The Characteristics,Structure and Trend of the Chinese Urban and Rural Residents' Clothing Consumption

As one of the necessities of life,clothing is on the important position in the daily life of urban and rural residents. Firstly,the paper carries out the descriptive statistical analysis about clothing consumption expenditures of urban and rural residents; secondly,based on questionnaires of 543 urban and rural residents in 16 provinces,this paper analyses structure and trend of urban and rural residents' clothing consumption. The results show that per capita clothing consumption expenditure of urban and rural residents present growth on the whole,but the gap between the two is gradually expanding; clothing consumption expenditure have differences in different regions; the differences of different income levels are also obvious; urban and rural residents' clothing consumption structure tends to be more diversified,cotton goods and chemical fiber goods is the main variety of clothing consumption,including down feather,cotton and chemical fiber is the main variety of coat,and cotton,chemical fiber and wool is the main variety of suit and knitwear; cotton goods,down goods and woolen goods will be the fiber goods that urban and rural residents buy more in the future; clothing consumption demand will pursue for band,comfort and personality; female residents will still be the main force of clothing consumption. Finally,the paper puts forward some recommendations on the basis of analysis results.

Private Car Travel Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Chinese Cities——A Case Study of Guangzhou in Guangdong,China

Taking Guangzhou as a case,this paper adopted a questionnaire survey to gather first-hand data and analyzed the characteristics and influencing factors of private car travel in Chinese cities.As the research indicated,trip purposes of private car travel are mainly commute and business affairs with a more flexible trip in the urban core area.And trip intensities are concentrated in a certain extent,with trip frequency being lower in the urban core area than the peripheral area.In addition,the trip time has two significant peaks occurring in the morning and afternoon,and one trough in the midday.And trip spatial distribution is mainly within commute with both residence and employment in urban area and inward commute with residence in suburban area while employment in urban area.Both kinds of commutes direct to the urban area.The study also shows that the characteristics of private car travel are principally influenced by two aspects:travelers' attributes and urban characteristics.The main travelers' social and economic attributes influenced it include the gender,education attainment,age,driving experience and per capita monthly household income.The urban characteristics influenced it mainly cover the land use pattern,public traffic facilities and spatial attributes of residential environment.

CUTTING REGULARITY AND DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS BY USING COMPOSITE COOLING LIQUID IN WIRE CUT ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINE WITH HIGH WIRE TRAVELING SPEED

The analysis of cutting regularity is provided through using and comparing two typical cooling liquids. It is proved that cutting regularity is greatly affected by cooling liquid＇s washing ability. Discharge characteristics and theoretic analysis between two electrodes are also discussed based on discharge waveform. By using composite cooling liquid which has strong washing ability, the efficiency in the first stable cutting phase has reached more than 200 mm^2/min, and the roughness of the surface has reached Ra〈0.8 μm after the fourth cutting with more than 50 mm^2/min average cutting efficiency. It is pointed out that cutting situation of the wire cut electrical discharge machine with high wire traveling speed （HSWEDM） is better than the wire cut electrical discharge machine with low wire traveling speed （LSWEDM） in the condition of improving the cooling liquid washing ability. The machining indices of HSWEDM will be increased remarkably by using the composite cooling liquid.

Research on the Traveling Characteristics and Comparison of Bike Sharing in College Campus-A Case Study in Hangzhou

Bike sharing emerging from college campus in China's Mainland has become a major part in the daily traveling of Chinese urban residents.It changes the traveling behavior of urban residents,and simultaneously,raises higher requirements on urban transportation facility construction and management.However,the return of bike sharing to college campus causes more troubles to schools.The fundamental cause is the closed peculiarity of campus traveling comparing with city traveling,and also the discrepancy between college campuses of different types.This paper investigates the traveling characteristics of bike sharing in college campus in three different locations in Hangzhou City,Zhejiang Province of China in the questionnaire,and compares the discrepancy with urban bike sharing traveling characteristics and the discrepancy in bike sharing use between college campuses of different types.From the perspective of parking,maintenance and operation,and hardware design,the paper eventually raises suggestions to optimize independent college campus bike sharing service facility and management consistent with urban system.The research may also offer beneficial reference to the release of bike sharing facilities consistent with urban system in all sorts of independent parks,especially college campus.

Sociodemographic characteristics, cultural biases, and environmental attitudes: An empirical application of grid-group cultural theory in Northwestern China

Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people’s responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies have applied grid-group cultural theory to assess the effects of multiple value biases among stakeholders on natural resource management. We developed and administered a questionnaire in the Heihe River Basin(n = 364) in northwestern China to investigate the appropriateness of applying this theory in the Chinese context of natural resource management. The results revealed various cultural biases among the respondents. In descending order of prevalence, these biases were hierarchism(46.98%), individualism(26.65%), egalitarianism(18.96%), and fatalism(2.78%), with the remaining respondents(4.67%) evidencing no obvious bias. Our empirical study revealed respondents’ worldviews and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cultural biases, as theoretically posited. Among the variables examined, age had a positive and significant effect across all biases except individualism. The correlation of income to all cultural biases was consistently negative. Only education had a negative and significant effect across all biases. Women were found to adhere to egalitarianism, whereas men adhered to individualism and hierarchism. Thus, grid-group cultural theory was found to be appropriate in the Chinese context, with gender, age, education, and income evidently accounting for cultural biases. Relationships between environmental attitudes and cultural biases conformed with the hypothesis advanced by grid-group cultural theory. This finding may be of value in explaining individuals’ environmental attitudes and facilitating the development and implementation of natural resource-management policies.

Factors Influencing Urban Residents' Tea Consumption Habits: An Empirical Study of Hangzhou City

Based on the survey data concerning residents in Hangzhou City, we analyze the main factors influencing consumers' spending decisions, using Probit model. The results show that gender, age, and personal income have a significant positive effect on whether to drink tea; the degree of understanding of the tea, and the number of acquaintances drinking water also have a significant positive effect on whether to drink tea; but individual career, unit characteristics, and educational level have no significant positive effect on whether to drink tea. This research conclusion can provide microscopic evidence for the tea industry's healthy development and formulation of marketing strategies; at the same time, provide a reference for marketing of the other hobby products.

TOD residents' attitudes toward walking to transit station: a case study of transit-oriented developments(TODs) in Bangkok,Thailand

The study aims to analyze the attitude toward walking to the stations of residents living within 1 km of transit stations, or they are called transit-oriented development(TOD) residents. They are highly expected to walk to transit station and use rail in their daily travel. In this research, 249 respondents are asked 10 questions on attitudes of walking to station. The analysis was conducted in two stages: factor analysis and structural equation model. As the current access mode of respondents,walkers are more likely to be low-income households.People using motorized mode are mostly from middle-to high-income, households the largest group of respondents.For walking acceptance, high-income group accepts distance and time shorter than other incomes. Low-income households can accept the longer walking distance but shorter time. Middle-income households are more likely to walk in shorter distance than lower-income households,but they tend to accept longer walking time than others.As for the analysis results, the feeling of walking among all respondents significantly influences the walking acceptance. The benefit of walking significantly influences walking acceptance only among middle-income households. The walking attitudes on convenience, safety, a sense of freedom, healthiness, and environmental friendliness highly affect respondents' acceptable walking distance and time in TODs.

Comparative Analysis of Urban-rural Residents' Propensity to Consume in China's Four Regions

According to the data in China Statistical Yearbook from 1992 to 2008,by using regression model,we adopt least square method and generalized least square method to conduct empirical analysis on the relationship between urban-rural residents' income and consumption in China's east,northeast,central region and west.The results show that the urban-rural residents' propensity to consume in China's four regions has prominent characteristics.In terms of region,urban residents' marginal propensity to consume takes on irregular fluctuation,while the rural residents' propensity to consume conforms to law of diminishing of marginal propensity to consume;in terms of time sequence,the rural residents' marginal propensity to consume in China's four regions takes on "multi-U-form" fluctuation trend,and the rural residents' marginal propensity to consume in different regions has certain difference,while the urban residents' marginal propensity to consume takes on low-frequency broad width fluctuation trend;the urban-rural residents' average marginal propensity to consume in China's four regions conforms to the law of diminishing.In order to increase consumption and promote the balanced rapid development of regional economy,in light of the urban-rural difference and characteristics of different regions,we should propound effective measures to promote urban-rural residents' propensity to consume,and formulate and implement regional policy in order to stimulate consumption.

Adaptive Reclosing Scheme Based on Traveling Wave Injection For Multi-Terminal dc Grids

The hybrid dc circuit breaker(HCB)has the advantages of fast action speed and low operating loss,which is an idealmethod for fault isolation ofmulti-terminal dc grids.Formulti-terminal dc grids that transmit power through overhead lines,HCBs are required to have reclosing capability due to the high fault probability and the fact that most of the faults are temporary faults.To avoid the secondary fault strike and equipment damage that may be caused by the reclosing of the HCB when the permanent fault occurs,an adaptive reclosing scheme based on traveling wave injection is proposed in this paper.The scheme injects traveling wave signal into the fault dc line through the additionally configured auxiliary discharge branch in the HCB,and then uses the reflection characteristic of the traveling wave signal on the dc line to identify temporary and permanent faults,to be able to realize fast reclosing when the temporary fault occurs and reliably avoid reclosing after the permanent fault occurs.The test results in the simulation model of the four-terminal dc grid show that the proposed adaptive reclosing scheme can quickly and reliably identify temporary and permanent faults,greatly shorten the power outage time of temporary faults.In addition,it has the advantages of easiness to implement,high reliability,robustness to high-resistance fault and no dead zone,etc.

气候变化背景下山西省气象干旱时空演变特征

干旱频发对生态资源、农业发展造成了严重影响,为揭示山西省干旱时空演变特征,基于1971—2020年山西省24个气象站点的逐月气象资料,利用改进的Mann-Kendall方法检验各气象因子的年变化趋势,采用FAO56 Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物腾发量(ET0),分析单个气象因子变化情况下ET0的变化特征和对气象因子的敏感性,比较各时间尺度(月、季、年尺度)不同干旱指数(降水距平百分率(Pa)、标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI))对山西省干旱灾害监测能力。结果表明:ET0与相对湿度呈负相关,气象因子对ET0的敏感性由大到小依次为相对湿度、日最高气温、2 m处风速、日最低气温、日平均气温,ET0呈波动下降趋势。SPEI能够在多时间尺度上有效反映山西省干旱状况,是该地区干旱监测的有效工具。在月、季、年尺度下,比较3个干旱指数,Pa检测效果较差,SPI和SPEI在某些地理区域存在较大差异,整体而言,SPEI在多数地区检测干旱的性能更好;SPEI-1尺度下,各干旱等级发生频率由大到小依次为轻旱(14.8%)、中旱(10.6%)、重旱(5.6%)、特旱(1.9%),3月干旱发生率最高(34%),12月发生率最低(31.8%),吕梁市、晋中市、大同市干旱情况较为严重;SPEI-3尺度下,季节发生干旱频率由大到小依次为秋季(33.5%)、夏季(32.5%)、春季(31.9%)、冬季(31.4%),大同市、长治市特旱发生频率最高,旱情最为严重,忻州市轻旱频率、朔州市中旱频率、吕梁市重旱频率最高;SPEI-12尺度下,轻、中、重、特旱频率分别为14.8%、10.5%、5.4%、2.3%,SPEI-12相较SPEI-1和SPEI-3识别重旱、特旱的站点更多,并基于游程理论得出,山西省南部干旱频次更多,东部干旱历时更长、干旱严重程度更大,干旱峰值主要出现在山西省南北部,由于年均降水呈波动性下降,年均气温整体上升,山西省的气候趋于暖干化,南北部旱情将有所加重,中部地区旱情有所减缓,全域性干旱仍有很大发生可能。

基于模体和复杂网络的成都市交通旅客出行研究

设计出行模体模型,对旅客出行序列进行抽取转化,构建基于铁路和航空出行旅客的出行模体,基于四川省成都市的旅客出行数据进行实证分析。2节点至4节点构成的旅客出行模体,可以表示绝大多数的旅客出行模式。主要出行模体为2个节点间的单向单次出行和往返出行,并且随时间推移,铁路出行对用户的吸引力逐渐增加,航空出行逐渐减少。研究铁路旅客出行网络和航空旅客出行网络特征,2种出行网络均为异质性网络,网络中大度节点倾向于连接小度节点,网络聚类系数较大,网络中不同站点连接紧密。成都市的铁路人群出行网络结构稳定且大多集中于我国东南部地区,航空出行网络逐步发展且具有更高的分散性。网络效率研究结果表明,旅客出行网络连通性一般,多集中在特定地区。

基于用地性质与乘客需求特性分析的TOD开发方案优化思路与方法研究

积极推进轨道交通站点与周边土地使用的深度一体化,已经成为城市高质量发展的关键。然而,TOD项目有成功,也有失败。本文通过天津、重庆案例深入分析了TOD项目成败的关键,在此基础上提出了TOD项目潜在客户需求总量与需求结构分析的思路与方法,最后提出了优化评价TOD项目的评价分析指标,期待能为推进TOD深度发展和广泛应用提供参考。

基于手机信令数据的城市居民动态OD矩阵提取方法

现有的城市居民出行调查周期较长,交通小区划分粒度粗糙,导致调查不能及时准确地获取居民出行信息。针对该问题,提出了一种基于手机信令数据的城市居民动态OD矩阵提取方法。首先,针对信令数据中的两种复杂噪声:乒乓切换和漂移数据,提出了基于窗口阈值的检测与等效位置替换方法,以及复杂漂移点的检测和标记处理方法;然后,提出一种改进的ST-DBSCAN聚类方法,引入一种等时化方法将时间信息与空间信息相结合,识别出行过程中的驻留点;最后,基于地理信息系统构建含有道路关键节点的路网,将居民出行OD与路网节点相匹配,有效推导出城市居民动态OD矩阵。实验结果表明:与ST-DBSCAN算法相比,所提改进的ST-DBSCAN算法在聚类效果和识别速度上分别提升了6.10%和5.26%;与统计方法和二阶统计量方法相比,基于改进的ST-DBSCAN算法的动态OD矩阵提取方法在均方误差(MSE)上分别降低了16.98%和21.55%。以北京市为例,运用提出的动态OD矩阵提取方法,能够及时有效地分析城市居民日常与高峰时段的出行特征。

交通规划导向的科技赋能交通小区划分方法

文章以手机信令、路网大数据为基础,提出了针对交通规划的科技赋能交通小区划分方法,以路网数据划分聚类单元,利用手机信令数据准确识别聚类单元内居民出行时空分布特征,基于改进耦合空间聚类算法进行聚类,借助现状路网对聚类结果进行修正得到交通小区划分结果。宁波市实例研究表明,科技赋能交通小区划分方法能兼顾居民出行时空特征和城市路网匹配,并能较好保证交通小区的整体连续性,该方法适用性强,可为交通规划的科学制定提供借鉴。

总结病例特点在培养住院医师临床思维中的重要作用

临床思维是医生将其所掌握疾病的一般规律用到判定患者个体的假设、推理的逻辑思维的过程,有直觉思维和逻辑思维两种方式。病例特点主要包括症状、体征及辅助检验和检查结果,因此病例特点与病例脚本极为相似。总结病例特点是临床思维教学构架中的必经步骤,也是对患者临床问题的高度凝练和精确表达,还反映出住院医师个性化的临床思维。住院医师因对病例特点把握不全、临床疾病脚本数量不足,所以指导医师应注重培养他们的逻辑思维能力,可以指导他们从病例特点总结并从中确定切入点着手,采用定位、定性、定因和定方案的“假设演绎推理”思维模式进行培训。住院医师只有多接触患者、反复训练,诊断过程才会随着临床经验和疾病脚本数量的增加,逐渐产生直觉判断与模式识别能力,并能随时根据需要转换成逻辑分析。

激光散射特性的红外瞄准镜基线检测方法

为提升武器射击精度,设计激光散射特性的红外瞄准镜基线检测方法。通过固定瞄准镜并利用黑体发射红外激光,在镜子反射后形成红外平行光束,并在瞄准镜视场内生成靶标的像。通过调整瞄准镜分划中心与靶标像中心重合,实现基线检测。采用双向反射分布函数和基尔霍夫近似理论的驻留相位近似法,分析红外激光的散射特性及波长与散射角对成像精度的影响,从而提高基线检测的精度。实验证明:当入射波长在9.5μm左右时,射击目标粗糙度为8μm时,双站极化散射系数最低,在1.0左右;当散射角在29°左右时,射击目标粗糙度为8μm时,双站极化散射系数最低在0.146左右;校正后目标位置偏差平均为0.01 m。

基于变电站高频滤波边界特性的配电网线模行波选线方法

受母线并联电容器对于线模行波的高频滤波作用的启发,该文跳出基于零模行波设计选线方法的视角,提出利用变电站边界特性的配电网线模行波选线方法。首先,研究证实了电子式电压互感器、金属氧化物避雷器与母线其余设备杂散电容共同组成的智能变电站线路边界具备强健的高频滤波特性,其对于线模行波的折射衰减作用为后续选线方法的设计奠定了基础;然后,基于健全线路与故障线路上线模行波高频瞬时能量的差异构造了选线新判据,其在高阻故障与小相角接地故障等工况下具备较高的灵敏度;最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台验证了所提选线方法的有效性、灵敏性与可靠性,该方法以线模行波作为所选模量,为故障选线问题的解决提供了全新的思路。

长三角地区居民城际出行时间异质性及影响机制研究

探究城际出行网络的时间异质性及其影响机制,对推动区域内部不同城市的分工协同和一体化发展具有重要价值。文章基于百度迁徙数据,利用PPML(Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood)重力模型和交互项检验方法,分析长三角地区工作日、周末和节假日城际出行网络特征,并挖掘城际出行时间异质性的影响机制。结果表明:1)长三角地区城际出行具有明显的时间异质性特征,表现为工作日城际出行强度最低,周末倾向短途出行,节假日城际出行强度最高的特点;2)城际出行受到推拉力和中间障碍的影响作用。城市发展水平、个体出行诱因等推拉力要素对城际出行具有促进作用,出行成本和行政文化壁垒等中间障碍因素对城际出行具有阻碍作用,推拉要素的作用效果在不同时段具有差异性。

基于时间序列预测的城际出行韧性评估方法与时空格局

在不确定性成为交通运行新常态背景下,如何在抑制风险的前提下,提升城际出行韧性,掌握需求侧城际出行波动的时空格局对韧性交通建设具有重要意义。文章界定了城际出行韧性内涵,基于长时间序列城际出行数据和扰动事件一般属性构建了城际出行韧性测度模型,并以COVID-19扰动为案例,揭示了COVID-19三年以来的城际出行适应性格局与韧性时空格局规律。研究表明:1)兼顾季节性与节假日趋势所构建的城际出行韧性评估方法可以很好地揭示扰动事件影响下的城际出行波动时空格局。2)COVID-19疫情对城际出行的影响程度表现为全国大流行高峰期>奥密克戎高峰期>多点波动高峰期。城际出行强度随距离增加呈线性衰减趋势,每增加50 km的距离,3个阶段的城际出行分别要多损失0.86、1.03、1.15个百分点。3)全国大流行、多点波动和奥密克戎3个阶段居民城际出行平均距离分别缩短了52.55、65.31、105.16 km。4)城际出行韧性呈现多点波动时期>奥密克戎暴发时期>全国大流行时期,在时序上表现出城际出行韧性逐渐增加的趋势。同时,3阶段的城际出行韧性在空间上亦明显呈现出差异化空间分异和区域集聚特征。