Survey of Residential Air Conditioning Electricity Consumption in Shanghai

With proliferation of electric appliances, residential electricity consumption, in particular the air conditioning load becomes more and more important and shares higher and higher percentage in total consumption in large cities like Shanghai. The paper reports in detail the survey on characteristics of residential electric consumption, in particular the air conditioning consumption. To optimize power system operation and expand power market, the paper concludes that power industry must learn to investigate, open up and adapt itself to power market economy.

IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON SUMMER RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN HONG KONG

The influence of climatic variables and cooling degree days (CDD) on summer residential electricity consumption for the period 1980 through 1994 in Hong Kong was investigated. The association between Clo, a measure of amount of Clothing insulation to maintain comfort, and residential electricity consumption was also examined. Utilizing monthly data and multiple regression analyses, it is discovered vapor pressure was not significantly related to electricity consumption while Cloud cover was negatively associated with electricity use. Climatic variables, CDD and Clo provided highly comparable results in modeling summer residential electricity consumption. Mean temperature and Cloud gave the best result. Clo yielded a slightly higher R2 value (0.867) than that of CDD (0.865) in the models. These results indicated that Clo could replace the weather variables and CDD to model electricity consumption.

Environmental Benefits for Phase-Out HCFC-22 in the Residential Air-Conditioner Sector in China

China is the largest producer and consumer of hydrochlorofluorocarbons （HCFCs）, and the production of HCFC-22 accounts for more than 80% of all HCFCs. This paper concentrates on the residential air-conditioner industry and analyzes the environmental benefits of accelerating the phase-out of HCFC-22 in China. According to the comparison of the baseline and phase-out scenarios of HCFC-22, the findings show that using HC-290 （propane） as a refrigerant alternative will directly reduce the greenhouse effect, and indirectly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases due to a reduction in the electricity consumption. The comparison of two scenarios of HC-290 and HFC-410A refrigerant alternatives shows that the use of HC-290 refrigerant will produce significantly higher environmental benefits than the HFC-410A refrigerant.

A Novel Concept of AI-EV （Air-Conditioner Integrated Electric Vehicle） for the Advanced Smart Community

In order to expand the natural energy and the energy conservation, ＂the smart PV （photovoltaic power generation） ＆ EV （electric vehicle） system＂ has been proposed and the effect has been clarified. In the smart PV ＆ EV system, it is important that electric vehicles become popular. Therefore, the AI-EV （air-conditioner integrated electric vehicle） has been proposed. In this paper, the AI-EV is designed based on the required car air-conditioner capacity. And, the value of AI-EV is compared with a gasoline vehicle, HV （hybrid vehicle） and EV using the mathematical simulation model As a result, it is clarified that the minimum displacement of the small-engine is 120 cc for AI-EV. In the smart PV ＆ EV system, AI-EV can reduce CO_2 emissions by 20% almost the same as EV. Additionally, AI-EV is able to gain the cruising range more than twice as long as EV.

Forecast for the Cameroon’s Residential Electricity Demand Based on the Multilinear Regression Model

The electricity needs of populations in Cameroon are increasing and are still very inadequate. Companies, public buildings and households are facing frequent blackout which constrain development and social well-being. Therefore, the present work tried to forecast the electricity demand in the residential sector in Cameroon, in order to contribute significantly to the mastery of electricity consumption and highlight decision-makers in this sector. Six macroeconomics parameters covering the period 1994-2014 are used for these issues. Stationarity tests within gross domestic product, gross domestic product per capita, electricity consumption, population and numbers of subscribers and households respectively;reveal that all the series are I(1). Thus, the VAR (Vector Autoregressive) model has been retained to forecast the electricity demand until 2020. The cusum test and the cusum of squared test attest the stability of that model with a margin of error of 0.02%. Previsions are then more reliable and show that the electric request will skip from 1721 GWh in 2014 to more than 2481 GWh in 2020 approximatively, following a growing yearly rate of 5.36%. In order to reach its emergence, Cameroon ought to speed up its production in the domain of hydroelectric and thermal grid in order to meet the requirements in electric power in short and long term.

Residential Load Curve Analysis during Electric Vehicle Charging

With the objective to reduce the environmental pollution, alternative initiatives have favored the evolution of the electric vehicle (EV). As the electric vehicle depends solely on battery, the grid electric power is need for charging it. This new electric load can cause concern due to the impact of consume on power system. The behavior of main electric parameters is analyzed during the recharge of EV considering an actual condition of diary charge. In sequence, the data of these electric parameters obtained during EV charging were included on residential consumer energy from Brazil. The results contribute to the understanding of the recharge of EV in different time of the day which can affect the curve of residential consumer energy and consequently will affect in different way on Power System.

Impacts of Climate Change on Seasonal Residential Electricity Consumption by 2050 and Potential Adaptation Options in Alexandria Egypt

Climate change and associated more frequent, hot or cold, extreme/weather events, as well as increasing temperature may increase future residential demand for electricity for heating and cooling purposes. The paper in hand intends to assess potential impacts of increasing temperature attributed to climate change on seasonal residential electricity consumption in Alexandria city, Egypt. Additionally, it aims to identify and discuss potential soft and hard adaptation options to such impacts. For this purpose, seasonal changes in electricity consumption were investigated. For this purpose, data on monthly residential electricity consumption, population size and income levels at district level as well as maximum monthly temperature in Alexandria city, Egypt over the period 2007-2016 were collected. This is followed by developing a panel-data model to simulate influence of temperature on residential electricity consumption. It was found that there is a significant growth trend over the study period as well as considerable seasonal variation with summer season experienced significant increase in consumption. It was found that increasing temperature, under RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, may contribute to significant increase in residential summer electricity consumption by 2050. Different adaptation options to such an increase in consumption, both soft and hard, have been identified and assessed.

Discussion on Electrical Design of Passive Residential Building

As the national buildings in each climate zone and passive low energy consumption building demonstration projects expand,there has been a wave of innovation across the construction industry.China is also becoming a hot zone for energy-efficient and high-performance passive buildings.Along with the traditional passive building structure,steel structure passive construction,assembled PC structure passive construction such as the emergence of various types of passive construction,as well as a variety of new building materials,doors and Windows,and air conditioning air equipment,put forward a new challenge for building electrical engineering design personnel and requirements.

A brief statistics and analysis on residential electricity consumption in China

The statistic data of residential electricity consumptionshown in the table P.58 are quoted from the EnergyStatistical Year Book published by the National Statistic Bureau andthe statistics issued by the Ministry of Energy.The reason of the differences between the data from the twosaid sources is that the latter does not include the consumption sup-plied by the local small power sources.From the statistical data we can see that:

Mathematical Model of Electric Vehicle Power Consumption for Traveling and Air-Conditioning

In order to make maximum use of the EV （electric vehicle） battery, evaluating the remaining battery capacity and the power consumption is important. Evaluation method of the remaining battery capacity with accuracy has been proposed. Moreover, the evaluation method of the power consumption for traveling has been proposed. However, the power consumption for vehicle-mounted air-conditioner is 30%. It is necessary to calculate the power consumption for both traveling and air-conditioning. In this paper, the authors have constructed a mathematical model which calculates the EV power consumption for both traveling and air-conditioning. The calculated results of this model have been compared to actual traveling data. In addition, factors which have a impact on the EV power consumption have been studied. As a result, the EV power consumption is greately varied by slope resistance, acceleration resistance and required air-conditioning load. Moreover, it is clarified that the air-conditioner consumes approximately 25% to 50% of the total power consumption in a hot summer day. In addition, the acceleration and the air-conditioning load differ depending on each vehicle driver. Therefore, in order to evaluate the EV power consumption practically, it is necessary to reflect the characteristics of each vehicle driver.

Energy Consumption Monitoring Analysis for Residential, Educational and Public Buildings

In the present article thermal and electrical energy consumptions for different types of buildings are analyzed. The latitude and longitude of the researched area are defined 59?00'N and 26?00'E. According to K?ppen climate classification the area is located in warm summer continental climate. The study consist 40 residential, 7 educational and 44 public buildings. Three years data for each building type among 2006-2011 was used. Several detailed energy balances are presented for apartment buildings. In addition the different ways of domestic hot water preparation are analyzed for apartment buildings. The school buildings average consumption values are represented in study. Also valuable information of measured electrical energy consumption balance for a new office building is presented. Finally there is included the energy consumption analysis of public buildings.

Use of Renewable Energies for the Creation of Net Zero Carbon Emission Residential Buildings in Northern Greece

The necessity to cope with the global threats of climate change has increased our concern on the energy sources used increasing the share of renewable energies and shifting from fossil fuels to benign energy sources. European Union through various directives aims at increasing sustainability in buildings reducing their energy consumption, fossil fuels use and carbon emissions. In this context, the use of renewable energies covering all the energy needs and zeroing the carbon footprint in a residential building located in northern Greece has been investigated. Use of locally available sustainable energies including solar energy, solid biomass and waste heat rejected from power plants has been proposed for covering all the energy needs in a house. Their technologies for heat and power generation are mature, reliable and cost effective. Results have indicated that the combined use of the abovementioned sustainable energies can cover all the energy needs in the building, zeroing its carbon emissions due to operating energy use. The investment cost for a house at 150 m2 varies between 6200 € to 10,700 € or 41.33 to 71.33 € per m2 of the building covered surface, which is relatively low compared with its construction cost. Therefore, the creation of zero CO2 emissions residential buildings due to energy use in northern Greece is technically and economically feasible.

Modeling of Residential Photovoltaic (PV) System Connected to Low Voltage (LV) Network: Application to Public Distribution Network of Burkina Faso

Residential photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid are used for self-consumption. Any surplus production is fed into the grid and contributes to improving the voltage. Several techniques are developed to model their connection. However, studies on methods of injecting energy production into the Low Voltage (LV) network are nowadays a problem. This paper proposes a mathematical model to determine the current to be injected and calculate each node’s voltage. The current equation is a recurrence relation with an initial condition. This initial condition is for the case of a single PV system connected to the LV grid. The equation can also be written in matrix form. Similarly, the voltage solution is a recurrence relation. It also has an initial condition for the first node. Both mathematical formulae with the proposed initial conditions are consistent and can be used for the determination of the current and voltage of the different nodes in the grid.

Application of a Bayesian Network Complex System Model Examining the Importance of Customer-Industry Engagement to Peak Electricity Demand Reduction

This paper explores the importance of customer-industry engagement (CIE) to peak energy demand by means of a newly developed Bayesian Network (BN) complex systems model entitled the Residential Electricity Peak Demand Model (REPDM). The REPDM is based on a multi-disciplinary perspective designed to solve the complex problem of residential peak energy demand. The model provides a way to conceptualise and understand the factors that shift and reduce consumer demand in peak times. To gain insight into the importance of customer-industry engagement in affecting residential peak demand, this research investigates intervention impacts and major influences through testing five scenarios using different levels of customer-industry engagement activities. Scenario testing of the model outlines the dependencies between the customer-industry engagement interventions and the probabilities that are estimated to govern the dependencies that influence peak demand. The output from the model shows that there can be a strong interaction between the level of CIE activities and interventions. The influence of CIE activity can increase public and householder support for peak reduction and the model shows how the economic, technical and social interventions can achieve greater peak demand reductions when well-designed with appropriate levels of CIE activities.

基于深度强化学习的住宅区电动汽车充电策略

为降低电动汽车(Electricvehicle,EV)充电成本、缓解用户里程焦虑,提出了一种基于深度强化学习算法的EV充电控制策略。首先,使用数学模型定量分析EV用户的充电成本、里程焦虑以及电池老化;然后,将EV充放电问题转化为状态转移概率未知的马尔可夫决策过程,使用强化学习算法得到离散的充放电决策。与传统的基于模型预测控制算法相比,在用该策略得到充电策略时可以不依赖充电环境的精确模型以及EV用户行为等不确定性因素的预测结果。实验结果表明,应用该策略可以在满足用户充电需求的同时降低充电成本、保护电池,其控制性能相比基于模型预测控制的充电策略也更为优异。

西藏高原村镇住宅冬季典型热电负荷特征研究

针对当前村镇住宅负荷特征表征中缺少基于用能行为差异的热电负荷关联性分析,以西藏高原村镇居住建筑为研究对象,通过走访与调研归纳出典型建筑结构特征、人员活动等信息,提炼出8种典型用能情景。利用EnergyPlus模拟计算不同用能行为下典型居住建筑全年逐时热电负荷,根据k均值聚类分析提取村镇住宅热电负荷特征,并提出基于逐时负荷系数的动态负荷典型化方法。最后基于特征参数化分析得到用能行为差异下西藏高原村镇建筑各类用户的用能特征。

Analysis of China's Electricity Price and Electricity Burden of Basic Industries under the Carbon Peak Target before 2030

The Chinese government is deepening reformation of electricity prices during the 14th Five Year Plan period and has set a carbon emission reduction target of reaching carbon peak before 2030.In this context,will the carbon emission target influence electricity pricing and will electricity price influence competitiveness of Chinese main industries are two questions needing to be answered.This paper compares China's electricity price level with the selected major countries in the world,and four typical industries are selected to evaluate their electricity burden respectively.Then,the correlation between residential electricity price and industrial electricity price and the influencing factors is analyzed,from the perspectives of scale,structure and technology.According to the model obtained by regression analysis,the electricity price level and corresponding residential and industrial electricity burden in 2025 and 2030 are forecasted.Index Terms-Electricity burden,industrial electricity price,regression analysis,residential electricity price.

一种基于电量聚类分析的居民阶梯电价制定方法

我国居民用电执行阶梯电价政策。针对现有阶梯电价制定方法存在的不足,采用基于电力大数据的分析思想,形成一种新的阶梯电价制定方法。首先介绍用电量数据的结构特点和k-means++算法的基本原理,将聚类结果作为测算,验证了该方法的优越性。

机械循环与自调控电伴热在住宅户内热水系统的应用分析

通过对热水机械循环系统与自调控电伴热系统的优缺点和适用范围进行深入分析,以不同住宅户型为研究基础,对在不同使用条件下住宅户内采用热水循环系统与自调控电伴热系统的初期投资及运行能耗进行全面探讨。在此基础上以国内主要城市的居民燃气价格与居民生活用电价格的比值作为参考,得出不同的价格比值下,住宅户内热水系统采用机械循环系统和自调控电伴热系统的运行费用情况,结果表明:燃气价格与电价比值小于4的城市,电伴热系统运行费用高于机械循环系统;比值在4~4.5的城市,两者运行费用接近;比值大于4.5的城市,机械循环系统运行费用高于电伴热系统。

电动汽车和能量云在家庭微网中的协同调度研究

随着电动汽车(eletric vehicle,EV)的快速发展,EV分布式储能的特性广泛受到关注和重视。但EV的首要特征仍是移动工具,EV并不具备传统储能单元所固有的稳定性和持续性。为了减小EV入网后无序充放电的不利影响,高效合理地发挥EV的储能特性和优化微网系统的能源管理,文中以家庭微网为背景,提出了一种能量云运营商运营下EV和共享储能协同运作的电力调度体系结构。能量云运营商既是共享储能设备的提供商,也是EV聚合参与电能调度的代理商。此外,能量云体系下的能量交易服务还支持用户之间的能量交互。在考虑EV和储能折旧成本的情况下,以用户的用电成本最小为目标建立了优化模型。家庭微网的实例研究验证了文中策略的合理性和经济性,能量交易服务能使所有参与者获利,进一步降低用电成本。