below Ms2.0. Therefore, the intensity of the earth- quakes remained at a low level. On November 22, 2008, a magnitude 4.1 earthquake, the largest earthquake recorded since impoundment, occurred in Quyuan Town, Zigui County. The intensity and PGA of reservoir-in- duced earthquakes are higher than those of tectonic earthquakes with equal magnitude, but the peak intensity of reservoir-induced earthquakes is not likely to go beyond that of the estimated range from earlier studies.

新疆水利工程西域砾岩边坡加固关键技术研究与应用

鉴于西域砾岩边坡长期浸没水中软化变形后失稳、因水位变动对边坡表面掏刷破坏、内外水头差过大导致的滑坡、高速水流对坡脚掏刷导致坡顶崩塌等问题,该地层条件下的水利工程高边坡广泛存在,传统的水利工程边坡加固形式已经无法解决此类边坡的问题。为了保证库区内西域砾岩高边坡稳安全定性,实现工程安全性和经济型的平衡,结合新疆迪那河五一水库工程面临库区内联合进水口西域砾岩高边坡加固的问题,提出了一套适用西域砾岩高边坡加固的方法,该方法成功的解决了西域砾岩边坡在蓄水后遇到的边坡软化失稳和长期安全运行的问题,为今后同处西域砾岩的水利工程边坡处理提供借鉴和帮助。

A Comparative Overview of Three Gorges Project's Sediment Handling

Water projects’ sediment deposition problems always cause widespread concerns. The gravity of them varies in accordance not only with reservoirs’ natural and socio-economic characteristics but also with their modes of operation. The unique characteristics, configuration and mode of operation of Three Gorges Project (TGP) reservoir are compared with those of several existing large reservoirs in this paper. As many reservoirs are troubling environment by gradually extending coarse sediment deposition at the uppermost end of fluctuating backwater region toward upstream, Gezhouba reservoir on Yangtze and Danjiangkou reservoir on Hanjiang have shown no trace of such upstream extension of sediment deposition in relevant prototype observation data for the past 20 and more years. TGP reservoir’s in-coming flow sediment conditions and configuration in plane are almost the same as those of Gezhouba reservoir, and TGP reservoir’s mode of operation(usually keeping a very low pool level for flood control in flood season and storing up in-coming flow only thenceafter) is similar to that of Danjiangkou reservoir. New findings of sediment research and prototype flow sediment investigations as well as new agenda of large hydro projects’ construction on Jinshajiang in nearest future assure the prospects of TGP sediment handling.

长江梯级水库群联合调度成效、挑战及对策

经过70 a的建设,长江流域控制性水库群基本建成。以三峡水库为核心的梯级水库群联合调度已经开展10 a。在总结控制性水库群在防洪、供水、生态和应急联合调度取得成绩的基础上,分析控制性水库群及与水网工程联合调度面临的问题和挑战,提出了相应的对策建议。研究表明:水库群联合调度因流域防洪调度而启,目前在防洪、抗旱供水、生态环境和应急等公益调度中发挥了重要作用。气候变化及水文中长期预报不确定性是联合调度面临的主要挑战,其次是水库群联合调度与单个水库多目标调度利益协调、定量评价调度效果及合理的补偿等管理问题。加强“四预”是解决气候变化和人类活动不确定性的主要对策。水库群与水网工程联合调度可以更广泛地发挥水利工程水安全保障作用。建立科学合理的水工程群联合调度体制和机制是解决联合调度管理问题的有效措施。

新形势下提升小型水库除险加固工程竣工验收水平的对策分析

对小型水库除险加固常态化的新形势,结合攻坚行动的现场核查情况,分析总结历次规划(方案)中未及时竣工验收的小型水库除险加固项目存在的问题,并结合新形势下小型水库除险加固面临的新要求,提出了提高小型水库除险加固工程竣工验收效率和质量的对策与建议,可为小型水库除险加固工程的竣工验收管理提借鉴。

金沙江下游梯级水电工程库区生态系统服务价值演化及权衡协同关系

基于生态系统服务变化指数、相关分析及空间自相关等方法,对金沙江下游梯级水电工程库区2005—2018年生态系统服务价值进行定量分析,探索库区生态系统服务权衡协同关系的时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)2018年库区生态系统服务价值达到940亿元,研究期间生态系统服务价值总量增加42亿元。(2)库区生态系统服务价值空间分布较为稳定,呈现南高北低格局,空间相关类型均为正相关,生态系统服务价值增益地区集聚于金沙江沿岸。(3)库区生态系统支持服务与供给、调节、文化服务之间表现为权衡关系,供给、调节、文化服务两两之间表现为协同关系,各乡镇生态系统服务的相关关系以协同关系为主。研究结果进一步证明水电工程的实施能改善库区生态系统服务功能,为库区环境保护和土地资源可持续利用提供技术支撑。

多源多特征集成的南水北调工程丹江库区湿地时空格局演变

丹江口水库是中国南水北调工程的关键水源区。随着城镇化发展以及大坝二次建设,库区湿地生态系统变化显著,亟需湿地生态科学监测。以丹江库区为例,依托Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,首先采用已有土地覆盖数据集生成湿地样本集,其次整合Landsat影像、DEM等数据构建多源特征集合,并基于Jeffries-Matusita(JM)距离进行特征优选,使用随机森林(RF)算法实现了1985~2023年丹江库区湿地制图。结果表明:①本文提出的样本采集流程可有效提高样本质量,为长时序分类样本采集提供参考;②湿地分类特征优选后特征数由37个减为27个,分类总体精度变化不大,优选后的特征应用于丹江库区湿地分类的平均总体精度(OA)以及平均数量和分配分歧指数(QADI)分别为89.53%和0.0802,说明特征优选有效减少信息冗余,提高影像分类效率;③1985~2023年,丹江库区湿地面积呈波动增加趋势,从1985年的17839.85 ha扩大到2023年的28872.48 ha,面积增长38.12%。总体来说,丹江库区湿地生态系统呈现出逐步恢复和优化的良好态势。

基于BIM+B/S的水库工程数字化展示平台的构建

针对水库工程在初步设计阶段仍以二维图纸作为成果交付,缺少对工程整体情况、投资估算等关键信息直观展示的问题,将BIM数字信息建模、BIM数据文件优化处理、B/S前后端分离、跨平台访问等技术应用于新建岔河水库工程,建立岔河水库枢纽BIM模型,创建实现平台功能的数据文件并构建岔河水库枢纽工程数字化展示平台。研究结果表明:构建的岔河水库工程数字化展示平台可以高效、流畅、跨平台地在电脑端和手机端,向参建各方展示待建枢纽工程的基本情况和地理位置,建筑物三维信息模型,单体工程的施工模拟动画,以及枢纽工程投资估算关键信息。研究结果深化BIM技术应用程度,可为其他水利工程信息化提供重要参考和借鉴价值。

高温间歇对碾压混凝土坝施工期温控防裂影响研究

中国东部沿海地区夏季温度高,该类地区的碾压混凝土坝工程在施工期往往会设置高温间歇,但目前设置高温间歇主要依赖经验,缺少相关定量分析。依托福建省霍口水库工程,以有限元仿真分析为手段,对比分析了高温间歇对该碾压混凝土坝施工期温度、应力的影响。分析结果表明:夏季高温季节连续施工,会造成坝体基础温差与内外温差过大,存在开裂风险;与连续施工相比,设置高温间歇能显著降低碾压混凝土坝表面和内部的后期开裂风险,但复工后浇筑的混凝土仍然需要采取通水冷却措施进行降温,以避免开裂。研究成果可为碾压混凝土在施工期设置高温间歇提供科学依据和参考。

临库超深盾构工作井施工运行期渗控措施效果研究

临库超深盾构工作井施工运行过程中的渗流安全问题重要且复杂。为此,以深圳公—清联通工程中临水库仅100 m的田茜工作井为例,构建了工程区三维渗流数值模拟模型,对施工运行期不同水位及渗控措施条件下的工程区渗流场分布和竖井基坑渗流量特征开展了系统分析,评价了竖井基坑渗流安全,并定量确定工作井施工运行对库坝渗流及周边地下水位的长期影响。结果表明,工作井运行期基坑渗流量对周边地下水流场影响很小;工作井周边花岗岩微新岩体的渗透系数对基坑渗流计算结果影响很大;工作井的施工和运行对大坝渗流安全有利。研究结果为临库超深盾构工作井的渗流分析和渗控措施设计提供了良好的思路和范例。

硬质黏土淹没射流冲刷试验研究

近年来自吸式管道排沙系统以其省水、高效、廉价等优势,逐渐成为水库清淤的主要措施之一,然而在遇到土颗粒较细、淤积历时较长的硬质黏土时,它的清淤效果下降明显。为了探究硬质黏土的破土机制和起动影响因素,采用模型试验的方法,选取一种黏性泥沙,通过负压固结的方式制备硬质黏土样,然后进行了不同出口流速、喷嘴尺寸和射流靶距的直立淹没射流试验。试验结果表明,鉴于土样存在黏性,其受冲刷破土机制与无黏性土存在较大差异,冲坑发育过程存在一定的随机性和自相似性,并且射流冲刷效率与射流出口流速和喷嘴尺寸成正比、与射流靶距成反比,同时射流靶距对冲刷坑形态的影响最为明显。

通用型水库洪水全过程预演仿真模型构建技术

水库洪水全过程预演仿真模拟是水利工程防灾减灾领域的重要研究方向,模型是支撑预演仿真模拟的核心,也是构建现代化水库运行管理矩阵重要的支撑技术。从水库洪水灾害链演化过程出发,围绕上游洪水形成过程、库坝区洪水控制过程以及下游洪水演进过程三个阶段,从水库上游的水文产汇流模拟,坝址区域的水库洪水调度模拟、大坝安全性态综合模拟、溃坝过程模拟,以及水库下游的洪水演进模拟、致灾后果分析等角度出发,探讨了各环节的研究近况,梳理了当前各环节模型构建的主要技术和存在问题。围绕当前构建现代化水库运行管理矩阵中对洪水预演仿真模型的需求和建设现状,总结分析了目前平台模型构建运用过程中存在的模型整体性规划不足、缺乏模型和模拟标准、各模型衔接困难等问题。结合工程实践,从加强顶层设计、统一建设标准、模型计算微服务部署等方面提出平台模型构建建议,并对下一步研究进行了展望。

小洞径水工隧洞施工中错车洞的应用

水利水电工程中的小洞径隧洞的施工组织一直以来都是施工中的难点,同时亦为项目经营管控的重点。然而,利用有限的施工资源,合理地进行现场组织能够减小隧洞开挖、支护、衬砌、灌浆等每道工序的施工时间,进而大大提高施工资源的利用率,缩短了施工工期。阐述了李家岩水库工程城乡供水隧洞施工过程中,通过在洞内设置错车洞并在隧洞施工全过程中充分利用,解决了小洞径隧洞内无法错车的问题,使施工效率得到了有效提高,所取得的经验对类似小洞径隧洞施工具有一定的参考价值。

Kriging水动力学代理模型在水库群优化调度中的应用

为解决传统水动力学模型结合调度模型求解耗时长的难题,使用代理模型模拟水动力学模型以提升求解效率。从金沙江下游—三峡梯级水库调度实际出发,结合水动力学和代理模型相关理论,建立了基于Kriging代理模型的水库群多目标调度模型并采用多目标进化算法对模型进行求解,最后采用投影追踪法对得到的多目标帕累托前沿进行决策。研究结果表明,代理模型的平均模拟误差≤1.5%,能够较为精确地替代原有长耗时水动力学模型并结合调度模型给出具有竞争关系的帕累托前沿及合理的折衷方案,对促进梯级水库综合效益发挥提供理论依据。

水利工程水库大坝混凝土施工技术分析

总结了水库大坝混凝土施工技术的重要性,从施工技术因素和外部因素两个方面,分析了水库大坝混凝土施工质量的影响因素,并从成孔质量、槽段清理和施工过程3个角度,为该水库大坝混凝土施工质量控制提供了方案。结合以上总结分析,对该水库大坝具体的混凝土施工技术进行了分析和改进。

1990-2022年胶东调水工程调蓄水库水色时空变化数据集

胶东调水工程作为山东省骨干水网,其调蓄水库水环境状况和山东省水安全保障息息相关,利用水体颜色指标可以综合评估水库水环境状况。本文通过Landsat-5 TM、Landsat-8/9 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI等多源卫星数据协同,利用基于FUI(Forel-Ule Index)指数的水体颜色遥感监测方法,生产了1990–2022年胶东调水工程广南水库、龙泽水库、双王城水库、峡山水库、棘洪滩水库、门楼水库、米山水库等7个调蓄水库水色时空变化数据集。数据以GeoTiff栅格格式存储,同时保存了像元FUI取值和坐标信息,便于相关的地理信息系统软件读取和分析。本数据集可以为胶东调水工程调蓄水库水环境监管、调水工程运行对调蓄水库水环境影响机制研究等提供数据支撑。